Fluid Dynamics

A review of basic fluid dynamics is presented in this chapter. Fluid static loading of hydraulic gates is examined. The focus in the present context will be on one-dimensional, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluids (air and water). Viscous effects will be included as loss coefficients in pressure drop calculations through ducts and channels. Discharge coefficients of hydraulics gates are presented to account for viscous effects in the flow past these gates. More advanced concepts related to the instabilities of boundary layers and free shear layers, and transition to turbulence will be introduced briefly and references provided for further investigation by the interested reader. Readers are encouraged to review additional fluid dynamic concepts using the text with which they are most comfortable.

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
R. H. Fashbaugh ◽  
A. Widawsky

Results are presented of an analytical study concerned with the prediction of the propagation of shock waves through air ducting systems. The solution is one-dimensional but is appropriate for ducts which have a variable cross-sectional area and includes attenuation due to viscous effects at the wall of the duct. Finite-difference methods are utilized to obtain an approximate solution to the basic fluid dynamic equations. Comparisons are given between analytical results and shock tube experimental data which validate the capabilities of the methods used to predict shock wave attenuation and the effect of duct area variation on shock strength.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (159) ◽  
pp. 20190572 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Thomas

The flow of cerebrospinal fluid along perivascular spaces (PVSs) is an important part of the brain’s system for delivering nutrients and eliminating metabolic waste products (such as amyloid-β); it also offers a pathway for the delivery of therapeutic drugs to the brain parenchyma. Recent experimental results have resolved several important questions about this flow, setting the stage for advances in our understanding of its fluid dynamics. This review summarizes the new experimental evidence and provides a critical evaluation of previous fluid-dynamic models of flows in PVSs. The review also discusses some basic fluid-dynamic concepts relevant to these flows, including the combined effects of diffusion and advection in clearing solutes from the brain.


1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McCroskey

Important unsteady fluid dynamic effects occur in a wide range of modern engineering problems. A review and critical appraisal has been made of the current research activities on topics that contain essential and unique unsteady features, especially those which cannot be approximated by quasi-steady analyses. A synopsis of the main areas covered in this paper is given below. Linear potential theory is well advanced and most of the fundamental concepts are well understood. The theory has been specially adapted for engineering purposes to many complex geometries and flow environments, but its limitations are not well established in most cases. Transonic flows have received considerable attention in recent years, and the profusion of numerical analyses of nonlinear unsteady flows has outstripped measurements. However, new experimental investigations are underway. Numerical codes are becoming much more efficient, and efforts are being made to incorporate viscous effects into them. Unsteady boundary layers have been computed with almost no complementary experimental guidance, and this deficiency is particularly acute in the turbulent case. A major conceptual difference between steady and unsteady separation has been identified and is continuing to be studied. Unsteady stall is currently under detailed examination, and recent experiments have shed considerable new insight on the fundamental mechanisms of dynamic stall on oscillating airfoils. New attempts to treat unsteady stall as a strong viscous-inviscid interaction problem are needed. Vortex shedding from bluff bodies is difficult to predict, especially in cases where body oscillations are self-induced by the fluctuating fluid dynamic forces. Nonlinear oscillator models are limited by a lack of understanding of the basic fluid dynamic phenomena. The trailing edge condition of Kutta and Joukowski for thin airfoils has been called into question recently for unsteady flows at high frequencies or with trailing-edge separation. The correct modeling of this condition is important in predicting the fluid dynamic forces on all thin lifting surfaces that fluctuate. Considerable progress has been made in each of these subjects, but none of them has been mastered. The questions that remain unanswered pose intriguing challenges to the fluid dynamics community.


2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Nikacevic ◽  
Aleksandar Dudukovic

Fluid dynamics studies of countercurrent gas - flowing solids - fixed bed contactors are presented in this review. The up-to-date research findings about the basic fluid dynamics parameters: flowing solids holdup, pressure drop and flow pattern are reviewed. Experimental results, as well as theoretical studies and mathematical models are observed and commented.


2010 ◽  
Vol 660-661 ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Mara Santana Rocha ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira ◽  
M.L. Aguiar ◽  
João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno

The new environmental laws, as well as the search for technologies of accuracy production, have leaded companies to search for more and more efficient equipment. Regarding the emission of particulate material, the fabric filter is the most used equipment in the industry, for presenting a high efficiency and low operational costs, essential in any project of this type. In the search for a more efficient and economic filtering operation, this work studied, by techniques of CFD, the modification of the traditional way of feeding a filtering box (usually accomplished by the side of the system) by another in which the feeding was accomplished through the bottom of the equipment, in order to review the distribution of volumetric outflows in the bags and pressure drop. The fluid dynamic simulations had shown that the feeding fluid - through the bottom of the filtering box - provides an inferior operational pressure drop and a better distribution of fluids between the bags.


Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Campos Castro Filho ◽  
Aderjane Ferreira Lacerda ◽  
Reimar de Oliveira Lourenço

Objetiva-se avaliar o comportamento fluidodinâmico de ciclones através do uso de técnicas numéricas utilizadas em CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Utilizou-se como variáveis de entrada dados experimentais conhecidos. Adotou-se os seguintes modelos de turbulência para compará-los entre si:modelo k-ε; modelo RSM (Reynolds Stress Model). O fluido utilizado nas simulações foi o ar e as partículas adicionadas foram de carbonato de cálcio (CaCo3). Os parâmetros estudados foram queda de pressão,  perfis de velocidade e a eficiência de coleta do ciclone. O modelo de turbulência adotado que apresentou melhores resultados foi o RSM. A queda de pressão para o RSM foi da ordem 868,6 Pa e para o k-ɛ de 758 Pa, para o modelo misto (k-ɛ/ RSM) de 836 Pa e para os resultados experimentais realizados por Patterson e Munz de 1100 Pa. Os perfis de distribuição de velocidade (tangencial, axial e radial) e de pressão apresentaram boa concordância com os dados da literatura, maiores velocidades encontram-se entre a parede do equipamento e seu eixo de simetria. Para os perfis de pressão, eles apresentaram maiores pressões nas paredes e menores próximas ao eixo. Utilizou-se o modelo de distribuição de Rosin- Rammler para avaliar a eficiência de coleta do ciclone, observando-se que, para partículas de diâmetro superior ao Diâmetro de Corte das Partículas (dpc) do equipamento, a eficiência tende a ser superior a 50%, aumentando à medida que estes aumentam, e para diâmetros inferiores, inferior a 50%. A utilização das técnicas de CFD para caracterização do escoamento gasoso em ciclones permitiu obter resultados bastante coerentes quando comparados com dados experimentais da literatura.Palavras-chave: Ciclones. Separação gás-sólido. CFD.STUDY OF CYCLONE FLUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIORAbstract: The objective is to evaluate the fluid dynamic behavior of cyclones through the use of numerical techniques used in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). It is used as input variables known experimental data. We adopted the following turbulence models to compare them to each other: k-ε model; model RSM (Reynolds Stress Model). The fluid used in the simulations was the air and the particles added were calcium carbonate (CaCo3). The parameters studied were pressure drop, velocity profiles and the collection efficiency of the cyclone. The turbulence model adopted that showed the best results was the RSM. The pressure drop for the RSM was approximately 868.6 Pa and the k-ɛ of 758 Pa for the mixed model (k-ɛ / RSM) to 836 Pa and the experimental results performed by Patterson and Munz 1100 Pa. distribution profiles of velocity (tangential, axial and radial) and pressure were in good agreement with the literature data, higher speeds lying between the wall of the equipment and the symmetry axis thereof, the pressure profiles for the they showed higher pressures and lower walls near the axis. We used the model Rosin-Rammler distribution to evaluate the collection efficiency of the cyclone, observing that for particles of diameter greater than the cutting diameter (dpc) equipment efficiency tends to be higher than 50%, increasing as these increases, and smaller diameters of less than 50%. In general, the use of CFD techniques for characterizing the gas flow in cyclone yielded fairly consistent results when compared to experimental data in the literature.Keywords: Cyclones. Gas-solid separation. CFD.ESTUDIO DEL COMPORTAMIENTO FLUIDODINÁMICO DE LOS CICLONESResumen: El objetivo es evaluar el comportamiento dinámico de fluido de los ciclones a través del uso de técnicas numéricas utilizadas en CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Se utiliza como variables de entrada los datos experimentales conocidos. Hemos adoptado los siguientes modelos de turbulencia para compararlos entre sí: k-ε modelo, modelo RSM (Modelo Reynolds Stress). El fluido utilizado en las simulaciones era el aire y las partículas añadidas fueron de carbonato de calcio (CaCo3). Los parámetros estudiados fueron la caída de presión, velocidad y perfiles de la eficiencia de recogida del ciclón. El modelo de turbulencia adoptado, y que mostró los mejores resultados fue la RSM. La caída de presión para el RSM fue de aproximadamente 868,6 Pay el k-ɛ de 758 Pa para el modelo mixto (k-ɛ / RSM) a 836 Pa y los resultados experimentales realizados por Patterson y Munz 1100 Pa. Los perfiles de distribución de velocidad (tangencial, radial y axial) y la presión estuvieron en buen acuerdo con los datos de la literatura, velocidades más altas situadas entre la pared del equipo y el eje de simetría de los mismos, los perfiles de presión para la mostraron altas presiones y bajas paredes cerca del eje. Se utilizó el modelo de distribución de Rosin-Rammler para evaluar la eficacia de recogida del ciclón, la observación de que para las partículas de diámetro mayor que el diámetro de corte (dpc) la eficiencia del equipo tiende a ser mayor que 50%, aumentando también cuando ellos aumentan y para diámetros más pequeños, de menos de 50%. En general, el uso de técnicas de CFD para la caracterización del flujo de gas en el ciclón dió resultados bastante consistentes cuando se compara con los datos experimentales en la literatura.Palabras clave: Ciclones. Separación gas-sólido. CFD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farideh Haghighi ◽  
Zahra Talebpour ◽  
Amir Sanati-Nezhad

AbstractFlow distributor located at the beginning of the micromachined pillar array column (PAC) has significant roles in uniform distribution of flow through separation channels and thus separation efficiency. Chip manufacturing artifacts, contaminated solvents, and complex matrix of samples may contribute to clogging of the microfabricated channels, affect the distribution of the sample, and alter the performance of both natural and engineered systems. An even fluid distribution must be achieved cross-sectionally through careful design of flow distributors and minimizing the sensitivity to clogging in order to reach satisfactory separation efficiency. Given the difficulty to investigate experimentally a high number of clogging conditions and geometries, this work exploits a computational fluid dynamic model to investigate the effect of various design parameters on the performance of flow distributors in equally spreading the flow along the separation channels in the presence of different degrees of clogging. An array of radially elongated hexagonal pillars was selected for the separation channel (column). The design parameters include channel width, distributor width, aspect ratio of the pillars, and number of contact zone rows. The performance of known flow distributors, including bifurcating (BF), radially interconnected (RI), and recently introduced mixed-mode (MMI) in addition to two new distributors designed in this work (MMII and MMIII) were investigated in terms of mean elution time, volumetric variance, asymmetry factors, and pressure drop between the inlet and the monitor line for each design. The results show that except for pressure drop, the channel width and aspect ratio of the pillars has no significant influence on flow distribution pattern in non-clogged distributors. However, the behavior of flow distributors in response to clogging was found to be dependent on width of the channels. Also increasing the distributor width and number of contact zone rows after the first splitting stage showed no improvement in the ability to alleviate the clogging. MMI distributor with the channel width of 3 µm, aspect ratio of the pillars equal to 20, number of exits of 8, and number of contact zones of 3 exhibited the highest stability and minimum sensitivity to different degrees of clogging.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2041
Author(s):  
Eva C. Silva ◽  
Álvaro M. Sampaio ◽  
António J. Pontes

This study shows the performance of heat sinks (HS) with different designs under forced convection, varying geometric and boundary parameters, via computational fluid dynamics simulations. Initially, a complete and detailed analysis of the thermal performance of various conventional HS designs was taken. Afterwards, HS designs were modified following some additive manufacturing approaches. The HS performance was compared by measuring their temperatures and pressure drop after 15 s. Smaller diameters/thicknesses and larger fins/pins spacing provided better results. For fins HS, the use of radial fins, with an inverted trapezoidal shape and with larger holes was advantageous. Regarding pins HS, the best option contemplated circular pins in combination with frontal holes in their structure. Additionally, lattice HS, only possible to be produced by additive manufacturing, was also studied. Lower temperatures were obtained with a hexagon unit cell. Lastly, a comparison between the best HS in each category showed a lower thermal resistance for lattice HS. Despite the increase of at least 38% in pressure drop, a consequence of its frontal area, the temperature was 26% and 56% lower when compared to conventional pins and fins HS, respectively, and 9% and 28% lower when compared to the best pins and best fins of this study.


Author(s):  
M. Carlomagno ◽  
S. Rossin ◽  
M. Delvecchio ◽  
A. Anichini

Temporary conical strainers are widely employed in the Oil & Gas industry as filtering devices in the Centrifugal Compressors suction line. They protect compressor stages from the ingestion of foreign objects whether coming from dirty process gas or left in the pipeline after its construction. Very few literature and research papers are available on the fluid dynamic and structural performance of conical strainers. The purpose of this work is to plug this gap by the definition of a theoretical-experimental model for the characterization of the pressure drop and mechanical resistance of these devices. Starting from the definition of the main fluid dynamics and geometric variables which influence the performances, an experimental campaign has been performed in order to derive the relationship governing the pressure drop behavior. The model efficacy has been confirmed by a CFD analysis, which also allowed a qualitative insight review into the dynamics of velocity and turbulence intensity fields. Further tests have been performed in order to validate the model at off-design points. As far as the structural analysis is concerned, several FEM models and DOE techniques have been implemented in order to define relationships for bust pressure computation and feasible design improvements with respect to the current state of the art. Besides fluid dynamic and structural correlations, the notable achievements of this work are the definition of best pressure static probes positioning and the maximum clogging level that a strainer can withstand before collapse. Furthermore, some guidelines are given in order to prevent pipeline resonance and acoustic fatigue caused by the interaction between strainer turbulence and compressor inlet flow.


Author(s):  
F. E. Ames ◽  
L. A. Dvorak

The objective of this research has been to experimentally investigate the fluid dynamics of pin fin arrays in order to clarify the physics of heat transfer enhancement and uncover problems in conventional turbulence models. The fluid dynamics of a staggered pin fin array have been studied using hot wire anemometry with both single and x-wire probes at array Reynolds numbers of 3000; 10,000; and 30,000. Velocity distributions off the endwall and pin surface have been acquired and analyzed to investigate turbulent transport in pin fin arrays. Well resolved 3-D calculations have been performed using a commercial code with conventional two-equation turbulence models. Predictive comparisons have been made with fluid dynamic data. In early rows where turbulence is low, the strength of shedding increases dramatically with increasing in Reynolds numbers. The laminar velocity profiles off the surface of pins show evidence of unsteady separation in early rows. In row three and beyond laminar boundary layers off pins are quite similar. Velocity profiles off endwalls are strongly affected by the proximity of pins and turbulent transport. At the low Reynolds numbers, the turbulent transport and acceleration keep boundary layers thin. Endwall boundary layers at higher Reynolds numbers exhibit very high levels of skin friction enhancement. Well resolved 3-D steady calculations were made with several two-equation turbulence models and compared with experimental fluid mechanic and heat transfer data. The quality of the predictive comparison was substantially affected by the turbulence model and near wall methodology.


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