scholarly journals Geodiversity of surface karst features of geographical zones

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veress Márton ◽  
Szilárd Vetési-Foith
Keyword(s):  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Glacial Erosion ◽  
Large Solution ◽  
Slope Inclination ◽  
Large Expansion

 The diversity of small, medium, and large solution features of zonal karsts and high mountain karsts is described here. It was taken into consideration how diversity changes according to the distance from the Equator in case of small, medium and large features of various zonal karsts and how it varies based on the distance from altitude in case of the karren features (small features) of high mountain karsts. It can be established that the diversity of karst features decreases according to the distance from the Equator (independent of the size of the features), while in high mountains the diversity of karren features first increases with altitude and then it decreases. The decrease of the diversity of medium and large features moving away from the Equator can be explained by the decrease of dissolution in­tensity. The diversity change of karren features shows a rela­tion with the diversity of the inclination of the bearing slope. Since on tropical karsts and in the medium elevated areas of high mountains (1600-2100 m) where bare slopes with large expansion and various slope inclination occur, the diversity of karren is great. On tropical karsts, slopes with diverse inclina­tion were created by karstification and in high mountains by glacial erosion.

scholarly journals Leukocyte Profile in Experimental Animals in Modeling a Wound Process Under Low Altitude Conditions and in the Period of Deadaptation to High Altitude

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
B. Niyazov ◽  
Zh. Mamakeev ◽  
A. Sabitov ◽  
N. Mamanov
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Experimental Series ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Scientific Research Laboratory ◽  
Central Scientific

The article presents the leukocyte profile in experimental animals during the modeling of the wounded process in the conditions of low mountains and during the period of maladjustment to the high mountains. The animals were divided into 3 series: Series I — control series, permanently living in the conditions of Bishkek; Series II — an experimental series, after a 3-day stay at the experimental high-mountain base of the KSMA named after I. K. Akhunbaev as part of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory, moved to the conditions of Bishkek with subsequent modeling and monitoring of the course of the wound process; III series — an experimental series, after a 30-day stay at the experimental high-mountain base of the KSMA named after I. K. Akhunbaev as part of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory, moved to the conditions of Bishkek, followed by modeling and monitoring the course of the wound process. The analysis of the obtained leukograms shows that in the group of purulent inflammation during the period of maladjustment to the highlands after a short stay in the mountains, on the 3rd day of the study, leukocytosis is noted, during the study, a decrease in this indicator was noted and on the 30th day did not reach the norm.

scholarly journals Assessing the Role of Selected Osmolytes in Mediterranean High-Mountain Specialists

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Magaña Ugarte ◽  
Adrián Escudero ◽  
Rosario G. Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Mountain Plant

Despite the constraining weight of summer drought over plant life which distinguishes Mediterranean high-mountains, and its anticipated exacerbation under the current climate crisis, there is still little knowledge of the underlying drought-endurance mechanisms in Mediterranean high-mountain species, such as osmolyte accumulation. To fill this gap, we studied the role of two of the most frequent osmoregulators in plants, proline and osmotically active carbohydrates (OAC), as pointers of the drought-stress response in seven high-mountain plant species representative of the high-mountain plant communities in Central Spain, along an elevation gradient. Overall, our results are consistent with the escalation of summer drought and suggest the involvement of osmolytes to sustain plant activity in these specialists during the growing season. Proline content showed a steadily increasing pattern in line with the seasonal aggravation of summer drought. The significant rise in mean proline in most species, coinciding with the periods with the greatest decline in soil water content, suggests the recurrent role of proline in the drought-stress response in the studied specialists. The lack of significant differences between elevations and the minimal seasonal variations in the OAC content suggest a fixed OAC content independent of functional type to sustain metabolic functions under summer drought. Moreover, these findings allow inferring the action of both OAC and proline as osmoregulators, allowing to support plant functions in these specialists under atypically dry conditions. Overall, our findings are consistent with proline as a major osmoprotectant strategy over OAC buildup in these specialists, which may be related to an adaptation strategy associated with the briefness of the growing season and the incidence of less favorable conditions in Mediterranean high-mountains.

scholarly journals Bodies in High Places: Exploration, Altitude Sickness, and the Problem of Bodily Comparison in the Himalaya, 1800–1850

Itinerario ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lachlan Fleetwood
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Altitude Sickness ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Do So

AbstractMotivated by both science and empire, European explorers increasingly ventured into the high Himalaya after 1800, where they encountered the insidious yet little understood effects of altitude sickness. They did not, however, do so alone. Tensions arising from the highly unpredictable distribution of symptoms were exacerbated by explorers’ dependence on pre-existing networks of labour and expertise, which forced them to measure their bodies against those of their Asian companions. This article examines altitude physiology in the early nineteenth century, largely overlooked by scholars in favour of the more systematic scientific studies of the later period. I consider engagement with indigenous explanations (resulting from poisonous miasmas from plants), the tropes travellers used in their accounts to avoid inverting hierarchies around bodily performance, and attempts to quantify symptoms and instrumentalise bodies by measuring pulses. I argue that high mountains became spaces of comparison, intensified by uncertainty over the scientific status of altitude sickness, and use this to bring into focus the practical, everyday aspects of relationships between explorers, guides, and porters. By considering comparisons at multiple scales, this article also historicises the formulation of high mountain medical topographies in the context of upland frontiers and imperial expansion.

scholarly journals II.—Geological Notes on the “Land of Deep Corrosions”

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kingdon Ward
Keyword(s):  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Botanical Exploration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mountainous Country

A year spent amongst the high mountain ranges of the Yunnan–Tibet frontier, where the Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze Rivers have been pinched together till they now flow parallel to one another for 200 miles in a belt of mountainous country averaging about 75 miles in width, enabled me, while prosecuting my botanical exploration, to ascertain a few facts of geological interest which form the subject of the present paper (see Plates V and VI and Figs. 1–4). The Tibetans of Kham, with more eye for the picturesque than one would have given them credit for, have, with amazing intuition, appreciated the subtle distinction between a land of high mountains and a land of deep valleys, and in their classical writings refer to Tibet under the name of Nam-grog-chi, which, according to Mr J. H. Edgar, may be translated “the land of deep corrosions”; and this it undoubtedly is.

scholarly journals Periglacial landforms and the geological controlling factors: examples from the highest mountains of the Balkan Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Emil Gachev
Keyword(s):  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Mountain Environment ◽  
Tectonic Settings

Periglacial landforms are typical features of the high mountain environment on the Balkan Peninsula. Their formation and diversity is determined by climatic, topographic and geological factors. Presently active periglacial processes occur above 1700-2000 m a. s. l., while relict features are observed down to 1100-1400 m a. s. l. Among the most prominent periglacial landforms are the extensive talus screes and fans, the numerous rock glaciers (especially in Rila, Pirin, Shar and Prokletije Mountains) – considered mostly relict – and nivation features (nivation cirques, long-lasting snow patches), as well as cryo-clastuc landforms (stone seas and strips). The present study aims to focus on the importance of geological conditions (bedrock composition and structure, tectonic settings) for the diversity and style of periglacial landforms – a factor, whose role has often been underestimated. The analysis and the derived conclusions are based mainly on regional and local comparisons between the high mountains throughout the peninsula.

A new species of Cypriconcha Sars (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from high mountainwetlands of Argentina

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2291 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANALÍA R. DÍAZ ◽  
ESTELA C. LOPRETTO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
First Record ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Nearctic Region

Cypriconcha hypsophila n. sp. is described and illustrated from high-altitude freshwater bodies within the Argentine province of Catamarca, which represents the first record of this genus in South America. This paper also presents a taxonomical key for identification of all species within the genus. Some comments concerning how this particular species could have spread from the high mountains from the Nearctic region to those of the northwestern Andes are provided.

A new expanded revision of the European high mountain Sciadia tenebraria species group (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2117 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER HUEMER ◽  
AXEL HAUSMANN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Allopatric Species ◽  
Rank One ◽  
One New Species

Sciadia tenebraria auctorum from European high mountains was recently recognized to be a complex of several allopatric species. In this paper the group is revised anew on the basis of extended studies of collections and combined analysis of morphological and molecular traits. The habitus and male and female genitalia of all taxa are figured. Five species and two subspecies are recognized as valid. The name Geometra horridaria Hübner, 1799 is not available for that group, being a junior primary homonym. Two taxa, Sciadia sabaudiensis Leraut, 2008 and Geometra torvaria Hübner, 1813 are downgraded from species rank to the synonymy of Sciadia tenebraria (Esper, 1806). Sciadia innuptaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) is raised from the synonymy of Sciadia tenebraria to species rank. One new species and one new subspecies are described: Sciadia dolomitica sp. nov. from the Dolomite mountains, South Tyrol, northern Italy; and Sciadia tenebraria taurusica ssp. nov. from Hohe Tauern mountains, East Tyrol, Austria. A lectotype is designated for Gnophos innuptaria Herrich-Schäffer, 1852, and neotypes are designated for Geometra tenebraria Esper, 1806 and Geometra torvaria Hübner, 1813.

Carl Troll

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Patterned Ground ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mountain Geography

Carl Troll published numerous articles in various fields of geography. The present article is focused on some remarkable publications that have essentially contributed to progress in physical geography. Articles on the relationships between vegetation and climates at the global and at the regional and local scales in a three-dimensional view play a major role in this respect. Among them is the map of the seasonal climates of the earth (1964). His detailed vegetation map (1: 50,000) of the Nanga Parbat regions must also be mentioned in this context. Troll’s extensive and profound article ‘Patterned ground and solifluction’ (1944) and a few related publications, however, have been at least as important and inspired younger generations of physical geographers. Troll was also a pioneer in modern high-mountain geography. It was mainly Troll’s comparative approach to the world’s high mountains that made his studies so valuable and unique.

scholarly journals Hydrological connectivity from glaciers to rivers in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: roles of suprapermafrost and subpermafrost groundwater

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Ma ◽  
Ziyong Sun ◽  
Yalu Hu ◽  
Qixing Chang ◽  
Shuo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Piedmont Plain ◽  
Quaternary Aquifer ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Abstract. The roles of subsurface groundwater flow in the hydrological cycle within the alpine area characterized by permafrost and/or seasonal frost are poorly known. We studied the role of permafrost in controlling groundwater flow and the hydrological connections between glaciers in high mountain and river in the low plain with hydraulic head, temperature, geochemical, and isotopic data. The study area was a catchment in the headwater region of the Heihe River in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The groundwater in the high mountains mainly occurs as suprapermafrost groundwater, and in the moraine and fluvio-glacial deposits on the planation surfaces of higher hills suprapermafrost, intrapermafrost, and subpermafrost groundwater co-occur. Glacier and snow-meltwater are transported from the high mountains to the plain through stream channels, slope surfaces, and supra- and subpermafrost aquifers. Groundwater in the Quaternary aquifer under the piedmont plain is recharged by the lateral inflow from permafrost groundwaters and the infiltration of streams, and is discharged as baseflow to the stream in the north. Groundwater maintained stream flow over the cold season and significantly contributed to the stream flow during the rainy season. 3H and 14C data indicated that the age of supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater, and groundwater in Quaternary aquifer of seasonal frost zone, ranges from 30–60 years. Two proposed mechanisms contribute to seasonal variation of the aquifer water-conduction capacity: (1) surface drainage through the stream channel during the high-flow period, and (2) subsurface drainage to an artesian aquifer confined by stream icing and seasonal frost during the cold season.

scholarly journals Cryosphere Services to Support SDGs in High Mountains

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Jinglin Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Weiming Kong
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Regional Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals

The cryosphere is able to provide a variety of services for the benefit of human well-being and underpins regional sustainable development. The cryosphere deterioration induced by climate change is impacting the services and will subsequently impede the efforts to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) in high mountain societies. Here, we detail the context of cryosphere services and establish a dataset for its linkage to SDGs. This allows us to uncover its roles in supporting SDGs, directly by a causal connection and indirectly through either cascading effects or interconnection among SDGs. We find that the SDGs in association with the basic needs of high mountain societies are mostly affected by the cryosphere services. The different types of services pitch in with distinctions to be embraced by various SDGs, whilst some play a prominent role in the contribution to a broad range of SDGs. We further investigate how the services behave in their contributions to SDGs, by taking a view via the lens of a network that deciphers the relationship between the services and SDG targets as well as the interconnections among SDG targets. With an insight into the centrality and modularity of services in the network, we then delineate the inherent criticality of services to SDG targets as a whole, and reveal the specificity of services that co-contribute to a cluster of SDG targets in each network community. We take out the services from the network and maintain their interlinks to the targets of each underlying SDG system represented in six key entry points, so that the services critical to the transformation pathways in the entry points for SDGs in high mountains can be identified. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs that can occur in high mountains, which is unique for the cryosphere services. It creates more complexity in the assessment of overall benefits that the cryosphere services may provide to SDGs, and urges the balance that has to be maintained in attaining those services for the transformation.

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