Perspectives for Potential Therapies for SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Preeti Suman Saxena ◽  
Kirti Singh ◽  
Poonam Jangir ◽  
Manish Nath Tripathi ◽  
Vimal Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Current Treatment Strategy ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Corona Viruses

The current pandemic, novel corona virus 19 disease (COVID-19), has created havoc across the world. Now a third wave is possible, and we have already crossed two waves. The current review article presents recent reports about the COVID-19, the ways of treatments, and prevention. In view of the potential threats of a pandemic, various scientists have been trying to understand the pathophysiology of this disease to uncover possible treatment regimens and discover effective therapeutic agents and vaccines. To add further information to support the ongoing current research and development against SARS-CoV-2, the authors have provided the basics of pathophysiology, possible targets, and current treatment strategy for corona viruses. The current review highlights the antiviral strategies involving small molecules and different biological targets involved in corona virus infection and replication. The information included in this article provides a strong intellectual foundation for the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines.

scholarly journals Treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (ChAD) - a review of the literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 473-483
Author(s):  
Jakub Klas ◽  
Natalia Kluz ◽  
Mikołaj Makaryczew ◽  
Klaudia Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Calcium Signalling ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Potential Use

Introduction and aims of the study: The aim of this study is to present recent reports on the treatment and therapy of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (ChAD). The current treatment of patients affected by these diseases is difficult and unsatisfactory, therefore it is necessary to find new therapeutic options that will improve the effectiveness of treatment For the purpose of this study, scientific papers were reviewed using the Google Scholar search engine covering studies from 2016 to 2021. A dozen papers covering the scope of the publication were selected. Results: In the treatment of schizophrenia, the use of cannabinoids is of greatest interest due to the action of the preparations on the endocannabinoid system. In the treatment of ChaD, promising reports have been published on the therapy with aripiprazole and the need to improve its use in the treatment of both akathisia and agitation. Furthermore, from the fact that abnormalities of calcium signalling are considered a possible pathophysiological process in ChAD, it has been suggested that calcium channel L antagonists may be potential therapeutic agents in bipolar affective disorder. One study also demonstrated the potential use of vortioxetine in the treatment of patients with a depressive episode. Conclusions: The results of recent studies on the treatment of schizophrenia and ChAD cited in this paper offer the prospect of creating treatment regimens that are more effective and targeted in the aforementioned diseases. However, further randomised trials are needed to confirm the effective use of the cited drugs in the treatment of these diseases.

scholarly journals Biomedical Relevance of Novel Anticancer Peptides in the Sensitive Treatment of Cancer

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare ◽  
Arun Gokul ◽  
Ruomou Wu ◽  
Lee-Ann Niekerk ◽  
Ashwil Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Anticancer Peptides ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

The global increase in cancer mortality and economic losses necessitates the cautious quest for therapeutic agents with compensatory advantages over conventional therapies. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are a subset of host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, which have emerged as therapeutic and diagnostic candidates due to several compensatory advantages over the non-specificity of the current treatment regimens. This review aimed to highlight the ravaging incidence of cancer, the use of ACPs in cancer treatment with their mechanisms, ACP discovery and delivery methods, and the limitations for their use. This would create awareness for identifying more ACPs with better specificity, accuracy and sensitivity towards the disease. It would also promote their efficacious utilization in biotechnology, medical sciences and molecular biology to ease the severity of the disease and enable the patients living with these conditions to develop an accommodating lifestyle.

Coumarin Hybrids: Promising Scaffolds in the Treatment of Breast Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 1443-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Bhatia ◽  
Ravindra K. Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Hybrid Molecules ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Diverse Mode

: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women, and the second main cause of deaths in women, after lung cancer. There is continuous advancement in the development of therapeutic agents against breast cancer in recent years and it is still in progress. Development of hybrid molecules by combining different pharmacophores to obtain significant biological activity is an excellent approach. Coupling of coumarin scaffold with other distinct motifs has led to the design of newer compounds against breast cancer. These distinct pharmacophores possess a diverse mode of action as well as selectivity. It has been reported in the literature that coumarin hybrids possess significant potency against breast cancer by binding to various biological targets which are associated with breast cancer. Due to low toxicity profile on various organ systems, coumarin hybrids have nowadays attracted the keen attention of researchers to explore their therapeutic ability against breast cancer. Reported coumarin hybrids include coupling with isoxazole, thiazole, monastrol, chalcone, triazole, sulphonamide, triphenylethylene, benzimidazole, pyran, imidazole, stilbene, oestrogen, phenylsulphonylfuroxan, etc. In the present review, a description of various coumarin hybrid molecules has been presented along with their structural-activity relationships.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Nature-Inspired Unnatural Cannabinoids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2914
Author(s):  
Kevin J. H. Lim ◽  
Yan Ping Lim ◽  
Yossa D. Hartono ◽  
Maybelle K. Go ◽  
Hao Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Orphan Receptors ◽  
Complex Chemical ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Wide Range

Natural products make up a large proportion of medicine available today. Cannabinoids from the plant Cannabis sativa is one unique class of meroterpenoids that have shown a wide range of bioactivities and recently seen significant developments in their status as therapeutic agents for various indications. Their complex chemical structures make it difficult to chemically synthesize them in efficient yields. Synthetic biology has presented a solution to this through metabolic engineering in heterologous hosts. Through genetic manipulation, rare phytocannabinoids that are produced in low yields in the plant can now be synthesized in larger quantities for therapeutic and commercial use. Additionally, an exciting avenue of exploring new chemical spaces is made available as novel derivatized compounds can be produced and investigated for their bioactivities. In this review, we summarized the biosynthetic pathways of phytocannabinoids and synthetic biology efforts in producing them in heterologous hosts. Detailed mechanistic insights are discussed in each part of the pathway in order to explore strategies for creating novel cannabinoids. Lastly, we discussed studies conducted on biological targets such as CB1, CB2 and orphan receptors along with their affinities to these cannabinoid ligands with a view to inform upstream diversification efforts.

scholarly journals The Past, Present and Future of Flow Cytometry in Central Nervous System Malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Evrysthenis Vartholomatos ◽  
George Vartholomatos ◽  
George A. Alexiou ◽  
Georgios S. Markopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Review

Central nervous system malignancies (CNSMs) are categorized among the most aggressive and deadly types of cancer. The low median survival in patients with CNSMs is partly explained by the objective difficulties of brain surgeries as well as by the acquired chemoresistance of CNSM cells. Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. In the current review, we summarize the Flow Cytometry methodologies that have been used to study different phenotypic aspects of CNSMs. These include DNA content analysis for the determination of malignancy status and phenotypic characterization, as well as the methodologies used during the development of novel therapeutic agents. We conclude with the historical and current utility of Flow Cytometry in the field, and we propose how we can exploit current and possible future methodologies in the battle against this dreadful type of malignancy.

scholarly journals Prescription Pattern of Primary Osteoarthritis in Tertiary Medical Centre

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 037-042
Author(s):  
Sowmya Sham Kanneppady ◽  
Sham Kishor Kanneppady ◽  
Vijaya Raghavan ◽  
Aung Myo Oo ◽  
Ohn Mar Lwin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Medical Centre ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Prescription Pattern ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Dose Combination

Abstract Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the commonest joint/musculoskeletal disorders, affecting the middle aged and elderly, although younger people may be affected as a result of injury or overuse. The study aimed to analyze the data, evaluate the prescription pattern and rationality of the use of drugs in the treatment of primary OA with due emphasis on the available treatment regimens. Materials and methods: Medical case records of patients suffering from primary OA attending the department of Orthopedics of a tertiary medical centre were the source of data. The study was carried out prospectively for a period of 20 months (from December 2012 to July 2014). Results: 296 case records were collected in which the total number of drugs prescribed were 550. OA was more common in females (51.7%) and was more prevalent in the age group of 30–40 years (39%). Out of 550 drugs prescribed, Aceclofenac was the most frequently prescribed NSAID (29%) followed by Diclofenac (23%). Nimesulide and Paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed fixed dose combination (53). Among gastroprotectives, Ranitidine figured in 66 prescriptions. Glucocorticoids were prescribed orally and intraarticularly in 17 and 14 cases respectively. Dietary supplements like Calcium+Vitamin D (42) and Glucosamine Sulfate + Chondroitin Sulfate complex (19) were also prescribed. Conclusion: The above study highlights the rational use of therapeutic agents for primary OA.

scholarly journals Smart Stimuli-Responsive Liposomal Nanohybrid Systems: A Critical Review of Theranostic Behavior in Cancer

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Jana K. Alwattar ◽  
Amina T. Mneimneh ◽  
Kawthar K. Abla ◽  
Mohammed M. Mehanna ◽  
Ahmed N. Allam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Toxicity ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Site Specificity ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Therapeutic Activity ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Cellular Toxicity ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Physical Instability

The epoch of nanotechnology has authorized novel investigation strategies in the area of drug delivery. Liposomes are attractive biomimetic nanocarriers characterized by their biocompatibility, high loading capacity, and their ability to reduce encapsulated drug toxicity. Nevertheless, various limitations including physical instability, lack of site specificity, and low targeting abilities have impeded the use of solo liposomes. Metal nanocarriers are emerging moieties that can enhance the therapeutic activity of many drugs with improved release and targeted potential, yet numerous barriers, such as colloidal instability, cellular toxicity, and poor cellular uptake, restrain their applicability in vivo. The empire of nanohybrid systems has shelled to overcome these curbs and to combine the criteria of liposomes and metal nanocarriers for successful theranostic delivery. Metallic moieties can be embedded or functionalized on the liposomal systems. The current review sheds light on different liposomal-metal nanohybrid systems that were designed as cellular bearers for therapeutic agents, delivering them to their targeted terminus to combat one of the most widely recognized diseases, cancer.

Ponatinib, Lestaurtinib and mTOR/PI3K inhibitors are promising repurposing candidates against Entamoeba histolytica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M. Kangussu-Marcolino ◽  
Upinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Pi3k Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Clinical Resistance ◽  
Tk Inhibitors

Dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica affects millions of people annually. Current treatment regimens are based on metronidazole to treat invasive parasites combined with paromomycin for luminal parasites. Issues with treatment include significant side effects, inability to easily treat breastfeeding and pregnant women, the use of two sequential agents, and concern that all therapy is based on nitroimidazole agents with no alternatives if clinical resistance emerges. Thus, the need for new drugs against amebiasis is urgent. To identify new therapeutic candidates, we screened the ReFRAME library (11,948 compounds assembled for Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem) against E. histolytica trophozoites. We identified 159 hits in the primary screen at 10 μM and 46 compounds were confirmed in secondary assays. Overall, 26 were selected as priority molecules for further investigation including 6 FDA approved, 5 orphan designation, and 15 which are currently in clinical trials (3 phase III, 7 phase II and 5 phase I). We found that all 26 compounds are active against metronidazole resistant E. histolytica and 24 are able to block parasite recrudescence after drug removal. Additionally, 14 are able to inhibit encystation and 2 (lestaurtinib and LY-2874455) are active against mature cysts. Two classes of compounds are most interesting for further investigations: the Bcr-Abl TK inhibitors, with the ponatinib (EC 50 0.39) as most potent and mTOR or PI3K inhibitors with 8 compounds in clinical development, of which 4 have nanomolar potency. Overall, these are promising candidates and represent a significant advance for drug development against E. histolytica .

scholarly journals Epidemiology, classification, treatment and mortality of distal radius fractures in adults: an observational study of 23,394 fractures from the national Swedish fracture register

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Rundgren ◽  
Alicja Bojan ◽  
Cecilia Mellstrand Navarro ◽  
Anders Enocson
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Distal Radius Fracture ◽  
Distal Radius ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Distal Radius Fractures ◽  
Radius Fracture ◽  
Fracture Classification ◽  
Radius Fractures ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Fracture Register

Abstract Background Distal radius fractures are the most common of all fractures. Optimal treatment is still debated. Previous studies report substantial changes in treatment trends in recent decades. Few nation-wide studies on distal radius fracture epidemiology and treatment exist, none of which provide detailed data on patient and injury characteristics, fracture pattern and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology, fracture classification, current treatment regimens and mortality of distal radius fractures in adults within the context of a large national register study. Methods We performed a descriptive study using prospectively registered data from the Swedish fracture register. Included were all non-pathological distal radius fractures registered between January 1st 2015 and December 31st 2017 in patients aged 18 years and above. Nominal variables were presented as proportions of all registered fractures. Results A total of 23,394 distal radius fractures in 22,962 patients were identified. The mean age was 62.7 ± 17.6 years for all, 65.4 ± 16.0 for women and 53.6 ± 20.0 for men. A simple fall was the most common cause of injury (75%, n = 17,643/23,394). One third (33%, n = 7783/21,723) of all fractures occurred at the patients’ residence. 65% (n = 15,178/23,394) of all fractures were classified as extra-articular AO-23-A, 12% (n = 2770/23,394) as partially intra-articular AO-23-B and 23% (n = 5446/23,394) as intra-articular AO-23-C. The primary treatment was non-surgical for 74% (n = 17,358/23,369) and surgical for 26% (n = 6011/23,369) of all fractures. Only 18% of the AO-23-A fractures were treated surgically, compared to 48% of the AO-23-C fractures. The most frequently used surgical method was plate fixation (82%, n = 4954/5972), followed by pin/wire fixation (8.2%, n = 490/5972), external fixation (4.8%, n = 289/5972) and other methods (4.0%, n = 239/5972). The overall 30-day mortality was 0.4% (n = 98/23,394) and the 1-year mortality 2.9% (n = 679/23,394). Conclusion This nation-wide observational study provides comprehensive data on the epidemiology, fracture classification and current treatment regimens of distal radius fractures in a western European setting. The most common patient was an eldery woman who sustained a distal radius fracture through a simple fall in her own residence, and whose fracture was extra-articluar and treated non-surgically.

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