Regulating Misandry

2020 ◽  
pp. 580-590
Author(s):  
Maria Mpasdeki ◽  
Zafeiris Tsiftzis
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Online Abuse ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Share Information

Internet and social media became a significant weapon to disseminate and share information around the globe. These digital tools are also being misused for hate-crime activities. Hate crimes are criminal offences motivated by prejudice and committed against someone's identity. Women, children, disabled people, and refugees are often being targeted because of their different characteristics. A type of hate crime can also be online hate speech, or “cyberhate.” A quite recent research revealed that men can also be considered as victims of cyberhate. In particular, an Australian survey demonstrated that 54% of the victims of online abuse were men. The survey also pointed out that men were often subjected to abuse and insults, trolling, and malicious gossip and/or rumours. The present contribution reviews the notion of “misandry” and how it is expressed in the digital world and emphasises the need for protective measures not only for women but also for men.

scholarly journals A Time-Series Analysis of Contextual-Level Effects on Hate Crime in The Netherlands

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jacobs ◽  
Joost van Spanje
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Series Analysis

Abstract Nowadays, registered hate crimes are on the rise in many Western societies. What explains temporal variation in the incidence of hate crimes? Combining insights from the grievance model and the opportunity model, we study the role of three types of contextual factors: security (terrorism), media (news about terrorism and immigration), and political factors (speech by anti-immigration actors, hate speech prosecution, and high-profile anti-immigration victories). We apply time-series analysis to our original dataset of registered hate crimes in the Netherlands, 2015–2017 (N = 7,219). Findings indicate that terrorist attacks, (both print and online) news on refugees, immigration, and terrorism boost nonviolent hate crime. Similarly, news of the hate speech prosecution of Freedom Party leader Geert Wilders increases nonviolent crime as well. Tentative evidence points to a contagion effect of speech by anti-immigration actors. With regard to violent hate crime, only terrorist attacks had an effect. This effect was modest and only found in one of our models. Hence, the grievance and the opportunities model each partially explain nonviolent hate crime, although the security and media context seem most influential. Our findings help to identify the contextual factors contributing to a climate for hate and suggest that perceived threats play a key role.

scholarly journals Sociality of hate: The transmission of victimization of LGBT+ people through social media

2020 ◽  
pp. 026975802097106
Author(s):  
James Pickles
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Lgbt People

Hate crimes carry many emotional and psychological detriments for those who are targeted because of who they are. The harms associated with hate are commonly theorized in the context of those directly targeted. Using a victimological lens, I consider how the harms of a mass anti-LGBT+ shooting in Orlando, Florida were carried across social media, indirectly victimizing LGBT+ people in the North East of England. This article examines seven distinct interviews conducted post-Orlando from a wider sample of 32. LGBT+ participants were victimized vicariously by receiving news of the Orlando shooting. They utilized social media to organize vigils, stand in solidarity with LGBT+ Floridians, and share in the emotional distress caused by the shooting. The findings contribute to our understandings of hate crime as a communicative tool, by examining the role of social media in carrying the emotional harms associated with hate. Through these in-depth narratives, this article encourages a conversation about how hate crimes, transmitted across social media, can victimize people who share the victimized identity with the direct victims.

scholarly journals Detecting and Monitoring Hate Speech in Twitter

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Pereira-Kohatsu ◽  
Lara Quijano-Sánchez ◽  
Federico Liberatore ◽  
Miguel Camacho-Collados
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Office ◽  
Public Dataset

Social Media are sensors in the real world that can be used to measure the pulse of societies. However, the massive and unfiltered feed of messages posted in social media is a phenomenon that nowadays raises social alarms, especially when these messages contain hate speech targeted to a specific individual or group. In this context, governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are concerned about the possible negative impact that these messages can have on individuals or on the society. In this paper, we present HaterNet, an intelligent system currently being used by the Spanish National Office Against Hate Crimes of the Spanish State Secretariat for Security that identifies and monitors the evolution of hate speech in Twitter. The contributions of this research are many-fold: (1) It introduces the first intelligent system that monitors and visualizes, using social network analysis techniques, hate speech in Social Media. (2) It introduces a novel public dataset on hate speech in Spanish consisting of 6000 expert-labeled tweets. (3) It compares several classification approaches based on different document representation strategies and text classification models. (4) The best approach consists of a combination of a LTSM+MLP neural network that takes as input the tweet’s word, emoji, and expression tokens’ embeddings enriched by the tf-idf, and obtains an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.828 on our dataset, outperforming previous methods presented in the literature.

scholarly journals Vindication, virtue, and vitriol

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracie Farrell ◽  
Genevieve Gorrell ◽  
Kalina Bontcheva
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Online Abuse

AbstractCOVID-19 has given rise to a lot of malicious content online, including hate speech, online abuse, and misinformation. British MPs have also received abuse and hate on social media during this time. To understand and contextualise the level of abuse MPs receive, we consider how ministers use social media to communicate about the pandemic, and the citizen engagement that this generates. The focus of the paper is on a large-scale, mixed-methods study of abusive and antagonistic responses to UK politicians on Twitter, during the pandemic from early February to late May 2020. We find that pressing subjects such as financial concerns attract high levels of engagement, but not necessarily abusive dialogue. Rather, criticising authorities appears to attract higher levels of abuse during this period of the pandemic. In addition, communicating about subjects like racism and inequality may result in accusations of virtue signalling or pandering by some users. This work contributes to the wider understanding of abusive language online, in particular that which is directed at public officials.

scholarly journals Mutual radicalisation of opposing extremist groups via the Internet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Gallacher ◽  
Marc Heerdink
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
Extremist Groups ◽  
Relationship Of

Social media has become a common arena for both far-right and Islamic extremist groups to stoke division through the spreading of propaganda and hate speech. This online hate is suggested to drive extremism online, and in some cases lead to offline hate crimes and violence. Whether this online radicalisation happens in isolation within a group, or whether there is an interdependent relationship of mutual radicalisation, is unclear. A possible process by which mutual radicalisation could occur would be if social media incite users to commit offline violence, and if this offline violence in return triggers online reactions from both the target and perpetrator groups. This however has not been tested. This study addresses these questions by investigating the nature of the online-offline relationship of extremist hate. We combine data from the social media platform Gab, variations in Internet search trends, and offline hate crimes in three countries, and test for temporal relationships between opposing extremist groups. Our findings show that online hate from far-right groups both precedes offline violence from these same groups, and spikes following offline violence from opposing Islamic extremist groups. Additionally, far-right Islamophobic violence offline is also followed by increased online interest in Islamic extremist topics. Together, these findings show that the Internet, and specifically hate speech, plays a potential key role in a cyclical process that increases mutual radicalisation.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of improving institutional capacities of the state to prevent hate speech and hate crimes

Temida ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Mirjana Dokmanovic
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
Mitigating Factors ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Serbia has introduced special circumstances for the determination of sentence for hate crime in the Criminal Code amended in December 2012. If a criminal offence is committed through hate based on race or religion, national or ethnic affiliation, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity of another, the court shall consider any aggravating factors except when it is not stipulated as a feature of the criminal offence. However, the State still neglects to consider mitigating factors. Moreover, it does not pay sufficient attention to eliminating verbal expressions of hatred and discrimination that often precede crimes motivated by hate. The paper discusses the possibility of improving education and coordinated activities of the State, particularly of courts, prosecutors, police and local self-governments, to combat hate speech and hate crimes. The aim of the paper is to present mechanisms of improving institutional capacities to prevent these phenomena that have been implemented within the project ?Implementation of Anti-Discrimination Policies in Serbia? financed by the European Union. The paper concludes that central to the success of this process are the education of state actors, and the development of a value system based on equality and acceptance of diversity.

scholarly journals The Shaping, Enactment and Interpretation of the First Hate-Crime Law in the United Kingdom - An Informative and Illustrative Lesson for South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kamban Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
The South ◽  
British Labour ◽  
The Right ◽  
Criminal Conduct

Hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by personal prejudice or bias. Hate-crime laws criminalise such conduct and allow for the imposition of aggravated penalties on convicted perpetrators. This article examines the historical, social and political factors which influenced the shaping and enactment of the first British hate-crime law. The South African context is also considered since the Department of Justice has recently released the Prevention and Combatting of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill for public commentary and input.While Britain has had a long historical record of criminal conduct that was motivated by the race and the ethnicity of victims, it was only in the twentieth century that civil society first drew attention to the problem of violent racist crimes. Nevertheless, successive British governments denied the problem of racist crimes and refused to consider the enactment of a hate-crime law. Following a high-profile racist murder and a governmental inquiry, a British Labour Party-led government eventually honoured its pre-election commitment and passed a hate-crime law in 1998.Some parallels are apparent between the British and the South African contexts. South Africa also has a long historical record of racially motivated hate crimes. Moreover, in the post-apartheid era there have been numerous reports of racist hate crimes and hate crimes against Black lesbian women and Black foreigners. Despite several appeals from the academic and non-governmental sectors for the enactment of a hate-crime law, and the circulation for public commentary of the Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, such a law has hitherto not been enacted in South Africa. This article posits that the enactment of a hate-crime law is a constitutional imperative in South Africa in terms of the right to equality and the right to freedom and security of the person. While the enactment of a hate-crime law in South Africa is recommended, it is conceded that enacting a hate-crime law will not eradicate criminal conduct motivated by prejudice and bias.

scholarly journals Peperangan Generasi Digital Natives Melawan Digital Hoax Melalui Kompetisi Kreatif

INFORMASI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanti Dwi Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Digital Natives ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
The Impact

The phenomenon of hoax and hate speech dissemination that occurs in the digital worldhas brought anxiety and concern in the community. Many of the hoax informationdistributed by Social Media and Instant Messaging tend to be SARA, provocative andbombastic. Ironically, not a few people who without thinking directly spread informationand even reproduce the information without thinking about the impact caused after.Digital media is currently dominated by teenagers born in the millennium era and is a“digital natives” that is a generation that cannot be separated by the digital world. If thisgeneration is not given enough ammunition to combat digital hoax, then it is feared willcause latent problems and dangers. In response to this, UIN Sunan Kalijaga YogyakartaUI Campaign conducted an anti-hoax campaign with the target of the participantsbeing teenagers packed through ADUIN Fest 2017 “Nyepik Becik” (Think What You Say)“on 17-18 May 2017. The approach method was participatory with Directly practicing itthrough the creation of creative works in the form of Print-Ad, TVC and short films bycompeting participants. Then held creative seminars, exhibition works, Sharing Sessionand Awarding Night. It is hoped that the nation’s future young generation will be smart,critical and gain a good understanding so that it can combat digital hoax that canthreaten the unity and unity of the nation.Fenomena penyebaran hoax dan hate speech yang terjadi di dunia digital telah membawa kecemasan dan keprihatinan di dalam masyarakat. Banyak informasi hoax, hatespeech dan cyberbullying yang disebarkan oknum melalui Social Media dan Instant Messaging yang cenderung berbau SARA, provokatif dan bombastis. Ironisnya tidak sedikit pula masyarakat yang tanpa berpikir panjang langsung menshare informasi tersebut bahkan mereproduksi ulang informasi tanpa memikirkan dampak yang ditimbulkan setelahnya. Media digital saat ini didominasi oleh remaja yang lahir di zaman millennium yang merupakan “digital natives” yaitu generasi yang tidak dapat terpisahkan oleh dunia digital. Jika generasi ini tidak diberikan amunisi yang cukup untuk memerangi digital hoax, maka dikhawatirkan akan menimbulkan masalah dan bahaya laten. Menyikapi hal ini Prodi Ilkom UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta melakukan kampanye anti-hoax dengan target pesertanya adalah mahasiswa yang merupakan remaja akhir dan dewasa awal yang dikemas melalui kegiatan ADUIN Fest 2017 “Nyepik Becik” (Pikirkan Apa yang Kamu Katakan)” pada 17-18 Mei 2017. Metode pendekatannya dilakukan partisipatif dengan langsung mempraktekkannya melalui penciptaan karya-karya kreatif berupa Print-Ad, TVC dan film pendek oleh peserta yang dikompetisikan. Kemudian mengadakan creative seminar, pameran karya, Sharing Session dan Awarding Night. Harapannya anak-anak muda calon penerus bangsa ini menjadi cerdas, kritis dan mendapatkan pemahaman yang baik sehingga dapat memerangi digital hoax yang dapat mengancam persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa.

A Conceptual Framework to Map Responses to Hate Crime, Hate Incidents and Hate Speech: The Case of Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Matteo Vergani ◽  
Rouven Link
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Awareness Raising

Responses to hate crimes, hate incidents and hate speech are characterised by an exceptional fragmentation in terminology and lack of coordination among governmental and non-governmental organisations. This article proposes a new conceptual framework to map the diversity of responses to hate crime, hate incidents and hate speech, with the aim of assessing gaps and needs in this important policy area. Using Australia as a case study, we create and analyse a database of 222 organisations running activities focusing on tackling hate against different target groups. The results highlight an uneven distribution of efforts across different geographical areas, types of activities and target groups. The majority of anti-hate efforts, especially by government organisations, focus on awareness raising and education rather than victim support and data collection. Racial and religious hate are the main foci of anti-hate efforts, compared to other forms of hate, such as anti-LGBTIQ+ and disablist hate.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hate Speech and Hate Crimes From A Social Psychological Perspective: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Group Members

Hate crime and hate speech are extreme examples of negative intergroup relations. It is thought that it would be very useful to analyze the variables that lead up to for dealing with hate speech and crimes that have many physical and psychological destructive consequences for the exposed group members. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to address some of the social psychological variables associated with hate speech and hate crimes and to suggest solutions to reduce hate speech and hate crimes in this context. For this purpose, first of all, hate speech and hate crimes were defined and various examples were presented in this direction. Later, hate crimes and hate speech were examined in terms of social identity identification, social dominance orientation, system justification, realistic and symbolic threat perception, frustration and scapegoat concepts. The relationship between hate speech and crimes of this concept has been embodied with research findings and examples from various regions in Turkey and the world. Finally, some solution suggestions have been presented by making use of this theoretical knowledge in terms of combating hate crimes and hate speeches. Keywords: Hate crime, hate speech, intergroup relations, social psychology

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