The Use of Eye-Tracking in Spatial Thinking Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 588-609
Author(s):  
Alina Nazareth ◽  
Rosalie Odean ◽  
Shannon M. Pruden
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Spatial Thinking ◽  
Educational Pedagogy ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
Tracking Technology

This chapter highlights the benefits of eye-tracking technology in spatial thinking research, specifically in the study of complex cognitive processes used to solve spatial tasks including cognitive strategy selection, cognitive strategy flexibility and spatial language processing. The consistent sex differences found in spatial thinking research (i.e., mental rotation), with males outperforming females, is concerning given the link between spatial ability and success in the STEM fields. Traditional methods like self-reports, checklists and response times methods may not be sufficient to study complex cognitive processes. Advances in eye-tracking technology make it possible to efficiently record and analyze voluminous eye-gaze data as an indirect measure of underlying cognitive processes involved in solving spatial tasks. A better understanding of the cognitive processes underlying spatial thinking will facilitate the design of effective training and educational pedagogy that encourages spatial thinking across both males and females.

The Use of Eye-Tracking in Spatial Thinking Research

2017 ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Alina Nazareth ◽  
Rosalie Odean ◽  
Shannon M. Pruden
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Spatial Thinking ◽  
Educational Pedagogy ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
Tracking Technology

This chapter highlights the benefits of eye-tracking technology in spatial thinking research, specifically in the study of complex cognitive processes used to solve spatial tasks including cognitive strategy selection, cognitive strategy flexibility and spatial language processing. The consistent sex differences found in spatial thinking research (i.e., mental rotation), with males outperforming females, is concerning given the link between spatial ability and success in the STEM fields. Traditional methods like self-reports, checklists and response times methods may not be sufficient to study complex cognitive processes. Advances in eye-tracking technology make it possible to efficiently record and analyze voluminous eye-gaze data as an indirect measure of underlying cognitive processes involved in solving spatial tasks. A better understanding of the cognitive processes underlying spatial thinking will facilitate the design of effective training and educational pedagogy that encourages spatial thinking across both males and females.

scholarly journals Exploring Applications of Eye Tracking in Operational Meteorology Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 2019-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie A. Wilson ◽  
Pamela L. Heinselman ◽  
Ziho Kang
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Research Domains ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract Eye-tracking technology can observe where and how someone’s eye gaze is directed, and therefore provides information about one’s attention and related cognitive processes in real time. The use of eye-tracking methods is evident in a variety of research domains, and has been used on few occasions within the meteorology community. With the goals of Weather Ready Nation in mind, eye-tracking applications in meteorology have so far supported the need to address how people interpret meteorological information through televised forecasts and graphics. However, eye tracking has not yet been applied to learning about forecaster behavior and decision processes. In this article, we consider what current methods are being used to study forecasters and why we believe eye tracking is a method that should be incorporated into our efforts. We share our first data collection of an NWS forecaster’s eye gaze data, and explore the types of information that these data provide about the forecaster’s cognitive processes. We also discuss how eye-tracking methods could be applied to other aspects of operational meteorology research in the future, and provide motivation for further exploration on this topic.

scholarly journals Effects of age on memory for pragmatic implications in advertising

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110004
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Xue-Rui Peng ◽  
Ming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Advertising Content ◽  
Inferential Processing ◽  
Tracking Technology

People employ automatic inferential processing when confronting pragmatically implied claims in advertising. However, whether comprehension and memorization of pragmatic implications differ between young and older adults is unclear. In the present study, we used eye-tracking technology to investigate online cognitive processes during reading of misleading advertisements. We found an interaction between age and advertising content, manifested as our older participants generated higher misleading rates in health-related than in health-irrelevant products, whereas this content-bias did not appear in their younger counterparts. Eye movement data further showed that the older adults spent more time processing critical claims for the health-related products than for the health-irrelevant products. Moreover, the correlations between fixation duration on pragmatic implications and misleading rates showed opposite trends in the two groups. The eye-tracking evidence novelly suggests that young and older adults may adopt different information processing strategies to comprehend pragmatic implications in advertising: More reading possibly enhances young adults’ gist memory whereas it facilitates older adults’ verbatim memory instead.

Eye-Tracking Technology

2017 ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Chandni Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Behavioral Markers ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Insight Into

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.

Úmyselné skresľovanie odpovedí pri osobnostných dotazníkoch – možnosti využitia sledovania pohybov očí

TESTFÓRUM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
PhDr. Martin Jakubek, PhD. ◽  
Mgr. Monika Krafčíková
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
Extreme Response ◽  
Fake Good ◽  
Cas A ◽  
Tracking Technology

Prostredníctvom technológie eye-trackingu sme pri využití vnútrosubjektového dizajnu u 50 pokusných osôb zaznamenávali pohyby očí pri vypĺňaní päťfaktorového osobnostného inventára NEO-FFI v podmienke úprimného vs "fake good" vypĺňania. Výsledky indikujú, že ľudia sú schopní skresľovať odpovede v osobnostnom dotazníku. Participanti inštruovaní skresľovať odpovede za účelom vytvorenia portrétu najvhodnejšieho uchádzača o pracovné miesto po prečítaní otázky častejšie zamerali vizuálnu pozornosť priamo na extrémne typy odpovedí („platí to pre mňa úplne“, „neplatí to pre mňa vôbec“), preukazovali nižší celkový reakčný čas a celkový počet fixácií potrebných na odpovedanie na položky. V kontraste s uvedeným bolo úprimné odpovedanie charakterizované vizuálnou pozornosťou, ktorá po prečítaní otázky častejšie smerovala na stredné možnosti odpovedí („platí to pre mňa prevažne“, ani platí ani neplatí“, „platí to pre mňa len málo“) než na extrémne, celkový čas potrebný na odpovedanie bol dlhší a počet fixácií bol vyšší ako pri skresľovaní. Tieto výsledky sú v zhode s teóriami, ktoré predpokladajú čisto sémantickú interpretáciu položiek osobnostných dotazníkov pri falošnom správaní uchádzačov o zamestnanie. Metóda sledovania pohybov očí pomocou eye‐trackingu sa tak v tomto kontexte javí ako pomerne nádejná.We conducted a laboratory experiment in an experimental design within-participants with a research sample of 50 persons. Eye-tracking technology is used to collect data for detection of eye behavior while responding to a NEO – FFI in „fake good“ and honest condition. Results indicate that people are capable of faking personality test. Participants when instructed to fake good on personality items, for the purpose of making impression as the most suitable job applicant, more often engaged eye behavior characterized by direct fixation to extreme response option after having read the item, also lower response times and less eye fixiations in general. In contrast the pattern of results for answering honestly is characterized by direct fixation of visual attention on the middle response categories, slower response times and more fixations in general. Confirming previous research, our eye-tracking data show more direct evidence for a semantic item interpretation characterization of the response process when faking. We consider eye-tracking technology as valuable and beneficial method in detecting intentional response distortion of personality tests in personal selection process.

scholarly journals Effects of attentional shifts along the vertical axis on number processing: an eye-tracking study with optokinetic stimulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Felisatti ◽  
Mariagrazia Ranzini ◽  
Elvio Blini ◽  
Matteo Lisi ◽  
Marco Zorzi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Number Processing ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Comparison Task

Previous studies suggest that associations between numbers and space are mediated by shifts of visuospatial attention along the horizontal axis. In this study, we investigated the effect of vertical shifts of overt attention, induced by optokinetic stimulation (OKS) and monitored through eye-tracking, in two tasks requiring explicit (number comparison) or implicit (parity judgment) processing of number magnitude. Participants were exposed to black-and-white stripes (OKS) that moved vertically (upward or downward) or remained static (control condition). During the OKS, participants were asked to verbally classify auditory one-digit numbers as larger/smaller than 5 (comparison task; Exp. 1) or as odd/even (parity task; Exp. 2). OKS modulated response times in both experiments. In Exp.1, downward attentional displacement increased the Magnitude effect (slower responses for large numbers) and reduced the Distance effect (slower responses for numbers close to the reference). In Exp.2, we observed a parity by magnitude interaction that was amplified by downward OKS. Moreover, eye tracking analyses revealed an influence of number processing on eye movements both in Exp. 1, with eye gaze shifting downwards during the processing of numbers 1-2 as compared to 8-9; and in Exp. 2, with leftward shifts after large even numbers (6,8) and rightward shifts after large odd numbers (7,9). These results provide evidence of bidirectional links between number and space and extend them to the vertical dimension. Moreover, they document the influence of visuo-spatial attention on processing of numerical magnitude, numerical distance and parity. Together, our findings are in line with grounded and embodied accounts of numerical cognition.

Using Eye-Tracking Technology to Understand How Graphic Organizers Aid Student Learning

2017 ◽  
pp. 220-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Luo ◽  
Kenneth A. Kiewra ◽  
Markeya S. Peteranetz ◽  
Abraham E. Flanigan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Graphic Organizers ◽  
Graphic Organizer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Tracking Technology

In the past three decades, several studies have found an achievement advantage for studying graphic organizers such as a hierarchy or matrix over studying linear displays such as a text or outline (e.g., Dye, 2000; Guri-Rosenblit, 1989; Kauffman & Kiewra, 2010). However, little was learned about how students study graphic organizers and the cognitive processes involved. Recently, the advancement of eye-tracking technology has provided a means to examine how students actually study graphic organizers and the types of processing that occur. The purpose of this chapter is to explore how eye-tracking technology can be used to understand how graphic organizers aid student learning. Specifically, this chapter introduces graphic organizer research and theory, reviews recent research that used eye-tracking technology to study graphic organizers, and offers future research directions.

Bicyclist biomotion visibility aids: a 3D eye-tracking analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Stapleton ◽  
Helen Sumin Koo
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clothing Design ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control ◽  
3D Eye Tracking ◽  
Coordinate Data ◽  
Tracking Technology

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of biomotion visibility aids for nighttime bicyclists compared to other configurations via 3D eye-tracking technology in a blind between-subjects experiment. Design/methodology/approach A total of 40 participants were randomly assigned one of four visibility aid conditions in the form of videos: biomotion (retroreflective knee and ankle bands), non-biomotion (retroreflective vest configuration), pseudo-biomotion (vertical retroreflective stripes on the back of the legs), and control (all-black clothing). Gaze fixations on a screen were measured with a 3D eye-tracking system; coordinate data for each condition were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analyses with supplementary heatmaps. Post-experimental questionnaires addressed participants’ qualitative assessments. Findings Significant differences in eye gaze location were found between the four reflective clothing design conditions in X-coordinate values (p<0.01) and Y-coordinate values (p<0.05). Practical implications This research has the potential to further inform clothing designers and manufacturers on how to incorporate biomotion to increase bicyclist visibility and safety. Social implications This research has the potential to benefit both drivers and nighttime bicyclists through a better understanding of how biomotion can increase visibility and safety. Originality/value There is lack of literature addressing the issue of the commonly administered experimental task of recognizing bicyclists and its potential bias on participants’ attention and natural driving state. Eye-tracking has the potential to implicitly determine attention and visibility, devoid of biases to attention. A new retroreflective visibility aid design, pseudo-biomotion, was also introduced in this experiment.

scholarly journals Integration of gaze information during online language comprehension and learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Earl MacDonald ◽  
Elizabeth Swanson ◽  
Michael C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
The Other ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Face-to-face communication provides access to visual information that can support language processing. But do listeners automatically seek social information without regard to the language processing task? Here, we present two eye-tracking studies that ask whether listeners’ knowledge of word-object links changes how they actively gather a social cue to reference (eye gaze) during real-time language processing. First, when processing familiar words, children and adults did not delay their gaze shifts to seek a disambiguating gaze cue. When processing novel words, however, children and adults fixated longer on a speaker who provided a gaze cue, which led to an increase in looking to the named object and less looking to the other object in the scene. These results suggest that listeners use their knowledge of object labels when deciding how to allocate visual attention to social partners, which in turn changes the visual input to language processing mechanisms.

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