scholarly journals Competitiveness of South Africa's agri-food commodities

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 945-968
Author(s):  
Yonas T. Bahta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Mixed Result ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Food Commodities

<abstract> <p>This research aims to determine the competitiveness of South African agri-food products and the factors that influence them. The study applied a comparative advantage (RCA) index, Lafay Index (LFI), Export Diversification Index (EDI), Major export category (MEC), Hirschman index (HI), and regression analysis. The study revealed a mixed result of RCA and LFI of agri-food commodities during 2000–2018. Some commodities such as tobacco and rawhides have a comparative advantage. On the other hand, vegetables, fruit, and coffee showed a comparative disadvantage. At the same time, the LFI revealed a significant comparative advantage from 2000 to 2003 for agri-food commodities of fish and sugar, sugar preparations, and honey. EDI was near zero for all commodities, indicating that the trading structure was less concentrated. Hirschman index (HI) demonstrated that all commodities showed a reduced concentration throughout the study period. The results of regression analysis on factors that influence the competitiveness of agri-food commodities were varied. Agriculture productivity and GDP per capita had a favorable impact on comparative advantage. Macroeconomic stability had a mixed result, with agri-food commodities having positive and negative effects. South Africa had a less concentrated trade structure and did not depend on international trade from the agri-food industry. These evaluations provide policymakers with information on agri-food competitiveness and the factors that influence the industry's competitiveness.</p> </abstract>

Explaining Diversification in Exports Across Higher Manufacturing Content — What is the Role of Commodities?

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1650007
Author(s):  
Jan Rieländer ◽  
Bakary Traoré
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Different Levels

This paper adds new empirical evidence to the recent literature about the ways countries develop strong productive capacities by analyzing the patterns of export diversification across different levels of manufacturing content. In addition to the measures commonly used to study diversification, such as the number of active export lines and measures of “discoveries in exports”, we propose two new filters based on the concept of revealed comparative advantage (RCA). We use trade data at the 4-digit level for 176 countries from 1992 until 2011, and we classify all the products into three manufacturing categories (unprocessed, semi processed and finished goods). Data confirms that growing countries continue to add new commodities to their exports basket until they reach around US$ 25,000 of GDP per capita. More interestingly, we found that for many countries expanding the spectrum of commodities exported with comparative advantage (RCA) actually contribute to boosting new productive capacities in manufacturing sectors. This finding is robust to different econometric models and different country groups.

scholarly journals Current World Supplies of and Requirements for Essential Amino Acids

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hoshiai Kazuo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Amino Acid Data ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Food Commodities

Correlations of GDP per capita per year with total protein supplies per capita per day and animal-protein ratios were computed by pooling data prom 164 countries. Average supplies for 1972–1974, 1975–1977, 1979–1981, and 1984–1986 were determined from FAO food balances sheets. Essential amino acid (EAA) supplies by country were computed using amino acid data for food commodities shown in FAO food balance sheets and other data. The EAA requirements for the four periods were estimated by country. When the latest amino acid requirement estimates are used, lysine is the limiting amino acid in all predominantly cereal diets.

scholarly journals Las Cajas de Ahorros en España durante el Régimen de Franco y la Transición Democrática : Su importancia en la economía regional

2010 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Luis Javier Coronas Vida
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich

En este artículo analizaremos las conexiones entre el desarrollo regional y la evolución de las cajas de ahorros, a partir del PIB regional per cápita y los depósitos en las cajas de ahorros, agrupados por regiones. El PIB real per cápita creció rápidamente en todas las regiones desde 1959 (el segundo franquismo). Aunque el crecimiento de las regiones pobres fue más fuerte que el de las ricas, en 1980 el PIB per cápita de las pobres no alcanzaba el 59% del correspondiente a las ricas (pero en 1945 era sólo el 43%). Los depósitos per cápita en las cajas de ahorros de las regiones pobres eran extremadamente reducidos en 1945 (sólo el 8% del dato correspondiente a las ricas); sin embargo en 1980 había alcanzado el 40%. El crecimiento de los depósitos en las regiones pobres fue acompañado por un crecimiento de la población débil (11% entre 1945 y 1980); por otra parte, el crecimiento demográfico en las regiones ricas alcanzó el 127%.<br /><br />In this paper we will analyse connections between regional development and the Savings Banks evolution in Spain, attending to regional GDP, per capita, and Savings Banks deposits accounts, gathered together by regions. Real GDP per capita, in all Spanish regions, increased quickly since 1959 (the 2nd Franco's era). Although, poor regions growth was stronger than that of the rich ones, in 1980, GDP per capita in poor regions didn't reach up to 59% of rich ones (even though in 1945 was only 43%).<br />Savings Banks deposits per capita in poor regions were extremely short in 1945 (only 8% of the rich ones); nevertheless, in 1980 they reached 40%. Deposit increase in poor regions was also accompanied by a short population growth (11% between 1945 and 1980); on the other hand, demographic development in rich regions reached 127%.<br />

scholarly journals Macroeconomic indicators and student mobility: a case study of the African countries most actively involved in FAO student mobility

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (5-6(2)) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Henrietta Janik ◽  
◽  
Zsuzsanna Tóth-Naár ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Internationalization Of Higher Education ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Scholarship Students ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita

The internationalization of higher education is one of the most current topics related to education today. The number of foreign students in major higher education institutions is increasing, and international collaborations in the field of education and research are becoming more frequent. Even though the topic is so tangible in proximity, still little is known about the process of internationalization of higher education and the factors that support and hinder the phenomenon. The theoretical significance of this study is the regression analysis of the revealed literature and statistical data, while the practical significance is the possible comparative study of the research carried out in the international context depending on the number of FAO scholarship students coming to Hungary from African countries. The study covers 12 years of mobilities from 2008 to 2020. The study presents the distribution of FAO scholarship students arriving in Hungary from African countries and analyses a correlation between macroeconomic indicators, student mobility and the likelihood of international migration regarding sending African countries, using linear regression analysis and SPSS as a statistical method. For this analysis the data from the ILOSTAT Database has been used. The result of the study is that there are correlations between indicators in only a few cases, such as the HDI and MPI index of the African countries and GDP per capita. The GDP per capita has really strong positive correlation with the HDI index. There is a medium correlation between agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) and the employment in agriculture in the examined African countries. Also, our results suggest there is a moderately strong negative correlation between MPI index and GDP per capita.

scholarly journals The Virtuous Circle of Intellectual Capital and Corporate Environmentalism: Evidence from the Food Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio D’Angelo ◽  
Francesco Gangi ◽  
Lucia Michela Daniele ◽  
Nicola Varrone
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corporate Environmentalism ◽  
Ols Regression ◽  
Environmental Commitment ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to address the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate environmentalism, assuming that intellectual capital may be an important precondition to foster environmental commitment and that, on the other side, corporate environmentalism may positively determine the level of intellectual capital in a reciprocal and virtuous circle. To address this topic, we conducted two OLS regression analysis on a worldwide sample of 235 firms operating in the food industry, over an eight years’ time horizon (2010-2017), with 1,686 firm-year observations gathered from Asset-4ESG and Worldscope. Results confirm our hypotheses thus providing important theoretical and managerial implications.

Epidemiology of lung cancer: A joinpoint analysis of temporal incidence and mortality trends in 38 countries.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13091-e13091
Author(s):  
Martin CS Wong ◽  
Stephen Lam Chan ◽  
Xiang Qian Lao ◽  
Lap Ah Tse ◽  
KF Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Lung Cancer Incidence ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Country Specific

e13091 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. We examined the correlation between lung cancer incidence/mortality and country-specific socioeconomic development, and evaluated the most recent global patterns and trends of this cancer in 38 countries. Methods: We retrieved age-standardized incidence rates of lung cancer in 2012 from the GLOBOCAN database. Temporal patterns were assessed for all countries obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents volumes I-X and the WHO mortality database. Simple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate their correlations with Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of the incidence and mortality trends in the most recent 10 years were evaluated from join-point regression analysis according to country and gender. The statistical significance of AAPC was ascertained comparing with zero, and all insignificant AAPCs were regarded as having “stable trends”. Results: The global incidence and mortality of lung cancer varied by 31-fold. Country-specific HDI was strongly correlated with age-standardized incidence (r = 0.70) and mortality (r = 0.67), and so was GDP per capita to a lesser extent (r = 0.24 to 0.55) (all p < 0.001). Among men, 22 and 30 (out of 38 and 36) countries showed declining incidence and mortality trends, respectively; whilst among women, 19 and 16 countries showed increasing incidence and mortality trends, respectively. The AAPCs ranged from -2.8 to -0.6 (incidence) and -3.6 to -1.1 (mortality) among countries with declining trend in men, whereas the AAPC range was 0.4 to 8.9 (incidence) and 1 to 4.4 (mortality) among countries with increasing trends in women. Among women, Brazil, Spain and Cyprus had the greatest incidence increase, and all countries in Western, Southern and Eastern Europe had increasing mortality. Conclusions: Countries with higher socioeconomic development had higher lung cancer incidence and mortality. The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were increasing in many countries among women but declining in most countries among men, highlighting the need for regular surveillance and global preventive measures.

Level and Determinants of Regional Taxes in Croatia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Bronic ◽  
Josip Franić
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Fiscal Capacity ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic

The objective of this paper is to determine whether the revenues from regional (county) taxes in the Republic of Croatia are sufficient to finance current regional expenditures, and if not, why. The results show that regional taxes in Croatia are insufficient and that, according to a regression analysis, the greatest influence on regional tax revenues has the GDP per capita of the applicable region (which is also a measure of the regional's fiscal capacity). The main conclusion is that increasing regional tax revenue in Croatia would be desirable. Moreover, an efficient fiscal equalisation system is needed to help regions with lower GDP per capita (fiscal capacity) because their possibilities to collect regional taxes are limited.

THE FREQUENCIES OF X-RAY EXAMINATIONS AND CT SCANS: FINDINGS FROM A SAMPLE INVESTIGATION IN JIANGSU, CHINA

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Xiang Du ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
BaoLi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the frequencies of two kinds of examinations using a proportional sample of 262 medical institutions and to observe the factors affecting the amount of examination-related exposure. The other aim of the present study was to observe the relationship between X-ray and CT frequency with GDP per capita, which could indicate the connection between medical exposure practice and economy. Methods: A random sample was taken from a pool of 316 medical institutions, and correlation analyses were performed to identify the factors affecting the amount of examination-related exposure. A representative sample of 262 medical institutions, proportional to the distribution of hospitals across grades, was used, and a multiple linear regression model was constructed. Results: The frequencies of X-ray examinations and CT scans were 523 per 1000 people and 223 per 1000 people, respectively. The two kinds of radio-diagnostic examinations showed different patterns in their relationships with GDP per capita. The factors correlated with the amounts of exposure due to the two kinds of examinations and the outpatient and equipment numbers showed distinctive patterns in the group of grade three institutions. Conclusions: The improvement in the economy has caused a rapid increase in the use of radio-diagnostic examinations. The differences in factors correlated with the two types of examinations may stem from the workload statuses of CT scans and X-ray examinations in grade three hospitals.

PERSPECTIVE: DETERMINING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE TARGETS BASED ON AN AFFORDABILITY INDEX

2010 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID R. WALWYN
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
South African ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
National Innovation Systems ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Research Intensity

Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD), usually expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), is a widely used indicator to reflect the research intensity within a national economy, and hence its capacity to develop new and innovative products or services. It is also used as a key target in the management of national innovation systems. For instance, the South African National Research and Development Strategy set a target of raising GERD/GDP to 'somewhat over 1%', and in 2002 the Barcelona European Council set an EU target of 3%. Despite its widespread usage, there is little discussion or agreement on how this target should be derived within a broad range of economic contexts and levels of affordability. In this paper, a composite indicator based on GERD/GDP, normalised for GDP per capita, is developed and its use in a number of countries explored and explained. As a result, a set of GERD/GDP targets for various categories of developing countries is proposed.

Macroeconomic Outcomes and the Relative Position of Argentina's Economy, 1875–2000

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISABEL SANZ VILLARROYA
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Per Capita

AbstractThis paper attempts to investigate the main factors behind Argentina's relative economic decline by comparing its evolution with that of Australia and Canada. For this purpose a ‘reduced index of economic freedom’ has been constructed in order to capture and summarise the principal macroeconomic trends in Argentina compared with the other regions of recent settlement during the period between 1875 and 2000. The results, obtained using cointegration and causality techniques, show how the macroeconomic policies that were implemented are able to explain the relative evolution of Argentina's economy, in terms of GDP per capita, over the long term. The results revise some of the interpretations prevalent in Argentine historiography.

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