Study of Effects of Different Fertigation Modes on Soil Profile Nitrogen Distribution and Rice Yield

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 2469-2475
Author(s):  
Guan Xi Zhu ◽  
Xiao Hou Shao ◽  
Yuan Yuan Li ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Qi Jin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Conventional Irrigation

Field experiments were conducted for controlled and mid-gathering irrigation mode in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, focusing on the effect analysis of this mode with different fertilizations on profile soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen distributions and rice yield compared with the conventional irrigation mode. Results obtained showed that both total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen in soil profile were decreased with the increase of soil depth. Fast decrement of total nitrogen was found from surface 0-20 cm of soil layer and it reached the plateau below 40 cm of soil layer. Under the same fertilizer application, both total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen in surface soil layer were lower under controlled and mid-gathering irrigation mode which reduced the loss risks of runoff and leaching of soil and fertilizer nitrogen. Controlled and mid-gathering irrigation reduced water comsumption and N pollutant discharge without significant changes in rice yield compared with conventional irrigation. Conjunction of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved the rice yield and utilization rate of nitrogen.

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of profile storage of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in forest and grassland in Jajarkot, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
Mamata Sharma ◽  
Gandhiv Kafle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soc Stock ◽  
Level Of Significance

Understanding distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in soil profile is important for assessing soil fertility and soil carbon dynamics. However, little is known about their distribution in soil depth below 30cm in Nepal. In this context, this research was carried out in 2019 to determine the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) in 0-10 cm, 11-30 cm and 31-60 cm depths of soil profile at forest and grassland in Kotila community forest, Jajarkot, Nepal. Overall field measurement was based on national standard protocols. Three replicates of soil pit from forest and grassland were dug for soil sample collection. Approximately 100 g soil sample from each soil layer was collected and taken to laboratory for SOC analysis. Separate soil samples, one sample from each soil layer were collected with the help of a metal soil corer having volume 245.22cm3 to quantify bulk density. Forest has 25.42 ton/ha SOC stock and 3.28 ton/ha TN stock up to 60 cm soil depth. Likewise, Grassland has 21.19 ton/ha SOC stock and 3.14 ton/ha TN stock up to 60cm soil depth. However, these values are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. The SOC and TN were decreased with increased soil depths, though not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. The C:N ratio was found higher in forest than grassland. It is concluded that SOC and TN do not vary significantly between forest and grassland. Topsoil contains more SOC, TN, and C:N ratio, so the management practices should focus on maintaining inputs of soil organic matter in the forest and grassland.

scholarly journals Minimizing Soil Nitrogen Leaching by Changing Furrow Irrigation into Sprinkler Fertigation in Potato Fields in the Northwestern China Plain

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2229
Author(s):  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Yan Jiao ◽  
Mingde Yang ◽  
Huiyang Wen ◽  
Peng Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Accumulation

Irrigation water is limiting for crop production in arid areas and application rates of fertilizers often exceed crop requirements, resulting in high accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) in the soil. Management practices play a significant role in the leaching of NO3−-N. This experiment compares the effects of traditional furrow irrigation and sprinkler fertigation on the soil NO3−-N concentration trend throughout the cropping season in potato fields in China. Two irrigation systems that were fertilized, namely by furrow (NF-FI) and sprinkler fertigation (NF-SI), and two controlling without any fertilizer (C-FI and C-SI) were tested in the same experimental site for three consecutive years. Both the NF-FI soils and NF-SI soils with three replications and fertilizer applications of 273 kg N ha−1 exhibited a different trend of NO3−-N accumulation at different depths of soil profile. However, the magnitude of NO3−-N accumulation was low in the NF-SI soil profile. In NF-SI treatments, higher NO3−-N was observed at 20–40 cm soil layer. In the NF-FI, the concentration of the highest nitrate was observed at the 40–120 cm soil layer. The concentrations of NO3−-N in the fertilized soil were higher than those of the control soil for each irrigation system. Residual levels of NO3−-N in the soil depth of 40–120 cm from NF-FI were 1.54, 3.45 and 5.28 times higher than NF-SI after harvesting potatoes from 2015 to 2017. In NF-FI treatments, apparent nitrogen loss was 234.7, 237.5 and 276.7 kg ha−1 after harvesting potatoes in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Meanwhile, apparent nitrogen loss from NF-SI treatments was only 161.9, 132.1 and 148.9 kg ha−1, which was 31.0%, 44.4% and 46.2% lower than that of NF-FI in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The risk of NO3−-N leaching below the root zone from NF-FI was higher than that from NF-SI. It has been demonstrated that sprinkler fertigation can also be used as a tool for mitigating NO3−-N accumulation and apparent nitrogen loss.

scholarly journals Effects of Selenium Fertilizer Application on Yield and Selenium Accumulation Characteristics of Different Japonica Rice Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10284
Author(s):  
Juan Yan ◽  
Xiaoju Chen ◽  
Tonggui Zhu ◽  
Zhongping Zhang ◽  
Jianbo Fan
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Selenium Accumulation ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Total Selenium

In this study, three japonica rice varieties—Nanjing 9108, Jiahua 1 and Wuyunjing 29—were supplied with different levels of nano-foliar selenium fertilizers (0, 40 and 80 kg Se ha−1) under field conditions. Their rice yield and absorption, accumulation, transportation and utilization of selenium were studied to find suitable selenium-rich rice cultivars and optimal selenium supply levels, while providing references for the development of selenium-rich rice. On an average basis, the Nanjing 9108, Jiahua 1 and Wuyunjing 29 yielded 8755 ± 190, 8200 ± 317 and 9098 ± 72.7 kg ha−1, respectively. The selenium content in polished rice of the three rice varieties is between 0.210 and 0.933 mg kg−1. When 40 g Se ha−1 nano-selenium fertilizer was used, the selenium accumulation in the shoots of Nanjing 9108, Jiahua 1 and Wuyunjing 29 was, respectively, 11.4 g Se ha−1, 12.3 g Se ha−1 and 12.2 g Se ha−1, and when 80 g Se ha−1 selenium fertilizer was applied, the total selenium accumulation of three rice varieties was, respectively, 2.45, 1.75 and 2.40 times that of 40 g Se ha−1 selenium fertilizer. No evident diversity was observed in the selenium transport coefficient and the apparent utilization rate of selenium among the three varieties. The three rice varieties in this experiment had a strong selenium enrichment capacity, and they could be planted as selenium-enriched and high-yield rice varieties. Further, the amount of selenium fertilizer should not exceed 40 g Se ha−1.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of the Effect of Controlled Drainage on Soil Water and Nitrogen Balance

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2241
Author(s):  
Niannian Yuan ◽  
Yujiang Xiong ◽  
Yalong Li ◽  
Baokun Xu ◽  
Fengli Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Control Water

Field experiments and micro test pit experiments are conducted at the Four Lake Watershed with a shallow groundwater table in the Hubei province of China in order to study the effect of controlled pipe drainage on soil moisture and nitrogen under different experiment scales. Soil moisture and nitrogen contents are continuously observed at the effective soil depth; water and nitrogen balance are calculated after several heavy rainfalls. The results showed that controlled pipe drainage significantly reduced the fluctuation of soil water content in the entire growth stage. There is a positive correlation between the soil moisture and the control water level in the test pits but no obvious correlation between them in the field experiments, which is related to the vertical and lateral recharge of groundwater in the field. After rainfall, soil organic matter mineralization was enhanced, and the control pipe drainage measures increased the relative content of soil mineralized ammonia nitrogen, which enhanced the stability of soil nitrogen and helped to reduce the loss of nitrogen. The calculation of soil water and nitrogen balance in the field and micro-area after rainfall showed that the soil water storage increased in the effective soil layer under the control water level of 30 cm and 50 cm after rainfall, and the amount of nitrogen mineralization was larger than that under the free drainage treatment.

How tillage systems and cover crops affect soil penetration resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felice Sartori ◽  
Ilaria Piccoli ◽  
Antonio Berti
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Tillage Systems

<p>Penetration resistance (PR) is one of the most informative parameters to evaluate soil structure, being related to soil texture, compaction, and water content. PR tests are cheaper and more conservative than bulk density analyses, while potentially they can explore a deeper soil layer. On the other side PR is more sensitive to water content variation. Within this context the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems and soil covers on soil strength, using PR as an indicator.</p><p>In this study, 288 PR tests were performed in the 0-80 cm profile, in an 18-plot field experiment considering three levels of tillage (conventional “CT”, minimum “MT” and no-tillage “NT”) combined with three soil covering during winter (bare soil “BS”, tillage radish “TR” and winter wheat “WW”) with two replicates. The experiment, located in northern Italy, had a homogeneous soil texture (silty loam) and it was sampled in late winter, when the gravimetric water content was equal in all the plot and along the soil profile (0.34 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>-3</sup> on average, close to field capacity). A total of 16 tests were taken in each plot with a hand-pushed digital cone penetrometer with a base area of 2 cm<sup>2</sup> and an apex angle of 30°.</p><p>Average PR tended to increase with soil depth observing a growth from 0.25 to 1.53 MPa in the 0-15 cm layer, constant values (1.30 MPa on average) in the following 20 cm-layer, increased value up to an average of 2.87 MPa in 35-55 cm layer and reduced value (2.63 MPa on average) in the deepest layer (60-80 cm).</p><p>Considering the tilled layer (0-30 cm), PR was significantly affected by both tillage and soil covering being lower in CT (1.00 MPa) than MT and NT (1.03 MPa on average) and being lower with WW (0.98 MPa) than BS and TR (1.04 MPa on average). Similar results were registered also looking at the whole soil profile with tillage treatments ranked as follows: CT<NT<MT, while for the cover crops WW and BS (1.81 MPa on average) resulted significantly lower than TR (1.93 MPa). The 2 MPa threshold, considered a critical value for plant growth, was exceeded in the 41% of measured points in TR, 38% in WW and in 35% in BS. Most of exceeding values were collected below the tilled layer (below 30 cm depth).</p><p>These preliminary results might suggest the need to carefully monitor the soil strength during the transition period between conventional to conservation agriculture. Indeed, it seemed that tillage radish unexpectedly increased the soil PR, that instead could be mitigated in the top layer with WW. Nevertheless, crop yield was not affected by the type of winter covering, despite the high PR observed in the 30-80 cm layer with TR. This could confirm that an important cover crop function is the creation of root channels, defined as “bio-macropores”, that can be used as preferential path by subsequent crop roots even in a strongly compacted soil.</p>

PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF ATRAZINE, BROMACIL, MONURON, AND SIMAZINE IN INTERMITTENTLY-FILLED IRRIGATION DITCHES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. SMITH ◽  
R. GROVER ◽  
G. S. EMMOND ◽  
H. C. KORVEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Soil And Water

Atrazine (22.4 kg/ha), bromacil (15.2 kg/ha), monuron (35.8 kg/ha), and simazine (22.4 kg/ha) were applied to especially prepared irrigation ditches in the fall of 1970. Soil samples from ditch sides, ditch bottoms, and basins irrigated with water were taken during 1971, 1972, and 1973 seasons. Water samples were also taken during these years. The soil and water samples were analyzed chemically to determine the herbicide residues remaining in the ditches and basins, their movement in the soil profile, and the amount of herbicides carried in the flowing water over the 3-yr period. The order of persistence for the four herbicides was simazine > atrazine > monuron > bromacil. Atrazine, bromacil and monuron residues were distributed uniformly throughout the 90-cm soil depth by the third growing season. The greater part of simazine residues was, however, still present in the top 7.5-cm soil layer. In irrigation waters, the highest herbicide concentrations were in the initial ponding in the spring of 1971, decreasing by a factor of two- to fivefold in the second filling in 1971. The relative amounts of each herbicide in the first two water samplings were inversely proportional to their respective water solubilities.

scholarly journals Magnesium Fertilization Affected Rice Yields in Magnesium Sufficient Soil in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhilei Liu ◽  
Qiuhong Huang ◽  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Muhammad Rehman Naseer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Grain Security

Magnesium (Mg) plays a crucial role in rice yield. Heilongjiang Province is the main rice-producing region of China, playing an important role in guaranteeing China's and the world's grain security. However, rarely Mg fertilization is applied in this province. Soil Mg status of main rice-producing areas in Heilongjiang Province was investigated and Mg fertilizer experiments were conducted aiming to provide fertilizer recommendation in this region. A total of 358 soil samples from the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layer from the main rice-producing areas of Heilongjiang Province were collected to analyze soil exchangeable Mg (ex-Mg) and relative chemical properties. Meanwhile, field experiments of soil and foliar Mg application were performed in 2017–2019 to identify the effect of this nutrient on rice yield. The results showed that the ex-Mg concentration in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layer was 282 mg kg−1 and 243 mg kg−1, respectively. Moreover, ex-Mg ranged on the abundant and exceptionally abundant level accounted for 75% in 0–20 cm and 55.3% in 20–40 cm. The ex-Mg concentration in the upper soil layer was higher than in the lower soil layer and varied depending on regions, which the west part of Heilongjiang Province showed the highest concentration in both soil layers. Correlation analysis showed that there had a significant (P < 0.05) linear relationship between ex-Mg and pH, CEC, ex-K, Ca, K/Mg, and Ca/Mg. Meanwhile, the results of path coefficients demonstrated that pH, CEC, and Ca/Mg had the most direct effect on ex-Mg concentration among these above factors. Soil Mg application had little effect on rice yield, which might be related to the soil Mg concentration and availability, and root uptake activity. Foliar Mg application increased rice yield by 8.45% (P < 0.05) compared to without Mg treatment, increased 1,000-grain weight by 2.62% (P < 0.05), and spikelet number per panicle by 4.19% (P < 0.05). In general, the paddy soil ex-Mg concentration in Heilongjiang Province was abundant. Soil-applied Mg played little role in rice yield in ex-Mg abundant regions, while foliar application increased rice yields significantly via increasing 1,000-grain weight and spikelet number per panicle.

scholarly journals Monitoring Soil Moisture Dynamics Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography under Homogeneous Field Conditions

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5313
Author(s):  
Steven M. de Jong ◽  
Renée A. Heijenk ◽  
Wiebe Nijland ◽  
Mark van der Meijde
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Homogeneous Field ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Soil Moisture Dynamics ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Moisture Dynamics ◽  
Over Time

There is a gap between lab experiments where resistivity–soil moisture relations are generally very good and field studies in complex environmental settings where relations are always less good and complicated by many factors. An experiment was designed where environmental settings are more controlled, the best outside laboratory, to assess the transferability from lab to outdoor. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of electric resistivity tomography (ERT) for monitoring soil moisture dynamics over a period of 67 days. A homogeneous site in the central part of The Netherlands was selected consisting of grass pasture on an aeolian sand soil profile. ERT values were correlated to gravimetric soil moisture samples for five depths at three different dates. Correlations ranged from 0.43 to 0.73 and were best for a soil depth of 90 cm. Resistivity patterns over time (time-lapse ERT) were analyzed and related to rainfall events where rainfall infiltration patterns could be identified. Duplicate ERT measurements showed that the noise level of the instrument and measurements is low and generally below 3% for the soil profile below the mixed layer but above the groundwater. Although the majority of the measured resistivity patterns could be well explained, some artefacts and dynamics were more difficult to clarify, even so in this homogeneous field situation. The presence of an oak tree with its root structure and a ditch with surface water with higher conductivity may have an impact on the resistivity pattern in the soil profile and over time. We conclude that ERT allows for detailed spatial measurement of local soil moisture dynamics resulting from precipitation although field experiments do not yield accuracies similar to laboratory experiments. ERT approaches are suitable for detailed spatial analyses where probe or sample-based methods are limited in reach or repeatability.

Cryogels as a solution to the issues of environmental management and trunk pipeline operation in Arctic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
Lyubov K. Altunina ◽  
◽  
Vladimir P. Burkov ◽  
Petr V. Burkov ◽  
Vitaly Y. Dudnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Trunk Pipeline ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Spatial Lattice

In the Russian Arctic, a soil cryostructuring technique (i.e. strengthening of soil horizons with cryogel-based composite materials with no excavation of unstable soils required) seems to be showing promise. Experiments have proven that mechanical and thermal insulation properties attributed to cryogels make them appropriate for use in strengthening and thermally insulating the soil, while their structure makes it possible to form a stable vegetation cover. Field experiments have confirmed that cryostructuring efficiently strengthens the soil layer with cryogels stimulating soil microflora. An experience of using cryotropic compositions in the oil and gas sector was described. Notably, cryogels can be used to strengthen unstable soil foundations of trunk pipelines, as well as to bind soil (e.g. on slopes). In addition, cryogels are advised for use in engineering protection to prevent the uneven settlement of a trench base and its creep: thus, cryogels are pumped into the soil of the trench bottom base to create a support system representing a spatial lattice. After the first freeze and thaw cycle, cryotropic material is formed and then increases its strength and elasticity with each new cycle. More broadly, opportunities have been considered regarding cryogels used in various engineering and geological conditions, while taking into account the outcomes of landscape and territorial analysis. It was concluded that cryogel-based composite materials are a promising innovative scientific field expanding technological capabilities for developing and using spaces and resources in the Russian Arctic.

scholarly journals Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Birkás ◽  
T. Szalai ◽  
C. Gyuricza ◽  
M. Gecse ◽  
K. Bordás
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

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