Theory of Shocks About States in Static and Dynamic Economics

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-240
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Individual

The place of the state in the theory of shocks is predetermined by the increasing importance of the subjective component of the processes of self-movement of systemic integrities. The main problem is that the state formalizes the actions of subjects as economic agents, abstracting from social conditions that generate the individual values of a person implemented in the economy. So, the economic subject acquires its own individual values in a society with a sharp polarization of citizens' incomes, inequality of opportunities, a shrinking middle class, and an ineffective public healthcare system, as demonstrated by the coronavirus pandemic. As a result, a fundamental problem arises of the discrepancy between society and economy as well as formal and informal institutions that predetermine the opportunistic behavior of the economic subjects. Thus, the state persistently strives for financial stability in the economy, abstracting from the problems of social disunity.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVE FUND FOR CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2417-2425
Author(s):  
Peter Peikov ◽  
Borana Hadjieva
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Individual

The present paper reveals the significance of the National Archival Fund for preservation of the historical and cultural memory of the Bulgarian nation and the formation of historical consciousness. The National Archives Fund is defined as the largest collection of documents with historical, scientific, social, economic, cultural significance as an essential part of the cultural and historical heritage of Bulgaria.It treasures documents about the history of thousands of institutions and prominent figures of the state, economy, culture and art, of ordinary citizens whose activity is historically important in one respect or another.The emphasis of the study is on the main factors determining the daily enrichment of the National Archival Fund with new documents. Among these key factors are development of documentaristics and archivistics, trends in social development, ideological and political climate, financial stability and attitude of the society as a whole, of the istitutional leaders and administrative heads, creating documents, in particular, of the non-governmental organizations and even of the individual citizen to the problems in the field of archivistics.In the focus of the paper as well is the leading role of the state archives for the formation of the National Archival Fund of Bulgaria and the opportunities for cooperation with museums, libraries, community centers and other institutions of memory working with the same purpose and vision.

scholarly journals Economic and legal support for the process of bankruptcy prevention and liquidation of business entities

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Nataliia ARTAMONOVA
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Assessment ◽  
Economic Justification ◽  
Zone Of Influence ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Internal Potential

Introduction. One of the most important indicators of the country's economic development is the level of growth in the number of financially insolvent, bankrupt and liquidated enterprises, because the interests of the state, business and the individual are in the zone of influence and attention. The purpose of the paper is to assess the legal changes in the legislation of Ukraine on the application of bankruptcy procedures and presents the economic justification and methodical implementation of a set of tools for timely detection of insolvency, their current and future assessment to prevent bankruptcy and liquidation of business entities. Results. The data of the State Statistics Service on the increase in the number of insolvent enterprises in 2020 are presented. The systematization of methods and tools for timely detection of insolvency in the context of legal innovations is proposed, thanks to the introduction of tools for testing, labeling, ranking. The testing program for early diagnosis of bankruptcy provides for the calculation of indicators to assess the structure of the balance sheet; opportunities to restore solvency and the ability to neutralize the threat of bankruptcy due to the internal potential of the enterprise. The system of markers and indicators is used to determine the creditworthiness of the enterprise and for self-analysis, when considering alternative sources of financing to avoid the threat of bankruptcy. Rating is used to definitively determine the level of financial stability or insolvency of the enterprise. Conclusion. This tools should be used at different stages: both at the pre-crisis stage, to prevent the possibility of financial deterioration, and at the crisis and post-crisis stages, to assess the effectiveness of the enterprise and the likelihood of early detection of bankruptcy.

He Xiangning Art Museum in Shenzhen

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina C.F. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Communicative Rationality ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Official Discourse

This chapter explicates the museum circuit of the He Xiangning Art Museum in Shenzhen as a process of interplay between the state’s political and cultural-economic agents, the museum’s curators and academic stakeholders, and the migrant educated elites. The museum’s intermediaries play a role in negotiating meaning at the interface of expertise and official discourse, and they arguably act as reflexive producers, contributing to a public sphere that has links to Habermasian ‘communicative rationality’. Besides, visitors can be categorized into six distinct identities, and they display limited alignment with the state interest in Chineseness or political patriotism. The study reflects on the national museum’s contingent institutional framework, the ideological dilemma driven by its curatorial activities, and the rise of a middle-class museum public.

scholarly journals The End of Reurbanisation? Phases of Concentration and Deconcentration in Migratory Movements in North Rhine-Westphalia

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Osterhage
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽  
Migratory Movements

For some time now, there has been a lively debate about reurbanisation in Germany with regard to trends in spatial development. At the same time, the consequences of spatially imbalanced development can be observed in many regions. In large metropolitan areas in particular, the renewed appeal of cities has made living space scarce and expensive. There is extensive investment in residential construction and infrastructure, yet the first signs of a further shift in the trend are starting to emerge. It is against this background that this paper investigates migratory movements in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, covering a period of more than four decades. The resulting change in the distance between place of residence and the nearest major centre is calculated for each case of migration in the time period under investigation. By aggregating the individual values, an indicator is generated that can be used to identify different phases of spatial concentration and deconcentration. The results remind us that for a long time the predominant forces in migratory movements were centrifugal. This makes the transition to the spatial concentration phase that took place in the past decade, and that can be precisely traced from the values obtained, all the more striking. In the final years of the period under investigation, the results are significantly influenced by the handling of the publicly-directed migration of refugees and asylum-seekers within the state. If municipalities with admission facilities for these groups that exhibit anomalous migration data are excluded from the analysis, deconcentration processes appear in fact to be gaining the upper hand again in North Rhine-Westphalia. Renewed momentum in residential suburbanisation in the areas surrounding the major centres is behind this current development. Deceleration of the migratory losses from more peripheral municipalities can also be observed, however.

scholarly journals THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVE FUND FOR CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2417-2425
Author(s):  
Peter Peikov ◽  
Borana Hadjieva
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Individual

The present paper reveals the significance of the National Archival Fund for preservation of the historical and cultural memory of the Bulgarian nation and the formation of historical consciousness. The National Archives Fund is defined as the largest collection of documents with historical, scientific, social, economic, cultural significance as an essential part of the cultural and historical heritage of Bulgaria.It treasures documents about the history of thousands of institutions and prominent figures of the state, economy, culture and art, of ordinary citizens whose activity is historically important in one respect or another.The emphasis of the study is on the main factors determining the daily enrichment of the National Archival Fund with new documents. Among these key factors are development of documentaristics and archivistics, trends in social development, ideological and political climate, financial stability and attitude of the society as a whole, of the istitutional leaders and administrative heads, creating documents, in particular, of the non-governmental organizations and even of the individual citizen to the problems in the field of archivistics.In the focus of the paper as well is the leading role of the state archives for the formation of the National Archival Fund of Bulgaria and the opportunities for cooperation with museums, libraries, community centers and other institutions of memory working with the same purpose and vision.

scholarly journals BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF INTERACTION OF PARTICIPANTS OF INSURANCE MARKET

2017 ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Antonina Sholoiko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The State ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioural Aspects ◽  
Market Infrastructure

Introduction. Recent studies indicate that the state and prospects for the development of the insurance market and its infrastructure should be studied considering the behavioral aspects of the interaction of insurers and insurers with other participants in the insurance market. Purpose. The article aims to reveal the behavioral aspects of the interaction of the participants in the insurance market. Method (methodology). The article uses the following methods: method of analysis, method of synthesis, game theory method, method of generalization. Results. The essential rules of behavioral insurance are determined. They are the behavior of potential insurers does not always correspond to the standard economic models of choice and decision-making on insurance, which is explained by the influence of psychological factors on their choice in conditions of uncertainty; the behavior of potential insurers in the field of decision-making on acquiring an insurance service affects the financial position of the individual insurer at the micro level and the state of the insurance market at the macro level; the state of the insurance market is influenced not only by the behavior of insurance services consumers, but also by other economic agents operating in the same market and other markets, which again affects the behavior of potential insurers regarding their decision to insure or not. The peculiarities of the interaction of the insurance subjects with the elements of the insurance market infrastructure, between which a conflict of interest may arise, which is intended to solve the theory of games, is revealed.

scholarly journals Public Policies for making the right to life effective: The problem of suicide at ‘Third Bridge'

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A C A Maia ◽  
D C Fabriz ◽  
T A Motta ◽  
V F Zanotelli
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lethal Means

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes suicide as a public health priority. According to the same, between 2010 and 2016 the suicide rate in Brazil increased about 7%, in contrast to the world index, wich fell 9,8%. In the state of Espírito Santo - ES (estimated population of 4 million people), the number of suicide events reached 233 in 2018, the highest rate ever recorded by Datasus Mortality Monitoring Panel to the state. Suicides on public venues are noteworthy. According to data from the Rodovia do Sol Concessionaire (Rodosol), in 2018 about 41% of suicides in this state occured in metropolitan region of Vitória (estimated population of 2 million people). In Deputado Darcy Castello de Mendonça bridge, popularly known as Third Bridge, 71 attemps were counted, of wich 7 culminated in suicide. As a point of concern, this bridge, main link between the cities of Vitória and Vila Velha, has a contingency plan for emergency and crisis situations since 2016, in addition to cameras monitored by a prepared team that work together with a firefighter's team allocated near the bridge to intervene at any time of the day. The monitoring of the situation makes it possible to verify that, since 1999, the suicides that have occurred add up to lower rates in relation to the attempts. However, there was an increase of approximately 44% in the number of people who attempted suicide in the period from 2015 to 2018. Knowing that interventions to prevent suicide include reducing access to lethal means, it stands out that in 2019 a plan to build a protection net in Third Bridge was approved by the government. These strategies, combined to provided health care from the State Hospital of Clinical Attention and suicide preventive measures from public healthcare system SUS, are in accordance with Brazilian's public health policies. It is a recognition, by the state, that the life of the individual has a public significance, and should be protected even from the individual itself. Key messages Interventions to prevent suicide must include reducing access to lethal means, that is knowingly a highly effective preventive practice and is responsibility of public policies of a country/state. Knowing that life has a public and political dimension, the suicide barrier implementation is necessary for the State to fulfill its duty to protect the life of the citizen.

LÉON WALRAS’S THEORY OF PUBLIC INTEREST GOODS: TOWARD AN ORGANIC VIEW OF THE STATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-572
Author(s):  
Alain Béraud ◽  
Guy Numa
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
Community Or ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Satisfaction Of Needs

The purpose of this essay is to analyze Léon Walras’s theory of public interest goods. For him, “services and products of public interest are theoretically those that interest men as members of the community or of the State emanating from the authority to establish social conditions, that is, from the satisfaction of needs that are the same and equal to all” ([1875, 1897a] 1992, EEPA, p. 187). In Walras’s mind, this definition meant that public interest goods could not be factored into the utility function, in sharp contrast with the standard approach in public goods theory. Walras did not imply that public interest goods were not useful, but he maintained instead that their utility was felt only by the community as a whole and not by the individual. Walras developed an anti-individualistic view of the State in which the collective interest was not reducible to the sum of private interests.

scholarly journals ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ, НАРОДУ І НАЦІЙ В УКРАЇНІ

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
В. О. Процевський ◽  
В. І. Горбань
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of the study is to find ways of overcoming the etatistician legal tradition of regulating human rights in Ukraine in relation to the rights of the nation and the people. The contradictions between the articles of the Constitution of Ukraine on a person and his rights with his articles on restriction of human rights are revealed; between articles about the Ukrainian people and articles about the nation and national interests. The causal relationship between the positivist understanding of law as established and regulated by the state and the practice of legal regulation of human rights, the nation and the people as subjective objects, and not the natural subjects of civil society and the state - theirs, is investigated. servant. Alternative legal regulation based on the dialectic of the individual (person), special (nation), general (people) with the defining role of the people in the law, which includes not only legislation, but also norms of morality, customs, traditions, treaties, is argued. The ideological extremes of legal regulation are criticized: the hypertrophy of anthropocentrism and the sovereignty of the people. The key importance of the elimination of poverty of the people and the creation of a majority of middle-class middle-class majority for the achievement of the main goal of legal regulation of human rights, nation and people – to ensure their freedom is substantiated. As a result of the study, conclusions are drawn: on the advisability of adopting an official legal doctrine in Ukraine on the basis of modern European law of understanding as a source of law; on scientific development of subjects of non-state legal regulation; on amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the relation between the concepts of nations and peoples and the possibility of limiting a person not in rights, but in their implementation; on the criteria for the equitable legal regulation of mutual human rights, the nation and the people: its fullest endorsement by the majority of these entities as equal in their rights on the basis of the widest consensus between them throughout Ukraine and its individual regions and a steady tendency to increase the middle class in composition people.

Doctoral Studies in Psychology in Spain

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Yolanda García Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Teaching Program ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
The Individual

In Spain doctoral studies underwent a major legal reform in 1998. The new legislation has brought together the criteria, norms, rules, and study certificates in universities throughout the country, both public and private. A brief description is presented here of the planning and structuring of doctoral programs, which have two clearly differentiated periods: teaching and research. At the end of the 2-year teaching program, the individual and personal phase of preparing one's doctoral thesis commences. However, despite efforts by the state to regulate these studies and to achieve greater efficiency, critical judgment is in order as to whether the envisioned aims are being achieved, namely, that students successfully complete their doctoral studies. After this analysis, we make proposals for the future aimed mainly at the individual period during which the thesis is written, a critical phase in obtaining the doctor's degree. Not enough attention has been given to this in the existing legislation.

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