scholarly journals Nitrogen compounds balance and microbial protein synthesis in supplemented crossbred dairy cows in pasture

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 42556
Author(s):  
Gabriela Santistevan Gutierrez ◽  
Rogério De Paula Lana ◽  
Cesar Roberto Viana Teixeira ◽  
Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽  
Cristina Mattos Veloso
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Mineral Salt ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Concentrate Level

The objective this work was to evaluate the supplementation of cows on Brachiaria decumbens pasture during the rainy-dry transition. Eight 1/2 Holstein/Zebu cows (497 ± 50 kg) were distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares, with 2 x 2 factorial treatments (100% mineral salt versus nitrogen salt containing 25:25:50% urea: corn: mineral salt, and 1.5 versus 3.0 kg d-1 concentrate per cow). The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days, the last seven days for data collection. No interaction effect (p > 0.05) was detected between the supplement and the different levels of concentrate for any of the evaluated variables. No effect (p > 0.05) of supplement or concentrate level was observed on urinary excretions of purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen compounds and microbial efficiency. Nitrogen salt increased (p < 0.05) nitrogen intake and increased urinary nitrogen excretion, leading to a reduced nitrogen balance, while the higher concentrate level increased (p < 0.05) nitrogen intake and the total amount of nitrogen excreted in milk. Therefore, it is recommended, for crossbred cows in the rainy-dry transition period, the supply of 1.5 kg d-1 concentrate during milking, using only mineral salt instead of nitrogen salt at will on pasture. 

scholarly journals Performance of crossbred lactating cows at grazing in response to nitrogen supplementation and different levels of concentrate feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014
Author(s):  
G.S. Gutierrez ◽  
R.P. Lana ◽  
C.R.V. Teixeira ◽  
C.M. Veloso ◽  
L.N. Rennó
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Mineral Salt ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT The performance of crossbred (1/2 Holstein x Zebu) cows supplemented on Brachiaria decumbens pasture during the wet-dry transition period was evaluated. Eight cows with 497±50kg, during third and fourth lactations and after the lactation peak were distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares. The treatments consisted of a factorial with two types of mineral supplements (nitrogenous and mineral salt) and two levels of concentrate (0.3 and 0.6% body weight (BW)/cow/day), based on corn and soybean meal (60:40), and supplied during the morning and afternoon milking. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days, with seven days for adaptation and seven for data collection. No interaction (P> 0.05) was observed between the supplements and the concentrate levels. The nitrogenous salt and the highest concentrate level increased (P< 0.05) the intake of crude protein, and the highest concentrate level increased (P< 0.05) the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates and the digestibility of crude protein. No effect (P> 0.05) of supplement and concentrate level was observed on the milk constituents and feed efficiency. Grazing crossbred after the lactation peak during the wet-dry transition period achieve the productive potential with 0.3% BW of concentrate per day and mineral salt.

scholarly journals PSII-9 Drylot weaned calves at dry-to-rainy transition and rainy season and their effects on the growing phase

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 401-402
Author(s):  
Felipe A Nascimento ◽  
Laura F Prados ◽  
Luciana M Sousa ◽  
Ivanna M Oliveira ◽  
Flávio D Resende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Mineral Salt ◽  
Energy Supplement ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Energy Supplementation

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the best nutritional strategy for weaned calves at dry-to-rainy transition and rainy season and their effects on the growing phase. One hundred sixteen Nellore weaned males (initial BW of 173±23 kg; 10 months) were used in a randomized complete block design (blocked by BW) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments (divided in 12 lots with 9 or 10 animals/lot). Factor 1 was the strategy in the dry-to-rainy season transition (period I; pasture vs. drylot) and factor 2 was the strategy for the rainy season [period II; mineral salt ad libitum (MS) vs. supplement 3 g/kg BW]; consisting of four treatments: pasture in period I and MS in period II; pasture in period I and protein-energy supplement in period II (PEII); drylot in period I and mineral salt in period II; drylot in period I and PEII. At period I, all animals received a protein-energy supplementation (5 g/kg BW). The experiment lasted 244 days. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. In period I, animals from drylot had highest final BW and ADG (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1). There was no interaction among factors (P ≥ 0.772) in period II. In period II, ADG and carcass gain were highest from pasture animals (P &lt; 0.01). Final BW and HCW were similar (P &gt;0.788) at the end of period II, showing that animals recovery BW. Among strategies at rainy season, animals fed PEII had greater final BW and ADG (P &lt; 0.01). Overall growing phase, HCW and carcass gain were greater for animals fed PEII (P &lt; 0.01). Regardless of the strategy used in the dry-to-rainy season transition, animals were able to equalize final BW at the end of growing phase. In addition, protein-energy supplement at rainy season improves animal performance at the end of growing phase.

scholarly journals Effects of Decreasing Dietary Crude Protein Level on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Serum Metabolites, and Nitrogen Utilization in Growing Goat Kids (Capra. hircus)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Zhu ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Congcong Wei ◽  
Zijun Zhang ◽  
Chunchao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

The effects of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance, nutrient digestion, serum metabolites, and nitrogen utilization in growing goat kids were investigated in the current study. Thirty-six male Anhui white goat kids were randomly assigned to one of three CP content diets: 14.8% (control), 13.4%, and 12.0% of dry matter, respectively. Diets were isoenergetic. The experiment lasted for 14 weeks, with the first two weeks being for adaptation. Results showed that the low-CP diet decreased average daily gain, feed efficiency, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber. No significant changes were observed in dry-matter intake. With a decrease in dietary CP level, fecal nitrogen excretion (% of nitrogen intake) increased linearly, whereas CP intake, blood urea nitrogen, urinary nitrogen excretion (% of nitrogen intake), and total nitrogen excretion (% of nitrogen intake) decreased. Serum glucose concentration decreased, while concentrations of low-density lipoproteins and non-esterified fatty acids increased with the low-CP diet. In conclusion, decreasing the dietary CP level decreased goats’ nitrogen excretion, but with restrictive effects on growth performance. A diet containing 13.4% CP is optimal for reducing nitrogen excretion without any adverse effect on growth performance of Anhui white goat kids. This concentration is 1.4% points lower than the NRC recommendations and thus is also environmentally beneficial on the input side because it decreases the use of feed (soy) protein.

Interaction between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation modifies milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning of dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio E. Beltrán ◽  
Pablo Gregorini ◽  
Alvaro Morales ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Rubén G. Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the interaction effects between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation on milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning in lactating dairy cows. Forty-four Holstein Friesian cows were grouped according to milk production (24.7 ± 2.8 kg), bodyweight (580.6 ± 51.7 kg), days in milk (74 ± 17.1) and body condition score (3.1 ± 0.3), and then assigned randomly to one of four treatments: (1) L-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (2) L-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (3) M-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha, and (4) M-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha. All cows received a daily low herbage allowance of 21 kg DM measured above ground level, 3.0 kg DM of grass silage and 3.5 kg DM of concentrate. Herbage intake was similar between treatments, averaging 8.3 kg DM/day (P &gt; 0.05). Total grazing time was lower for M-PM compared with other treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Milk production was greater for M-AM and M-PM compared with L-PM (P &lt; 0.05). Urea in milk and plasma were greater for L-AM than L-PM and M-PM (P &lt; 0.01). Similarly, rumen ammonia was greater for L-AM compared with M-PM and M-AM (P &lt; 0.05). Nitrogen intake was 13.6% greater for L-AM than L-PM, and 17.5% greater for L-AM than M-PM (P &lt; 0.05). Nitrogen use efficiency was 22.1% greater for M-PM than L-AM, and 11.8% greater for M-PM than L-PM (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, the best management combination was observed when a medium herbage mass was delivered in the afternoon, maintaining a low nitrogen intake, low urinary nitrogen excretion and high milk production.

Effect of amount of rumen degradable protein on the utilization of wheat straw by Dohne Merino wethers

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
J. van E. Nolte ◽  
A.V. Ferreirat ◽  
H.H. Köster
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractA 5 ✕ 5 Latin square was conducted with ruminally and duodenally cannulated Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw to determine the effect of different rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels on forage intake, fermentation characteristics, nutrient flow and digestion. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and wheat straw (32 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM); 742 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) per kg DM) that was offered twice daily, immediately after intraruminal infusion of the supplements at 07:00 and 19:00 h. The supplemental RDP (calcium caseinate; 900 g CP per kg DM) levels were: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g/day. Each period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. Forage and total organic matter (OM) intakes increased in a linear manner (P < 0•01) with increasing supplemental RDP levels. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) displayed a quadratic increase with elevated amounts of RDP (P < 0•01). The effects of treatments on rumen and total tract digestion, as well as fluid dilution rate were minimal. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow to the duodenum and microbial efficiency increased quadratically (P < 0•04) with increased RDP supplementation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations increased linearly (P < 0•01) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) tended to increase linearly (P = 0•07). In conclusion, RDP supplementation to Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw generally enhanced rumen fermentation and forage intake. A total RDP intake (sources: calcium caseinate and wheat straw) of 3•30 g/kg M0•75 or 0•12 of DOM maximized DOMI.

scholarly journals Performance of Holstein-Gyr crossbred heifers on pasture of Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with multiple supplement or proteined salt

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Matos dos Santos ◽  
Rogério De Paula Lana ◽  
César Roberto Viana Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Mineral Salt ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Cost

 This study aimed to evaluate the performance, efficiency and economic viability of different supplements for dairy heifers on Brachiaria decumbens pasture. Twelve heifers with 186 ± 30.5 kg average weight were divided in three groups of four animals. The treatments were mineral salt ad libitum; 0.4 kg animal-1 day-1 proteined salt and 1.0 kg animal-1 day-1 multiple supplement. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with the contrasts considered significant at 5% probability. There was greater (p < 0.05) body weight and higher daily weight gain in animals supplemented with proteined salt or multiple supplement, compared to supplemented with mineral salt. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in any of the performance parameters between proteined salt and multiple supplement. The use efficiency was 1.31 and 0.61 for proteined salt and multiple supplement, respectively. The cost per kg weight gain in treatments with mineral salt, proteined salt and multiple supplement was R$ 0.67, R$ 0.68 and R$ 1.25, respectively. The use of proteined salt or multiple supplement provides superior performance than mineral salt in crossbred heifers. However, the proteined salt has higher utilization efficiency and economic advantage. 

The effects of increased nitrogen intakes on plasma urea nitrogen and rumen ammonia levels in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
KH McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Urea Clearance ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Excretion Rates

A series of five roughage rations providing increasing amounts of nitrogen (6.8, 16.8, 23.5, 37.3, and 46.3 g/day) and some changes in dry matter intakes (720, 710, 704, 1056, and 1408 g/day) was offered to sheep. The first four rations were given hourly and the fifth ad libitum. Urine outputs, urine total nitrogen, urine urea nitrogen, and urea clearance values increased with nitrogen intakes. Water intakes were linearly related to dry matter intakes. Plasma urea nitrogen and rumen ammonia levels both increased linearly to about 30 mg/100 ml, but did not increase further on higher levels of nitrogen intake. At these levels of intake both plasma urea nitrogen and rumen ammonia levels were no longer related to urine nitrogen excretion rates. The results are discussed in relation to the role of the kidney tubules in nitrogen excretion in the sheep.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Intake and Its Partition on Urine, Dung and Products of Dairy and Beef Cattle in Chile

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Ignacio E. Beltran ◽  
Ivan Calvache ◽  
Rocio Cofre ◽  
Francisco Salazar ◽  
Juan P. Keim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Web Based ◽  
New Information ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Keyword List

Nitrogen that is excreted through the urine and dung of cattle is an important source of nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions. In Chile, several studies have evaluated nitrogen (N) intake and its partitioning into urine and dung from beef and dairy cattle, however, there are no studies collating all data into one central database, which would allow an estimation of N excretion and its key variables to be developed. The aim of this study was to determine the N partition (milk or meat, urine and dung) and variables influencing the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and urinary N excretion of cattle based on a database generated from Chilean studies. The search of studies was carried out using a keyword list in different web-based platforms. Nitrogen excretion into urine and dung was calculated using equations reported in the literature for beef and dairy cattle. Mixed models were used to identify variables influencing the N partitioning. Nitrogen intake and its partitioning into the animal product, urine and dung were higher for dairy compared to beef cattle. For dairy cattle, NUE was influenced by milk yield, the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC)/crude protein ratio, acid detergent fiber intake and milk urea N (MUN), while urinary N excretion was influenced by milk yield, MUN and NFC intake. For beef cattle, N intake and its excretion were greater for grazing compared to the confined system, while NUE was greater for confined animals. This database supplies new information on N intake and its partitioning (milk, meat, urine and dung) for dairy and beef cattle, which can be used for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from pasture-based livestock in Chile. Additionally, our study supplies new information on nutritional variables determining NUE and urinary N excretion for dairy cattle, which can be used by farmers to reduce N excretion into the environment.

Twenty-four-hour urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion in male white-tailed deer

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn D. DelGiudice ◽  
Mark A. Asleson ◽  
Eric C. Hellgren ◽  
Larry W. Varner
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Creatinine Excretion

During 5-d trials in spring and summer we investigated the constancy of creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion and the urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio in 24-h urine samples from 12 male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and the relationship of these metabolites with body mass and dietary nitrogen intake. During both trials, 24-h urinary creatinine excretion remained stable (CV of 13.5 and 18.5% for the spring and summer trials, respectively), and there was no difference between deer fed a high-protein diet and those fed a low-protein diet. However, urinary urea nitrogen excretion and urea nitrogen:creatinine ratios were significantly lower in the latter group. Mean daily creatinine coefficients (0.22–0.27 mmol excreted/kg body mass) were comparable to those in other mammalian species. During both trials, urinary creatinine excretion was significantly related to body mass but not to dietary nitrogen intake. Urea nitrogen excretion and urea nitrogen:creatinine ratios were significantly related to mass-specific nitrogen intake, but not to body mass or 24-h urinary creatinine excretion. Using 24-h urinary creatinine excretion, mean muscle mass of our deer was estimated to be 58 and 57% of whole body mass in the spring and summer trials, respectively.

scholarly journals Intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed diets containing mulberry hay

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4413
Author(s):  
Luis Gabriel Alves Cirne ◽  
Américo Garcia da Silva Sobrinho ◽  
Fernanda Carvalho Basso ◽  
Roque Takahashi ◽  
Thiago Henrique Borghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed diets containing 0.00, 12.50, and 25.00% mulberry hay substituting the concentrate. Twentyfour Ile de France lambs at approximately 60 days of age, with a body weight of 15.48 ± 0.07 kg, were confined in individual stalls and slaughtered upon reaching 32 kg body weight. Only the intakes of ether extract and metabolizable energy decreased linearly (P&lt;0.05) as the participation of mulberry hay in the concentrate was increased. Nitrogen in the feces, expressed in g day–1 and g kg0.75 day–1, increased linearly (P&lt;0.05), whereas excretions (mmol day–1) of allantoin, total purines, and absorbed microbial purines, microbial production (g day–1) expressed in microbial nitrogen and microbial crude protein, and microbial efficiency expressed in g MN kg–1 RDOM–1 and g MP kg–1 of TDN decreased linearly as the level of hay in the diet was increased. Mulberry hay substituting the concentrate in diets for feedlot lambs reduces the microbial protein synthesis.</p>

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