Computer Control by Gaze

This chapter provides an overview of gaze-based interaction techniques. We will first explore specific techniques intended to make target selection easier and to avoid the Midas touch problem. We will then take a look at techniques that do not require the use of special widgets in the interface but instead manipulate the rendering on the basis of eye gaze to facilitate the selection of small targets. Dwell-based interaction makes use of fixations; recent research has looked into the other option, using saccades as the basis for eye gestures. We will also discuss examples of how eye gaze has been used with other input modalities (blinks and winks, keyboard and mouse, facial gestures, head movements, and speech) to speed up interaction. Finally, we will discuss examples of interaction techniques in the context of a specific area of application: navigating information spaces.

Download Full-text

A Target Selection Algorithm of Seeker Based on the Prior Information and SVM

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.3071 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 734-737 ◽

pp. 3071-3074

Author(s):

Guo Dong Zhang ◽

Zhong Liu

Keyword(s):

Prior Information ◽

Simulation Experiment ◽

Target Selection ◽

Support Vector ◽

Selection Algorithm ◽

Distribution Law ◽

Surface Ship ◽

False Target ◽

Target Characteristics ◽

Selection Of

Aiming at the phenomenon that the chaff and corner reflector released by surface ship can influence the selection of missile seeker, this paper proposed a multi-target selection method based on the prior information of false targets distribution and Support Vector Machine (SVM). By analyzing the false targets distribution law we obtain two classification principles, which are used to train the SVM studies the true and false target characteristics. The trained SVM is applied to the seeker in the target selection. This method has advantages of simple programming and high classification accuracy, and the simulation experiment in this paper confirms the correctness and effectiveness of this method.

Download Full-text

Electrophysiological Correlates of Similarity-based Interference during Detection of Visual Forms

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.880 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 880-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Markus Conci ◽

Klaus Gramann ◽

Hermann J. Müller ◽

Mark A. Elliott

Keyword(s):

Target Selection ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Form Perception ◽

Psychological Review ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Kanizsa Figure ◽

Global And Local ◽

Selection Of ◽

Form Information

Illusory figure completion demonstrates the ability of the visual system to integrate information across gaps. Mechanisms that underlie figural emergence support the interpolation of contours and the filling-in of form information [Grossberg, S., & Mingolla, E. Neural dynamics of form perception: Boundary completion, illusory figures and neon colour spreading. Psychological Review, 92, 173–211, 1985]. Although both processes contribute to figure formation, visual search for an illusory target configuration has been shown to be susceptible to interfering form, but not contour, information [Conci, M., Müller, H. J., & Elliott, M. A. The contrasting impact of global and local object attributes on Kanizsa figure detection. Submitted]. Here, the physiological basis of form interference was investigated by recording event-related potentials elicited from contour- and surface-based distracter interactions with detection of a target Kanizsa figure. The results replicated the finding of form interference and revealed selection of the target and successful suppression of the irrelevant distracter to be reflected by amplitude differences in the N2pc component (240–340 msec). In conclusion, the observed component variations reflect processes of target selection on the basis of integrated form information resulting from figural completion processes.

Download Full-text

LINGUOCULTURAL POTENTIAL OF EUPHEMISMS-AMULETS

HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES ◽

10.21672/1818-4936-2021-77-1-068-074 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 68-74

Author(s):

SERGEY I. ROMANOV ◽

Keyword(s):

Target Selection ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Point Of View ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Cultural Community ◽

Magical Power ◽

Selection For ◽

Cultural Code ◽

Russian Linguistic ◽

Selection Of

The article deals with a special type of euphemisms-amulets, that is, linguocultural units endowed with the function of protection. There are two types of euphemisms-amulets from the point of view of relevance: obsolete and current units. Obsolete euphemisms- amulets have targets that are not recognized as dangerous by the modern linguistic and cultural community. Current euphemisms-amulets, although not always consciously, are used by representatives of the modern Russian linguistic and cultural community to protect against something bad. The paper establishes that the use of the euphemism-amulet is based on the transla- tion of the target's representation into another cultural code. The work reveals that the euphemisms-amulets are directed not to mitigate an unwanted nomination but how to replace it. An undesirable nomination is endowed with negative magical properties, which is why the linguocultural community imposes a ban on its use. A protective cultural function is superim- posed on the euphemism. The main pragmatic explanation for the use of the euphemism- amulet is the speaker's desire not to predict an encounter with an unwanted object, which is based on belief in the magical power of the word. The factors that determine the linguocultural specificity of euphemisms-amulets are revealed. The first factor is target selection. For the Russian linguocultural community, such targets include a totemic animal, evil forces representing another world, death. The second factor is the selection of nominations for the euphemistic function, which is determined by culturally marked background knowledge, ideas, and typical practices. The communicative- pragmatic platform for the use of euphemisms-amulets is the belief in the magical power of the word, in the fact that the use of the forbidden word can lead to negative consequences (in particular, to cause the appearance of something dangerous, undesirable). The work proves that the identified cultural factors are universal, based on universal archetypes: one's own / another's, permission / prohibition, life / death. At the same time, the fact of the appearance of the euphemism-amulet, the choice of its internal form is determined by national and cultural factors.

Download Full-text

Military Targeting in the Context of Self-Defence Actions

Nordic Journal of International Law ◽

10.1163/15718107-08401002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 3-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James A. Green ◽

Christopher P.M. Waters

Keyword(s):

Target Selection ◽

Jus In Bello ◽

Customary International Law ◽

Jus Ad Bellum ◽

Conceptual Clarity ◽

Starting Point ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Self Defence ◽

Selection Of

For self-defence actions to be lawful, they must be directed at military targets. The absolute prohibition on non-military targeting under the jus in bello is well known, but the jus ad bellum also limits the target selection of states conducting defensive operations. Restrictions on targeting form a key aspect of the customary international law criteria of necessity and proportionality. In most situations, the jus in bello will be the starting point for the definition of a military targeting rule. Yet it has been argued that there may be circumstances when the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello do not temporally or substantively overlap in situations of self-defence. In order to address any possible gaps in civilian protection, and to bring conceptual clarity to one particular dimension of the relationship between the two regimes, this article explores the independent sources of a military targeting rule. The aim is not to displace the jus in bello as the ‘lead’ regime on how targeting decisions must be made, or to undermine the traditional separation between the two ‘war law’ regimes. Rather, conceptual light is shed on a sometimes assumed but generally neglected dimension of the jus ad bellum’s necessity and proportionality criteria that may, in limited circumstances, have significance for our understanding of human protection during war.

Download Full-text

Context-sensitivity in conversation: Eye gaze and the German repair initiatorbitte?

Language in Society ◽

10.1017/s0047404500020820 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 587-612 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Maria M. Egbert

Keyword(s):

Conversation Analysis ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Linguistic Analysis ◽

Social Situations ◽

Telephone Conversation ◽

Context Sensitive ◽

Mutual Gaze ◽

Course Of Action ◽

Context Free ◽

Selection Of

ABSTRACTJust as turn-taking has been found to be both context-free and context-sensitive (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974), the organization of repair is also shown here to be both context-free and context-sensitive. In a comparison of American and German conversation, repair can be shown to be context-free in that, basically, the same mechanism can be found across these two languages. However, repair is also sensitive to the linguistic inventory of a given language; in German, morphological marking, syntactic constraints, and grammatical congruity across turns are used as interactional resources. In addition, repair is sensitive to certain characteristics of social situations. The selection of a particular repair initiator, Germanbitte?‘pardon?’, indexes that there is no mutual gaze between interlocutors; i.e., there is no common course of action. The selection ofbitte?not only initiates repair; it also spurs establishment of mutual gaze, and thus displays that there is attention to a common focus. (Conversation analysis, context, cross-linguistic analysis, repair, gaze, telephone conversation, co-present interaction, grammar and interaction)

Download Full-text

Context as a Necessity in Mobile Applications

Handbook of Research on User Interface Design and Evaluation for Mobile Technology ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-871-0.ch012 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 187-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eleni Christopoulou

Keyword(s):

Mobile Applications ◽

Current Trend ◽

User Interaction ◽

Interaction Techniques ◽

Context Model ◽

Selection Of

This chapter presents how the use of context can support user interaction in mobile applications. It argues that context in mobile applications can be used not only for locating users and providing them with suitable information, but also for supporting the system’s selection of appropriate interaction techniques and providing users with a tool necessary for composing and creating their own mobile applications. Thus, the target of this chapter is to demonstrate that the use of context in mobile applications is a necessity. It will focus on the current trend of modeling devices, services and context in a formal way, like ontologies, and will present an ontology-based context model.

Download Full-text

On the Similarity Search With Hamming Space Sketches

Advances in Data Mining and Database Management - Intelligent Analytics With Advanced Multi-Industry Applications ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-4963-6.ch005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 97-127

Author(s):

Vladimir Mic ◽

Pavel Zezula

Keyword(s):

Computational Complexity ◽

Metric Space ◽

Similarity Search ◽

Space Model ◽

Similarity Query ◽

Speed Up ◽

Hamming Space ◽

Definition Of ◽

Metric Function ◽

Selection Of

This chapter focuses on data searching, which is nowadays mostly based on similarity. The similarity search is challenging due to its computational complexity, and also the fact that similarity is subjective and context dependent. The authors assume the metric space model of similarity, defined by the domain of objects and the metric function that measures the dissimilarity of object pairs. The volume of contemporary data is large, and the time efficiency of similarity query executions is essential. This chapter investigates transformations of metric space to Hamming space to decrease the memory and computational complexity of the search. Various challenges of the similarity search with sketches in the Hamming space are addressed, including the definition of sketching transformation and efficient search algorithms that exploit sketches to speed-up searching. The indexing of Hamming space and a heuristic to facilitate the selection of a suitable sketching technique for any given application are also considered.

Download Full-text

Symmetric Evaluation of Multimodal Human–Robot Interaction with Gaze and Standard Control

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym10120680 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 680

Author(s):

Ethan Jones ◽

Winyu Chinthammit ◽

Weidong Huang ◽

Ulrich Engelke ◽

Christopher Lueg

Keyword(s):

Eye Gaze ◽

Target Selection ◽

Human Robot Interaction ◽

Gaze Control ◽

Robot Arm ◽

Spatial Accuracy ◽

Robot Interaction ◽

The Third ◽

Robot Arms ◽

Chess Piece

Control of robot arms is often required in engineering and can be performed by using different methods. This study examined and symmetrically compared the use of a controller, eye gaze tracker and a combination thereof in a multimodal setup for control of a robot arm. Tasks of different complexities were defined and twenty participants completed an experiment using these interaction modalities to solve the tasks. More specifically, there were three tasks: the first was to navigate a chess piece from a square to another pre-specified square; the second was the same as the first task, but required more moves to complete; and the third task was to move multiple pieces to reach a solution to a pre-defined arrangement of the pieces. Further, while gaze control has the potential to be more intuitive than a hand controller, it suffers from limitations with regard to spatial accuracy and target selection. The multimodal setup aimed to mitigate the weaknesses of the eye gaze tracker, creating a superior system without simply relying on the controller. The experiment shows that the multimodal setup improves performance over the eye gaze tracker alone ( p < 0.05 ) and was competitive with the controller only setup, although did not outperform it ( p > 0.05 ).

Download Full-text

A Facial-Action Imposter: How Head Tilt Influences Perceptions of Dominance From a Neutral Face

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797619838762 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 893-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Zachary Witkower ◽

Jessica L. Tracy

Keyword(s):

Eye Gaze ◽

Head Tilt ◽

Head Movements ◽

Facial Morphology ◽

Social Judgments ◽

Total N ◽

Action Unit ◽

Facial Action ◽

Facial Musculature ◽

The Face

Research on face perception tends to focus on facial morphology and the activation of facial muscles while ignoring any impact of head position. We raise questions about this approach by demonstrating that head movements can dramatically shift the appearance of the face to shape social judgments without engaging facial musculature. In five studies (total N = 1,517), we found that when eye gaze was directed forward, tilting one’s head downward (compared with a neutral angle) increased perceptions of dominance, and this effect was due to the illusory appearance of lowered and V-shaped eyebrows caused by a downward head tilt. Tilting one’s head downward therefore functions as an action-unit imposter, creating the artificial appearance of a facial action unit that has a strong effect on social perception. Social judgments about faces are therefore driven not only by facial shape and musculature but also by movements in the face’s physical foundation: the head.

Download Full-text