Optimal Low Carbon Cement Plant via Co-Processing Measure

2015 ◽  
Vol 1113 ◽  
pp. 812-817
Author(s):  
Siti Aktar Ishak ◽  
Haslenda Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Optimization Models ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
General Algebraic Modeling System ◽  
Processing Measure ◽  
Lower Carbon

Cement industry is one of the highest contributor in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. With that, this paper proposes the development of a systematic optimization model where minimized production cost is anticipated within the CO2 reduction target and fuels mixture. The optimization models consider co-processing measures which replaces parts of carbon rich fuels with lower carbon fuels in order to achieve lower carbon emissions. The proposed models are executed using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). With highest carbon reduction of 3.2%, the minimum manufacturing cost went from €59.748/t clinker for a 0% carbon reduction target to €65.737/t clinker.

scholarly journals The Effect of Excess Heat Utilization on the Production Cost of Cement

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Olayide R. Adetunji ◽  
Montfort C. Ogbuokiri ◽  
Olawale U. Dairo ◽  
Olanrewaju B. Olatunde ◽  
Iliyas K. Okediran
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Excess Heat ◽  
Heat Utilization ◽  
Annual Capacity ◽  
Induced Draft Fan

Industrial excess heat is a largely untapped resource that has the potential for external use that would be beneficial to the cement industry. Therefore, this work studied the excess heat utilization for the optimization of production cost in a cement plant within a period of three years. The study of plant layout in the selected plant in Nigeria (Ewekoro II Cement Plant of 200 tonnes/hour) was carried out to identify areas where excess heat is generated. The temperature and static pressure of precalciner, kiln, and cyclone were taken using a temperature probe, pitot tube, digital manometer, and light-emitting diode temperature reader. These parameters were used to obtain the mass flow rate and heat transfer needed for the heat energy analysis of the system. The kiln was maintained at constant tonnage per hour through a clinker truck weighed using the weighbridge. The result showed that the heat generated from the kiln was 577,640,260 MJ/hr. through excess air draft of 780,000 m3/hr (89.4%) at 250 °C and induced draft fan of 900,000 m3/hr at 350 °C. The result showed that excess heat can be utilized in pre-heater and air quenched cooler boilers, steam turbines and auxiliaries, and generators. The total estimated heat that could be saved amounted to 344,648,250 MJ with a total annual capacity of 2.25 million tonnes of cement. A saving of over two billion dollars could be achieved in production cost per year.

scholarly journals LEAP-Based Greenhouse Gases Emissions Peak and Low Carbon Pathways in China’s Tourist Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1218
Author(s):  
Dandan Liu ◽  
Dewei Yang ◽  
Anmin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Co2 Equivalent

China has grown into the world’s largest tourist source market and its huge tourism activities and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are particularly becoming a concern in the context of global climate warming. To depict the trajectory of carbon emissions, a long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP)-Tourist model, consisting of two scenarios and four sub-scenarios, was established for observing and predicting tourism greenhouse gas peaks in China from 2017 to 2040. The results indicate that GHG emissions will peak at 1048.01 million-ton CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2e) in 2033 under the integrated (INT) scenario. Compared with the business as usual (BAU) scenario, INT will save energy by 24.21% in 2040 and reduce energy intensity from 0.4979 tons of CO2 equivalent/104 yuan (TCO2e/104 yuan) to 0.3761 Tce/104 yuan. Although the INT scenario has achieved promising effects of energy saving and carbon reduction, the peak year 2033 in the tourist industry is still later than China’s expected peak year of 2030. This is due to the growth potential and moderate carbon control measures in the tourist industry. Thus, in order to keep the tourist industry in synchronization with China’s peak goals, more stringent measures are needed, e.g., the promotion of clean fuel shuttle buses, the encouragement of low carbon tours, the cancelation of disposable toiletries and the recycling of garbage resources. The results of this simulation study will help set GHG emission peak targets in the tourist industry and formulate a low carbon roadmap to guide carbon reduction actions in the field of GHG emissions with greater certainty.

scholarly journals Technological Energy Efficiency Improvements in Cement Industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3810
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cantini ◽  
Leonardo Leoni ◽  
Filippo De Carlo ◽  
Marcello Salvio ◽  
Chiara Martini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Industrial Energy Consumption ◽  
Alternative Solutions

The cement industry is highly energy-intensive, consuming approximately 7% of global industrial energy consumption each year. Improving production technology is a good strategy to reduce the energy needs of a cement plant. The market offers a wide variety of alternative solutions; besides, the literature already provides reviews of opportunities to improve energy efficiency in a cement plant. However, the technology is constantly developing, so the available alternatives may change within a few years. To keep the knowledge updated, investigating the current attractiveness of each solution is pivotal to analyze real companies. This article aims at describing the recent application in the Italian cement industry and the future perspectives of technologies. A sample of plant was investigated through the analysis of mandatory energy audit considering the type of interventions they have recently implemented, or they intend to implement. The outcome is a descriptive analysis, useful for companies willing to improve their sustainability. Results prove that solutions to reduce the energy consumption of auxiliary systems such as compressors, engines, and pumps are currently the most attractive opportunities. Moreover, the results prove that consulting sector experts enables the collection of updated ideas for improving technologies, thus giving valuable inputs to the scientific research.

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of a Composite Coating by Electrostatic Dry Spray Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Mohanad N. Al-Shroofy ◽  
Hanna A. Al-Kaisy ◽  
Rabab Chalaby
Keyword(s):  
Composite Coating ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Spray Method ◽  
Coating Layers ◽  
Al Powder ◽  
Electrostatic Spray

Powder spray coating was used for many applications such as paint decoration and protection against corrosive environments. The electrostatic spray method is used to lower the manufacturing cost and the environmental effect during the production process. It is done by electrostatic device and spray gun to create a layer on the substrate to play a protective role. Different dry powders were mixed to form a composite mixture consisted of Al2O3 and SiC or ZrSiO4 with Al powder as a binder. The powders mixture was deposited by electrostatic spray technique with a high voltage of 15 kV on a low carbon steel substrate of (40 x 10 x 4) mm in dimensions. Two groups of mixtures were used to form the coating layers. Powders of Al2O3 with (20 and 40) weight percent (wt%) of SiC as the first group and (20 and 40) wt% of ZrSiO4 as the second group were used. 5 wt% of Al powder was added as a binder, and the samples were heat treated at 900 C° for 2 hours. A detailed characterization of the composite coating layers was performed using XRD, SEM, and EDX, as well as, micro-hardness measurements. The obtained surface composite layers were smooth and having good particle distribution which leads to enhance roughness values (Ra). Furthermore, the hardness increased with increasing the amount of carbide and zirconia, and the obtained layers show no presence of defects or cracks.

scholarly journals Production Cost and Carbon Footprint of Biomass-Derived Dimethylcyclooctane as a High Performance Jet Fuel Blendstock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawa Raj Baral ◽  
Minliang Yang ◽  
Benjamin G. Harvey ◽  
Blake A Simmons ◽  
Aindrila Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hydrogenation Catalysts ◽  
Raney Nickel Catalyst ◽  
Biomass Sorghum

<div> <div> <div> <p>Near-term decarbonization of aviation requires energy-dense, renewable liquid fuels. Biomass- derived 1,4-dimethylcyclooctane (DMCO), a cyclic alkane with a volumetric net heat of combustion up to 9.2% higher than Jet-A, has the potential to serve as a low-carbon, high- performance jet fuel blendstock that may enable paraffinic bio-jet fuels to operate without aromatic compounds. DMCO can be produced from bio-derived isoprenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1- ol) through a multi-step upgrading process. This study presents detailed process configurations for DMCO production to estimate the minimum selling price and life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint considering three different hydrogenation catalysts and two bioconversion pathways. The platinum-based catalyst offers the lowest production cost and GHG footprint of $9.0/L-Jet-Aeq and 61.4 gCO2e/MJ, given the current state of technology. However, when the conversion process is optimized, hydrogenation with a Raney nickel catalyst is preferable, resulting in a $1.5/L-Jet-Aeq cost and 18.3 gCO2e/MJ GHG footprint if biomass sorghum is the feedstock. This price point requires dramatic improvements, including 28 metric-ton/ha sorghum yield and 95-98% of the theoretical maximum conversion of biomass-to-sugars, sugars-to-isoprenol, isoprenol-to-isoprene, and isoprene-to-DMCO. Because increased gravimetric energy density of jet fuels translates to reduced aircraft weight, DMCO also has the potential to improve aircraft efficiency, particularly on long-haul flights. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Distributed Biomanufacturing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hoeven ◽  
John M. X. Hughes ◽  
Mohamed Amer ◽  
Emilia Z. Wojcik ◽  
Shirley Tait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sterile Seawater ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Clean Air

AbstractLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a major domestic and transport fuel. Its combustion lessens NOx, greenhouse gas and particulates emissions compared to other fuels. Propane – the major constituent of LPG – is a clean, high value ‘drop-in’ fuel that can help governments develop integrated fuels and energy policies with low carbon burden, providing solutions to the multi-faceted challenges of future energy supply. We show that bio-LPG (bio-propane and bio-butane) can be produced by microbial conversion of waste volatile fatty acids that can be derived from anaerobic digestion, industrial waste, or CO2via photosynthesis. Bio-LPG production was achieved photo-catalytically, using biomass propagated from bioengineered bacteria includingE. coli, Halomonas(in non-sterile seawater), andSynechocystis(photosynthetic). These fuel generation routes could be implemented rapidly in advanced and developing nations of the world to meet energy needs, global carbon reduction targets and clean air directives.

Measuring Organizational Learning as a Multidimensional Construct

2010 ◽  
pp. 1101-1109
Author(s):  
Juan C. Real ◽  
Antonio Leal ◽  
Jose L. Roldan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Labour Cost ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Multidimensional Construct ◽  
Experience Curves

The traditional way of measuring learning as a result has been through the so-called learning and experience curves. The learning curves, developed within the production framework (Levitt & March, 1988), relate the manufacturing cost of a product to the accumulated experience in its production. This establishes that its cost decreases as the number of units made increases. At first, although this relationship was limited to the direct labour cost, it later extends to the total production cost.

Delivering the Good

Bird on Fire ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ross
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Growth Machine ◽  
Gila River ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
New Generation

Why did I choose to end this book with the Gila River Indian Community’s effort to win back its water? Because it is a parable about how democracy and its courts can not only serve but also be served by the quest for sustainability. The GRIC water settlement brought a long struggle for environmental justice to a triumphant conclusion. Delivering justice meant that a large portion of the region’s available resources would be sequestered from the growth machine. Instead of supplying a new generation of low-density tract housing, the water could now be used to produce healthy, local food for the area population, and, if nonindustrial agriculture prevailed, the result would be a double win for carbon reduction. Surely, this is how a green polity ought to act, redressing the claims of those who have been aggrieved, and doing it in a way that extends long-term benefits for all. If all responses to environmental injustice were able to follow suit, it would be a welcome model for moving forward. Even if the Gila River example is unlikely to be replicated in other places, its guiding spirit is a sound one. What if the key to sustainability lies in innovating healthy pathways out of poverty for populations at risk, rather than marketing green gizmos to those who already have many options to choose from? These are not mutually exclusive options, of course, but the lessons I took away from my research convinced me of the pressing need for clear alternatives to the eco-apartheid syndrome that afflicts Phoenix and so many other cities. Building a low-carbon economy by targeting only the LOHAS demographic (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability, the upmarket segment of 40 million, or 20 percent of consumers, nationally) will end up doing little more than adding a green gloss to patterns of chronic inequality. Likewise, placing all of our faith in clean-tech fixes will cede too much decision making to a closed circle of experts who, regardless of their technical prowess, will have no power to prevent the uneven application of their solutions.

scholarly journals More Timber in Construction: Unanswered Questions and Future Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Hart ◽  
Francesco Pomponi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Land Allocation ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Environmental Loads ◽  
Environmental Product Declarations ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Life Options ◽  
Lower Carbon

The built environment is one of the greatest contributors to carbon emissions, climate change, and to the unsustainable pressure on the natural environment and its ecosystems. The use of more timber in construction is one possible response, and an authoritative contribution to this growing movement comes from the UK’s Committee on Climate Change, which identifies a “substantial increase in the use of wood in the construction of buildings” as a top priority. However, a global encouragement of such a strategy raises some difficult questions. Given the urgency of effective solutions for low-carbon built environments, and the likely continued growth in demand for timber in construction, this article reviews its sustainability and identifies future challenges and unanswered questions. Existing evidence points indeed towards timber as the lower carbon option when modelled through life cycle assessment without having to draw on arguments around carbon storage. Issues however remain on the timing of carbon emissions, land allocation, and the environmental loads and benefits associated with the end-of-life options: analysis of environmental product declarations for engineered timber suggests that landfill might either be the best or the worst option from a climate change perspective, depending on assumptions.

scholarly journals Evaluation Model and Strategy for Selecting Carbon Reduction Technology for Campus Buildings in Primary and Middle Schools in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Luo ◽  
Cong Ma ◽  
Jian Ge
Keyword(s):  
Middle Schools ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Yangtze River Delta Region

Cutting down global warming and reducing greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide are important global targets. Accounting for a third of global energy consumption, the building construction industry is an important target for carbon reduction. Campus buildings, of which there are a large number in China, differ from other building types, as they have noteworthy energy-use characteristics and technology selection requirements. This study identifies the carbon reduction technologies in Chinese primary and middle schools commonly used for energy and water conservation, and then evaluates their performance according to degrees of carbon reduction, maturity and economic suitability. Based on these three indicators, the study creates a three-dimensional evaluation model for the different technologies examined in order to obtain a selection ranking. The study offers guidance for project practice in the construction of primary and middle schools and helps to promote the development of the low-carbon campus.

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