scholarly journals Fusarium mycotoxin content and Fusarium species presence in Czech organic and conventional wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
I. Polišenská ◽  
O. Jirsa ◽  
J. Salava ◽  
I. Sedláčková ◽  
J. Frydrych
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Preceding Crop ◽  
Organic Farming System ◽  
Harvest Year

Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone content and the presence of Fusarium species in organically and conventionally grown wheat harvested in the Czech Republic during 2015-2017 were studied. Mycotoxin contamination was compared using two approaches. The first was based on samples taken from randomly selected farms in individual regions of the Czech Republic, both organic (154 samples) and conventional (330 samples). In the second approach, a sample set of conventional wheat compatible with organic one was formed, with samples paired according to the preceding crop and region of harvest. Using the first approach, mycotoxins were shown to be higher in conventional wheat; however, there was no difference in mycotoxin contamination between organic and conventional wheat using the second approach. Eight wheat samples with mycotoxin content above the EU limits were found, seven for deoxynivalenol (2.1%) and one for zearalenone (0.3%), all of them originated from conventional farming system. Six of them had maize as the preceding crop. The presence of five Fusarium species (Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides) was compared for the compatible wheat sample sets (second approach). The predominant species were found to be F. poae and F. graminearum in both the organic and conventional wheat. Harvest year significantly influenced both the occurrence of the main Fusarium species and the level of mycotoxin contamination. The study confirmed that (a) organic farming system was able to keep mycotoxin contamination of wheat at a low level, (b) in studies on the significance of organic/conventional agricultural practice on mycotoxin levels in cereals, it is important to pay attention to common production and environmental variables.

Mycotoxins content and its association with changing patterns of Fusarium pathogens in wheat in the Czech Republic

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sumíková ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
Z. Džuman ◽  
J. Salava ◽  
L. Štěrbová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Maximum Limit

Mycotoxin content in 244 samples of wheat ears randomly collected during 2014 and 2015 from various localities in the Czech Republic was analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Mean mycotoxin concentration in 2014 was highest for deoxynivalenol (DON; 760 μg/kg), followed by zearalenone (ZEA; 115 μg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON; 88 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (83 μg/kg), and enniatins (ENNs; 102 μg/kg). In 2015, DON (66 μg/kg) also had the highest concentration level, followed by ENNs (35 μg/kg), nivalenol (2 μg/kg), and beauvericin (2 μg/kg). The maximum limit for DON in the European Union (1,250 μg/kg) was exceeded in 2% of samples, and the maximum limit for ZEA (100 μg/kg) was exceeded in 0.8% of samples. Fusarium species causing head blight were identified using PCR assays. During 2014-2015, Fusarium poae considerably dominated (48.7% average value of occurrence in the samples). Other species were detected in much lower frequencies in both years: Fusarium graminearum (average frequency of occurrence 13.7%), Fusarium avenaceum (11.9%), Fusarium culmorum (4.2%), and Fusarium equiseti (2.9%). Fusarium langsethiae was identified only in 2015, at a frequency of 10.2%, and Fusarium sporotrichioides was present only sporadically in 2014.

Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain collected in the Czech Republic

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chrpová ◽  
V. Šíp ◽  
T. Sumíková ◽  
J. Salava ◽  
J. Palicová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Random collections of ears of winter wheat cultivars grown within the Czech Republic were made during 2004-2013. The ears were assessed for Fusarium head blight symptoms on a 0-9 scale and grain samples were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples from 2011-2013 were analysed in greater detail, including to detect Fusarium species using polymerase chain reaction assays and determine mycotoxin content (including ‘emerging’ mycotoxins) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The 10-year survey reveals a significant adverse effect from maize as the preceding crop on the accumulation of DON. Most endangered were those areas situated in the eastern part of the country. The study revealed prevailing occurrence of Fusarium poae and Fusarium graminearum within the Czech Republic. The occurrence of F. poae increased greatly in 2012 (with 93.3% of samples infected) in association with relatively warmer and drier weather. These investigations provide abundant evidence as to the presence of so-called ‘emerging’ mycotoxins, particularly enniatins. The survey also shows that increased content of ‘emerging’ mycotoxins could be accompanied by high DON content through mixed infections. Among examined toxins, only DON and DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) were positively correlated (r=0.800; P<0.001) while levels of the remaining toxins were independent of one another. DON production by both DON-producing species F. graminearum and Fusarium culmorum was significantly higher in mixed infections with other species. The presence of Fusarium avenaceum with other species appeared markedly to promote the production of 5 out of 6 mycotoxins, namely DON, DON-3G, nivalenol, enniatins, and beauvericin. These five mycotoxins profited also from contamination by F. poae. Moreover, the presence of F. graminearum and F. culmorum appeared to be decisive for zearalenone accumulation, which was not correlated with DON levels.

scholarly journals Water Erosion Reduction Using Different Soil Tillage Approaches for Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Czech Republic

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Ladislav Menšík ◽  
David Kincl ◽  
Pavel Nerušil ◽  
Jan Srbek ◽  
Lukáš Hlisnikovský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
The Czech Republic

In today’s agriculture, maize is considered to be one of the major feed, food and industrial crops. Cultivation of maize by inappropriate agricultural practices and on unsuitable sites is connected with specific risks of soil degradation, mainly due to water erosion of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yielding parameters, fodder quality and anti-erosion efficiency of different methods of conservation tillage for maize in two areas (Jevíčko—JEV and Skoupý—SKO) with different climate and soil conditions in the Czech Republic in the period 2016–2018, using multivariate exploratory techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA). Four variants of soil tillage methods were analysed: Conventional Tillage (CT), two slightly different Strip-Till techniques (ST) and Direct Sowing (DS). The analysed parameters were: dry mass of the plants, height of the plants, starch content (SC), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), soil loss by erosion and surface runoff. The multivariate exploratory techniques PCA and FA significantly differed in two categories of techniques in both locations. The first category consists of soil conservation techniques (SCT): ST (JEV/SKO) and DS (JEV). These techniques are characterised by lower yields of dry mass, lower height of plants, forage quality equal to CT, but a high level of protection of the soil against erosion. The second category consists of CT (JEV and SKO) and partially of DS (SKO). These treatments are characterised by high dry mass production, higher plants, high forage quality, but a feeble capacity of protection of the soil against erosion. The results of the study confirm the presumption of the positive influence of introduction and application of new agronomical practices in the areas of interest and other areas with similar natural conditions in the sense of sustainable management for agricultural management of agricultural land for the conditions of the Czech Republic and therefore of Central and Eastern Europe. PCA and FA were used as an effective method for comprehensive evaluation of the use of STC in agricultural practice.

scholarly journals Cytoplasmic male sterility as a biological confinement tool for maize coexistence: optimization of pollinator spatial arrangement  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Bückmann Heidrun ◽  
Capellades Gemma ◽  
Hamouzová Kateřina ◽  
Holec Josef ◽  
Soukup Josef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Maize Cultivar ◽  
Isolation Distances ◽  
Conventional Systems

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) allows efficient biological confinement of transgenes if pollen-mediated gene flow has to be reduced or eliminated. For introduction of CMS maize in agricultural practice, sufficient yields comparable with conventional systems should be achieved. The plus-cultivar-system in maize offers a possibility for biological confinement together with high and stable yields whereas pollinator amount and distribution within the CMS crop is crucial. The aim of this EU-funded study was to identify the best proportion (10, 15, and 20%) and spatial arrangement (inserted rows, mixed seeds) of the pollinator within the CMS maize cultivar under field conditions in the Czech Republic, in Germany and in Spain. In Germany and in the Czech Republic, a pollinator proportion of 10% produced significantly lower yield than the treatments with a pollinator proportion of 15% and 20%. Differences in yield between row and mix arrangements were not detected. No differences between the tested arrangements occurred in Spain. With respect to practical conditions, a pollinator proportion of 15% can be recommended for achieving a satisfactory yield. CMS maize cultivar released no or merely a small amount of pollen and self-pollinated plants developed no or only a small number of kernels indicating that currently recommended isolation distances between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM fields can be substantially shortened if the CMS confinement tool is used.  

Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in Czech grain

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Polišenská ◽  
S. Sýkorová ◽  
E. Matějová ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
L. Nedomová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Immunochemical Method ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Preceding Crop ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Commission Regulation ◽  
Maximum Limit

A survey of deoxynivalenol (DON) content in cereals intended for human consumption was carried out in the Czech Republic (CR) over a seven-year period (2000-2006). Wheat, barley and rye samples of harvested cereals were collected directly from farmers where the selection was based on sample origin. In wheat, randomly sampled spikes and risk samples selected on the basis of visually scabby kernels (VSK) were also analysed. An immunochemical method, ELISA, was used for analysis. The maximum limit, according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, for DON content (1,250 µg/kg) in unprocessed cereals for human nutrition was exceeded in random samples of wheat in 3.5% out of 345 analysed samples, of barley in 1.6% out of 498 analysed samples, and there were no samples of rye (out of 113) exceeding this limit. The analysis of spike samples and the samples that were selected based on VSK occurrence revealed much higher levels of DON content. Highly significant effects of the year, sample origin, and preceding crop on the DON content were found.

Natural Occurrence of Fusarium Species, Fumonisin Production by Toxigenic Strains, and Concentrations of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Conventional and Organic Maize Grown in Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGUSTÍN ARIÑO ◽  
TERESA JUAN ◽  
GLORIA ESTOPAÑAN ◽  
JOSÉ F. GONZÁLEZ-CABO
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Organic Farming System ◽  
Fumonisins B1 And B2

Sixty samples of corn from both conventional and organic farms were tested for internal fungal contamination. Molds were identified to genus, and those belonging to the genus Fusarium were identified to species. Twenty isolates of Fusarium verticillioides were tested with a high-performance liquid chromatography–naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde–fluorescence method for their ability to produce fumonisins B1 and B2. The internal fungal infection in organic maize (63.20%) was significantly higher than that in conventional maize (40.27%) (P &lt; 0.05). However, the distribution of fungal genera indicated a significantly higher prevalence of Fusarium in conventional (34.93%) than in organic (18.15%) maize, making Fusarium the predominant fungus in conventional maize. This difference in mold distribution between organic and conventional maize was attributed to the difference in cultivation system. The dominant Fusarium species in both conventional and organic samples was F. verticillioides. There were no significant differences in the ability of 20 selected isolates of F. verticillioides to produce fumonisins on conventional or organic corn. Up to 13.3% of the conventional corn samples contained fumonisins B1 and B2 at mean concentrations of 43 and 22 ng/g, respectively. Organic corn samples had somewhat lower levels of contamination: 35 ng/g fumonisin B1 and 19 ng/g fumonisin B2 (P &gt; 0.05). The organic farming system, with well-balanced crop rotation, tillage, and compost fertilization, produced corn that was less likely to be contaminated with Fusarium species, although no significant difference in fumonisin concentrations was found between the two types of contaminated corn.

scholarly journals Can Miscanthus Fulfill Its Expectations as an Energy Biomass Source in the Current Conditions of the Czech Republic?—Potentials and Barriers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Jan Weger ◽  
Jaroslav Knápek ◽  
Jaroslav Bubeník ◽  
Kamila Vávrová ◽  
Zdeněk Strašil
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Good Potential

Our article analyzes the main biological potentials and economic barriers of using Miscanthus as a new energy crop in agricultural practice in the Czech Republic and the Central-Eastern European region. We have used primary data from long-term field experiments and commercial plantations to create production and economic models that also include an analysis of competitive ability with conventional crops. Our results showed that current economic conditions favor annual crops over Miscanthus (for energy biomass) and that this new crop shows very good adaptation to the effects of climate change. Selected clones of Miscanthus × giganteus reached high biomass yields between 15–17 t DM ha−1 y−1 despite very dry and warm periods and low-input agrotechnology, and they have good potential to become important biomass crops for future bioenergy and the bioeconomy. Key barriers and factors are identified, including gene pool and agronomy improvement, change of subsidy policy (Common agriculture policy-CAP), climate change trends, and further development of the bioeconomy.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Aquatic Biota in Intensive Fish Farming System

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231-1239
Author(s):  
Lukáš Mareš ◽  
Pavla Řezníčková ◽  
Jakub Seifried ◽  
Jan Mareš ◽  
Ondřej Malý
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Intensive Breeding

The aim of the study was to conduct a detailed research of aquatic invertebrates in the intensive breeding system of salmonid fish in order to determine the taxonomic composition of the community and its seasonal dynamics, and to identify those species that may be hosts of parasitic disease agents. To date, this issue has not been studied at all in the Czech Republic. Monitoring was conducted on the Danish type recirculation system near the municipality of Pravíkov in the Highlands of the Czech Republic from April till November 2015. A total of 9 series of samples were taken. Macrozoobenthos was evaluated in terms of taxonomic composition and abundance. Basic physicochemical properties of water (temperature, oxygen concentration, pH and conductivity) were also measured. In total, 69 taxa of aquatic invertebrates were noted, with the wall being the richest with a mean abundance of 756 pcs/m2. Permanent groups predominated; the most numerous group was the subphylum Crustaceae, represented by a single species, Asellus aquticus.

scholarly journals Role of Fusarium species in mycotoxin contamination of maize

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
Balázs Szabó ◽  
Mónika Varga ◽  
Andrea György ◽  
Ákos Mesterházy ◽  
Beáta Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Temperate Climate Zone

Mycotoxin contamination of maize and other cereals is a globally important risk for human and animal health. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in maize are trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins, which are causative agents for various diseases in domestic animals and they are a threat to humans either directly or indirectly. The main producers of these mycotoxins, Fusarium species are considered the most important pathogens in the temperate climate zone of maize. Between 2011 and 2014 numerous incidence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins were assessed from Hungarian maize samples after harvest. Samples were collected from 8-10 maize growing areas of Hungary from hybrids with various resistant levels. The isolated Fusarium strains were identified using morphologic and sequence-based methods. In 2011 and 2012 14.3% and 9.2% of maize samples were found to be contaminated with potentially toxigenic isolates. The ratios of Fusarium isolates were 60.3% and 68.1%, respectively. In 2013 and in the highly humid 2014, 50.1% and 71.4% of maize grains were contaminated, while 46% and 84.9% of the isolated fungal strains belonged to genus Fusarium. F. verticillioides isolates were identified in the largest proportion of the samples, which are potential fumonisin producers. Along with these species F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. sporotrichioides isolates were also observed, which can produce trichothecens, beauvericin, moniliformin and toxin T-2. Representatives of Fusarium culmorum were not detected in any of the years examined.

scholarly journals New Approach to Sustainability in Rural Areas Comprising Agriculture Practices–Analysis of Demonstration Farms in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milada Šťastná ◽  
Veronika Peřinková ◽  
Pavla Pokorná ◽  
Antonín Vaishar
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Sustainable Farming ◽  
The Czech Republic

The research was aimed at an overview and analysis of the demonstration activities in the Czech Republic dealing with the transfer of innovations for agricultural practice. Several methods were used to compile the national inventory, in particular the questionnaire survey method. The Czech part of the research was based on 30 questionnaires conducted among both farmers and agricultural organizations engaged in demonstration activities. The questions were focused on a specialization in agriculture, type of the management, connections with networks and their size, types of demonstration activities according to the types of farms and non-productive activities. The most common topics and purposes for demonstration in the Czech Republic are recorded for the category arable land with combined crops. Highly linked to sustainability are activities such as conservation agriculture on arable land with combined crops, root crops and fodders mainly due to a reduction of soil erosion within crop production and animal health management and welfare for dairy within livestock production. The Ministry of Agriculture has prepared a subsidy program to help farmers in the form of illustrative practical demonstrations of comprehensive sustainable farming practices. The main added values for the end-users, if the generated knowledge is implemented, are to strengthen the knowledge transfer system in agriculture, focusing on practical demonstrations and presentation of sustainable farming systems and soil protection in practice. However, the demonstration activities support mostly technological development and some individual ecological measures whereas the sustainability of agriculture as the complex process unifying the crop and animal production is not in the foreground.

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