scholarly journals Dynamics and stability of Marandu grass tillers in monocrop systems and babassu palm silvopastoral systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e42445
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽  
Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽  
Clésio Santos Costa ◽  
Francisco Naysson Sousa Santos ◽  
Antonio José Temístocles Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Babassu Palm ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
The Stability

 This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics, population density of tillers and stability index of Urochloa brizantha in silvopastoral systems composed of babassu palm trees in the Pre-Amazon region. Four systems consisting of different densities of palm trees (80, 131, and 160 palms ha-1) and a monocrop were evaluated. The rates at which the basal tillers appeared in systems with 131 and 160 palms ha-1 were similar to each other and were slower compared to the monocrop pasture and the system with 80 palms ha-1. Despite the variations, the stability index was always higher than 1.0, which infers a compensatory mechanism between tiller appearance and mortality rate, since monocrop pastures and systems with 80 palms ha-1 have a higher rate of tissue turnover with high rates of tiller appearance and mortality; in contrast, the system with 160 palms ha-1 presents high tiller survival rates. Both the 160 and 131 palms ha-1 systems indicate impaired canopy renewal, as seen in the low appearance rate of basal tillers due to shading. As such, the tillering dynamics of the systems vary according to the density of palm trees, and the smaller tree densities favor the tiller turnover in the first generations evaluated.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake and economic analysis of young bulls reared in silvopastoral systems with babassu palm trees in the Pre-Amazon region

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽  
Rosane Claudia Rodrigues ◽  
Clésio dos Santos Costa ◽  
Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos ◽  
Alex Carvalho Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Babassu Palm ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

SUMMARY This study evaluated the intake of dry matter (IDM), nutrients and the economic analysis of F1 young bulls from the cross between Nellore and Guzera on pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in silvopastoral systems composed of babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) and Marandu monoculture in the Pre-Amazon region of the state of Maranhão. Animals were evaluated in four systems consisting of 0, 80, 131, 160 palms ha-1, characterizing monoculture (MC), low density of palm trees (LDP), average density of palm trees (ADP) and high density of palm trees (HDP) during the rainy (RP) and dry (DP) periods. The dry matter intake, in g day-1, %BW and g kg-075 was influenced by the densities of babassu palm trees (P<0.05). In both evaluation periods, the animals kept on monoculture consumed more forage. Animals kept on HDP consumed greater amounts of CP in both periods, approximately 478.20 and 599.18 g day-1 for DP and RP, respectively. The intake of NDF was affected by periods and palm densities (P<0.05). There was a higher intake of NDF for animals kept on MC, in both periods. Of the four systems evaluated, only LDP resulted in a revenue per hectare higher than the costs, making it the only profitable system. However, in a five-year simulation, all systems resulted in an internal rate of return higher than 6,87% the rate of attractiveness, and the LDP system had the best result. All analyzed systems had a benefit/cost ratio greater than one; i.e., all are economically viable.

scholarly journals Population density and tillering of andropogon grass submitted to different cutting heights

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Maria Elizabete Oliveira ◽  
Ivone Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Daniel Louçana de Araújo ◽  
Jandson Vieira Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
The Stability

ABTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the tillering dynamics and population density of Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, submitted to different cutting heights during the dry and rainy season. A randomized block design was adopted in a split plot scheme. In the main plot, the three cutting heights (10, 20, and 30 cm) were allocated, while the subplots included the following periods: dry (October, November, and December) and rainy (April, May, and June). During the dry period at the height of 10 cm, there was a higher population density of tillers, with 1298.44 tillers m-2. The appearance rate was higher in October for heights of 10 and 30 cm and in December for 20 cm. The 10-cm height provided a higher mortality rate. The survival rate and the stability index were higher in October, with 88.47% and 1.38, respectively. In the rainy season, specifically June, the pasture had a higher height (130.06 cm). The rate of appearance and the stability index were higher in April and during June there was greater mortality, while at the 20-cm height, there was less mortality and greater survival (85.71%) of the tillers. The 20-cm cut height provides a higher survival rate and lower mortality rate of andropogon grass in the dry and rainy season.

scholarly journals Grazing behavior and spatial distribution of feces of Young bulls in silvopastoral systems and Marandu monoculture in the Pre-Amazon region

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽  
Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽  
Clésio Dos Santos Costa ◽  
Francisco Naysson De Sousa Santos ◽  
José Antonio Alves Cutrim Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Babassu Palm ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

The objective was to evaluate the grazing behavior and the spatial distribution of feces of F1 young bulls from the cross between Nellore and Guzera on pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in silvopastoral systems composed of babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) and Marandu monoculture in the Pre-Amazon region of the state of Maranhão. Animals were evaluated in four systems consisting of 0, 80, 131, 160 palms ha-1, characterizing monoculture (mono), low density of palm trees (LD), medium density of palm trees (MD) and high density of palm trees (HD) during the rainy (RE) and dry (DE) periods. Five animals (repetitions) were used in each system, with 231-303 days of age and 180±15 kg body weight. Determinations of behavioral patterns were made by instant sampling, at 10 min intervals. In each system, we demarcated 50 squares of 100 m2, which served as useful area to evaluate the dispersion of feces. The grazing behavior was influenced by the sward structure, which, in turn, was influenced by densities of palm trees, due to shading. The distribution of feces was affected by both the presence of babassu plantations and periods. The silvopastoral systems made the environment more pleasant to animals, since activities considered more stressful and avoided during the daytime were performed by animals of these environments, unlike animals in the monoculture system.

scholarly journals Height and mowing of pasture at the end of winter modulate the tillering of Marandu palisadegrass in spring

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Bruno Humberto Rezende Carvalho ◽  
Lilian Elgalise Techio Pereira ◽  
André Fischer Sbrissia ◽  
Gabriel De Oliveira Rocha ◽  
Manoel Eduardo Rozalino Santos
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Tiller Recruitment ◽  
Intense Process

In pastures subjected to stockpiling, the tiller population goes through an intense process of self-thinning, hindering the recruitment of new tillers in the subsequent season. We evaluated different pasture management strategies in late winter in an attempt to modify tiller recruitment during spring. Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu was maintained at 4 different levels (heights) of stockpiled pasture at the end of winter: short (15.1 cm), medium (23.2 cm), tall (31.4 cm) and tall/mown (31.3 cm, mown to 8 cm). In October (early spring), the short and tall/mown pastures had a tiller appearance rate (TAR) and a population stability index (PSI) superior (P<0.05) to that of the tall pasture. During the remainder of the growing season, these characteristics (TAR and PSI) were similar for all pastures. Tiller survival rate (TSR) was also highest (P<0.05) in short pasture in early spring. TAR values were highest in early spring and these tillers persisted throughout the growing season. When stockpiling Marandu palisadegrass pasture during spring it is important to have it short at the end of winter to ensure early and intense tillering in spring. If pasture is tall at the end of winter mowing at this time before spelling is advantageous.

scholarly journals Marandu palisade grass management strategies at the beginning of the deferment period and effects on tillering

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Manoel Eduardo Rozalino Santos ◽  
Amanda Bortoleto Ávila ◽  
Angélica Nunes de Carvalho ◽  
Gabriel De Oliveira Rocha ◽  
Flavia De Oliveira Scarpino Van Cleef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Tiller Mortality

Pasture mowing at the beginning of deferment stimulates tillering and can be used in different ways. The aim of this study was to understand how the mowing of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu Syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu palisade grass) prior to the deferment period modifies tillering activity and the characteristics of young, mature, and old tillers. Three mowing strategies were evaluated: canopies kept at a height of 15 cm for five months before deferment (15/15 cm); canopies kept at 30 cm (30/15 cm) or 45 cm (45/15 cm) for five months before deferment and posteriorly cut to 15 cm at the start of the deferment period. The structural characteristics of young, mature, and old tillers of marandu palisade grass were compared only at the end of the deferment period. The tiller appearance rate was greater before (16.0%) than during (6.4%) the deferment period, but a contrasting response pattern was observed for the tiller mortality rate. The defoliation strategies that resulted in greater numbers of tillers in the canopies were 30/15 cm (2,098 tillers m-²) and 45/15 cm (2,160 tillers m-2). The defoliation strategy that generated the greatest percentage of young tillers in the canopy was 45/15 cm (26.1%), while the percentage of old tillers was greater in the canopies submitted to the 15/15 cm (64.1%) and 30/15 cm (61.5%) strategies. Weight and percentage of live stems of mature and old tillers were greater in relation to young tillers. The percentage of live leaves was grater in young tillers (52.6%), intermediate in mature tillers (41.4%), and lower in old tillers (21.3%). Regarding the percentage of dead leaves, the opposite trend was observed, where the percentage was greater in the old than in young tillers. Leaf area was greater in mature tillers (55.3 cm²) than in old tillers (29.2 cm²). Mowing of the marandu palisade grass to 15 cm at the beginning of the deferment period increases the number of young tillers, which have a more favorable morphological composition than mature and old tillers.

A FORECAST OF PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF HOLSTEIN COWS BY INDIRECT SIGNS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.С. САНОВА
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Group I ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

В статье представлены материалы о взаимосвязи продолжительности продуктивного использования коров с характеристикой устойчивости к деградации, с возрастом отела и удоем. В исследованной, разнородной по происхождению, группе животных для прогноза продуктивного периода коров, обусловленного устойчивостью к деградации и возрастом первого отела, пригодно уравнение регрессии, аргументами в котором являются индекс устойчивости, возраст первого отела в первой и второй степенях. Коэффициент корреляции межу предсказанными значениями продуктивного периода и его фактическими величинами в I группе составляет 0,502, во II - 0,604. При этом крайние варианты прогнозируются со статистическими ошибками 5 мес при оценке индекса устойчивости по 2 лактациям и 4,1 мес по 3, а средние варианты, соответственно, 1,6 и 1,51 мес. Индекс устойчивости к процессу старения является важной характеристикой биологических особенностей коров, определяющий их продуктивное долголетие. Его оценка по первым 2 и 3 лактациям имеет прямолинейную связь с продуктивным периодом (r=0,4109 и r=0,5270), соответственно. Зависимость продуктивного периода от возраста первого отела криволинейная — с увеличением возраста первого отела сокращается срок продуктивного использования, при возрасте первого отела более 1400 дней срок продуктивного использования колеблется от 1,33 до 1,41 лактации. Коэффициент корреляции между этими характеристиками коров составляет - 0,2164 в I и - 0,2620 во II группах. The article presents materials about the relationship of the duration of productive use of cows with the characteristic of resistance to degradation, with the age of calving and milk yield. In the studied group of animals, which is heterogeneous in origin, the regression equation is suitable for predicting the productive period of cows due to resistance to degradation and the age of the first calving, the arguments of which are the stability index, the age of the first calving in the first and second degrees. The correlation coefficient between the predicted values of the productive period and its actual values in group I is 0.502, in group II - 0.604. At the same time, the extreme variants are predicted with statistical errors of 5 months when evaluating the stability index for 2 lactations and 4.1 months for 3, and the average variants, respectively, are 1.6 and 1.51 months. The index of resistance to the aging process is an important characteristic of the biological characteristics of cows, which determines their productive longevity. Its estimate for the first 2 and 3 lactations has a direct relationship with the productive period (r=0.4109 and r=0.5270), respectively. The dependence of the productive period age at first calving curvilinear with increasing age at first calving reduces the time to productive use, while age at first calving of more than 1400 days, the period of productive use ranges from 1.33 to 1.41 lactation. The correlation coefficient between these characteristics of cows is-0.2164 in I and-0.2620 in II groups.

Novel Nanolipoidal Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Apoorva Singh ◽  
Nimisha
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Stability

: Skin cancer, among the various kinds of cancers, is a type that emerges from skin due to the growth of abnormal cells. These cells are capable of spreading and invading the other parts of the body. The occurrence of non-melanoma and melanoma, which are the major types of skin cancers, has increased over the past decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV) is the main associative cause of skin cancer. UV exposure can inactivate tumor suppressor genes while activating various oncogenes. The conventional techniques like surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy lack the potential for targeting cancer cells and harm the normal cells. However, the novel therapeutics show promising improvements in the effectiveness of treatment, survival rates and better quality of life for patients. Different methodologies are involved in the skin cancer therapeutics for delivering the active ingredients to the target sites. Nano carriers are very efficient as they have the ability to improve the stability of drugs and further enhance their penetration into the tumor cells. The recent developments and research in nanotechnology have entitled several targeting and therapeutic agents to be incorporated into nanoparticles for an enhancive treatment of skin cancer. To protect the research works in the field of nanolipoidal systems various patents have been introduced. Some of the patents acknowledge responsive liposomes for specific targeting, nanocarriers for the delivery or co-delivery of chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids as well as photosensitizers. Further recent patents on the novel delivery systems have also been included here.

scholarly journals The stability index of a cactus

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-183
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Grant ◽  
D. A. Holton
Keyword(s):  
Connected Graph ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
The Stability

AbstractWe show that ifGis a connected graph of ordernsuch that no line lies in more than one cycle (in other words,Gis a cactus of ordern), then the stability index ofGis one of the integers 0, 1,n−7,n−6,n−5,n−4 orn.

Features of pubertal patients with schizophrenia neurocognitive profile

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S430-S431
Author(s):  
Y. Barylnik ◽  
S. Pakhomova ◽  
D. Samoylova ◽  
J. Abrosimova ◽  
E. Kolesnichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stability Index ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Structuring Element ◽  
Test Part ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level

Identifying the patterns of neurocognitive disorders in pubertal schizophrenia is actual.MethodsBenton Test of visual retention, methods of forward and reverse bills, Bourdon correction sample, Wechsler's subtests (subtest 11 – “Encryption”, subtest 12 – “Labyrinths” 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Trail Creating a Test Part A.ResultsAll patients were divided into 3 groups. The first group (schizophrenia) and second group (other psychic disorders) showed the worst results than healthy subjects. Qualitative analysis of the “Benton Test” results showed similar variations of difficulty and types of errors in the subjects of the first and second groups – ignoring the number of the figure sides, as well as difficulties in the structuring element of the image corners. The “Methods of forward and reverse bills” demonstrated the fatigue and attention instability. “Bourdon test” showed a high level of the stability index (K = 0.09). Wechsler's subtest “Encryption B” obtained poor results, indicating a pathological decrease in visual-motor speed. During the subtest “Labyrinths 1, 2, 3, 4, 5” the subjects of first and second groups exceeded the allowable time limit, but the first group of schizophrenia patients allowed more blunders during pubertal study (ignored the walls of the maze, torn pencil despite the given instructions). The test groups 1 and 2 while passing “Trail Creating a Test Part A” have shown good results – job data did not cause difficulties and carried out in accordance with the specified instructions.ConclusionsNeurocognitive disorders allow to confirm the presence of morphological and functional brain changes when endogenous mental illness occurs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

THE OASIS SOIL TYPE CHANGE AND ITS FRACTAL IN MANASI RIVER BASIN BETWEEN 1987–2006, ARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA / MANASI UPĖS BASEINO SAUSRINGOJE ŠIAURĖS VAKARŲ KINIJOJE OAZIŲ DIRVOŽEMIO TIPŲ POKYČIAI IR FRAKTALAI 1987–2006 M

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pujia Yu ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Xinfeng Zhao ◽  
Qingqing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Arid Northwestern China ◽  
Type Change ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Soil Changes

During the past 20 years, great landscape changes took place in the northwest of China. Landscape change resulted in soil type transformations. This paper discusses the changes and fractal of soil types in oasis. In order to do it, the soil type maps of Manasi River Basin in 1987 and 2006 were used. 13 types of soil and 2 types of land-use were classified and analyzed in the study area. Results indicated many variations in characteristics. Firstly, all soil types underwent remarkable changes from 1987 to 2006 in the study area: the identified changed area was about 30% or 6506.33 km2. Secondly, in comparison with 1987, in 2006 2/3 of the area's soil types increased, while 1/3 decreased. Rapid expansion of Aquicambids (415.28 km2), and rapid decrease of Petrocambids (797.05 km2) and Aquisalids (415.93 km2) were the noticeable findings. Furthermore, Haplocambids obtained largest gains from other soil types, while Petrocambids lost largest area to other types. Additionally, the fractal relationship objectively existed between the perimeter and area of soil patches. The fractal dimension of Aquisalids, Petrocalcids and Ustifluvents became higher and their shapes became more complex during this period. The stability index was higher in 2006 which indicated that the spatial structure of soil type was more stable than in 1987. These chaotic and occasional changes were largely caused by human activities and natural conditions. Consequently, environmental managers should pay more attention to soil changes in the arid and semiarid region. Santrauka Per pastaruosius 20 metų šiaurės vakarų Kinijoje įvyko didelių kraštovaizdžio pokyčių, lėmusių ir dirvožemio tipų pakitimus. Remiantis 1987–2006 m. Manasi upės baseino dirvožemio žemėlapiais, aptariami dirvožemio tipų pokyčiai ir fraktalai oazėse. Pasirinktoje teritorijoje išskirta ir analizuota 13 dirvožemio tipų ir dvejopa žemėnauda. Nustatyta daug kintamųjų parametrų. Pirma, tirtõs teritorijos visų tipų dirvožemiai nuo 1987 iki 2006 m. žymiai pakito. Nustatytoji pokyčių zona apima apie 30 % teritorijos, arba 6 506,32 km2. Antra, palyginti su 1987 m., 2006 m. 10 dirvožemio tipų teritorija padidėjo, o 5 tipų sumažėjo. Sparčiai padidėjo Aquicambids (415,28 km2), sparčiai sumažėjo Petrocambids (797,05 km2) ir Aquisalids (415,93 km2), pokyčiai buvo žymūs. Iš visų kitų pakitusių dirvožemių tipų Haplocambids plotai padidėjo daugiausia, o labiausiai, palyginti su kitais, sumažėjo Petrocambids plotai. Be to, pastebėta, kad tarp dirvožemio teritorijos plotų ir perimetrų objektyviai egzistuoja fraktalinės sąsajos. Fraktalinės dimensijos Aquisalids, Petrocalcids ir Ustifluvents per minėtą laikotarpį padidėjo, o jų formos tapo sudėtingesnės. Stabilumo indeksas 2006 m. buvo didesnis. Tai rodė, kad erdvinė dirvožemio struktūra mažai pakito, tapo stabilesnė, palyginti nei buvo 1987 m. Šiuos atsitiktinius pokyčius iš esmės lėmė žmogaus veikla ir gamtinės sąlygos. Prieita prie išvados, kad sausojo ar pusiau sauso klimato regionuose kraštotvarkos vykdytojai dirvožemio pokyčiams turėtų skirti daugiau dėmesio.

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