PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF ATRAZINE, BROMACIL, MONURON, AND SIMAZINE IN INTERMITTENTLY-FILLED IRRIGATION DITCHES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. SMITH ◽  
R. GROVER ◽  
G. S. EMMOND ◽  
H. C. KORVEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Soil And Water

Atrazine (22.4 kg/ha), bromacil (15.2 kg/ha), monuron (35.8 kg/ha), and simazine (22.4 kg/ha) were applied to especially prepared irrigation ditches in the fall of 1970. Soil samples from ditch sides, ditch bottoms, and basins irrigated with water were taken during 1971, 1972, and 1973 seasons. Water samples were also taken during these years. The soil and water samples were analyzed chemically to determine the herbicide residues remaining in the ditches and basins, their movement in the soil profile, and the amount of herbicides carried in the flowing water over the 3-yr period. The order of persistence for the four herbicides was simazine > atrazine > monuron > bromacil. Atrazine, bromacil and monuron residues were distributed uniformly throughout the 90-cm soil depth by the third growing season. The greater part of simazine residues was, however, still present in the top 7.5-cm soil layer. In irrigation waters, the highest herbicide concentrations were in the initial ponding in the spring of 1971, decreasing by a factor of two- to fivefold in the second filling in 1971. The relative amounts of each herbicide in the first two water samplings were inversely proportional to their respective water solubilities.

scholarly journals Variation in Salinity through the Soil Profile in South Coastal Region of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asadul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The spatial variability of salt accumulation through the soil profile was studied at Latachapali union of Kalapara upazila, Patuakhali district, Bangladesh. The soil samples were collected from 30 locations covering six villages of the union: Kuakata, Malapara, Fashipara, Khajura, Mothaopara and Tajepara. Five locations were randomly selected from each village. From each location soil samples were collected from three soil depths at 0-2 cm, 2.1-4 cm and 4.1-6 cm. Electrical conductivity of top 0-2 cm soil depth was 20.49 dS/m, in 2.1-4 cm soil depth was 7.14 dS/m and in 4.1-6 cm soil depth 4.15 dS/m. The study soils were strongly acidic having pH value 4.73, 4.99 and 5.20 in 0-2, 2.1-4 and 4.1-6 cm soil depth, respectively. The highest of 8.8 Na:K ratio was found in 0-2 cm soil depth. The Na:K ratio gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth, having 6.59 in 2.1-4 cm and 5.42. in 4.1-6 cm soil depth. The results clearly reveal that the top soil is very much sensitive to salt stress. Based on the electrical conductivity and Na:K ratio the Fashipara, Kuakata and Tajepara village were found seriously affected by salinity.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 1, 11-23, 2018

scholarly journals Diversity ofLeptospiraspp. in Rats and Environment from Urban Areas of Sarawak, Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Fung Pui ◽  
Lesley Maurice Bilung ◽  
Kasing Apun ◽  
Lela Su’ut
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Soil And Water

Various prevalence studies onLeptospirain animals and humans, as well as environmental samples, had been conducted worldwide, including Malaysia. However, limited studies have been documented on the presence of pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophyticLeptospirain selected animals and environments. This study was therefore conducted to detectLeptospiraspp. in rats, soil, and water from urban areas of Sarawak using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 107 rats, 292 soil samples, and 324 water samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. PathogenicLeptospirawas present in 5.6% (6/107) of rats, 11.6% (34/292) of soil samples, and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. IntermediateLeptospirawas present in 2.7% (8/292) of soil samples and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. SaprophyticLeptospirawas present in 10.3% (11/107) of rats, 1.4% (4/292) of soil samples, and 0.3% (1/324) of water samples. From this study, 76Leptospiraspp. were isolated. Based on DNA sequencing, the dominantLeptospiraspp. circulating in urban areas of Sarawak are pathogenicLeptospira noguchii, intermediateLeptospira wolffiiserovar Khorat, and saprophyticLeptospira meyeri, respectively. Overall, this study provided important surveillance data on the prevalence ofLeptospiraspp. from rats and the environment, with dominant local serovars in urban areas of Sarawak.

Paddy Soil Profile Distribution of δ13C Subjected to Rice Straw Amendment and Burning

2019 ◽  
Vol 886 ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wutthikrai Kulsawat ◽  
Boonsom Porntepkasemsan ◽  
Phatchada Nochit
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Straw Amendment ◽  
Stubble Burning

Paddy residues are the most generous agricultural biomass from the paddy cultivation, Paddy residues practices include crop residue amendment and in-situ burning. It indicated that residue amendment increased the organic carbon and nutrient contents in soil, However, an open residue burning is still a common practice in Thailand despite of strict law enforcements and proper education to farmers about its implications on soil, human and animal health The present study determined how residues management practices: residue amendment and stubble burning, influence the soil organic carbon by determining δ13C in paddy soil profile. The 30 cm depth soil samples from the naturally straw amendment and stubble burning paddy fields were collected in Chiang Khwan district, Roi-et province during 2017. The δ13C values with soil depth showed that residue management practices produce statistical differences in both soils. The δ13C values of soil samples from amendment and burning sites ranged from-23.19‰ to-17.98‰ and-24.79‰ to-19.28‰, respectively. Carbon isotopes differentiate clearly between amendment site (more positive values) and burning site (more negative values). The results from this study were in accordance with literatures which reported that the δ13C distribution in the soil profile can be applied to study in SOC dynamics as a result of different paddy residue management practices (amendment or burning). Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the stable carbon isotope technique in this type of studies.

scholarly journals Synthetic Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Soils and Drinking Water Sources from Cocoa Farms in Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicta Y. Fosu-Mensah ◽  
Elvis D. Okoffo ◽  
Michael Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Cocoa Farm ◽  
Soil And Water

The contamination of pesticides in 32 soils and 64 drinking water samples was investigated from cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess pollution status. A total of nine synthetic pyrethroids pesticides were measured with a high resolution Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with <sup>63</sup>Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Eight synthetic pyrethroid residues namely fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, allethrin and cyfluthrin were detected with lambda-cyhalothrin and allethrin occurring most frequently in soil and water respectively. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil samples were in the ranges of; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.010-0.02 mg/kg for allethrin, 0.010-0.04 mg/kg for cyfluthrin, &lt;0.01-0.04 mg/kg for cypermethrin, 0.02-0.06 mg/kg for deltamethrin, and &lt;0.01-0.03 mg/kg for bifenthrin. Similarly, the synthetic pyrethroids residues in the water samples were in the ranges of; 0.01-0.05 µg/L for allethrin, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for fenvalerate, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for cypermethrin and 0.01-0.05 µg/L for deltamethrin. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the soil samples analysed were generally below and within their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils, except the mean concentration values recorded for pesticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin at Diabaa (S2) and Krakrom (S3), allethrin at Diabaa (S2) and deltamethrin at Kwakuanya (S4), which were above their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils. The trends of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues in the water samples analysed from the various distances to cocoa farms decreased with an increase of water source to cocoa farm (ranking; 0-15m&gt;16-30m&gt;above 30m). All synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for deltamethrin, which exceeded the WHO MRL at Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15m from a cocoa farm. The presence of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil and water samples analysed is an indication of the use of the pesticide by cocoa farmers in the study area. The routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the control and reduction of environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Minimizing Soil Nitrogen Leaching by Changing Furrow Irrigation into Sprinkler Fertigation in Potato Fields in the Northwestern China Plain

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2229
Author(s):  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Yan Jiao ◽  
Mingde Yang ◽  
Huiyang Wen ◽  
Peng Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Accumulation

Irrigation water is limiting for crop production in arid areas and application rates of fertilizers often exceed crop requirements, resulting in high accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) in the soil. Management practices play a significant role in the leaching of NO3−-N. This experiment compares the effects of traditional furrow irrigation and sprinkler fertigation on the soil NO3−-N concentration trend throughout the cropping season in potato fields in China. Two irrigation systems that were fertilized, namely by furrow (NF-FI) and sprinkler fertigation (NF-SI), and two controlling without any fertilizer (C-FI and C-SI) were tested in the same experimental site for three consecutive years. Both the NF-FI soils and NF-SI soils with three replications and fertilizer applications of 273 kg N ha−1 exhibited a different trend of NO3−-N accumulation at different depths of soil profile. However, the magnitude of NO3−-N accumulation was low in the NF-SI soil profile. In NF-SI treatments, higher NO3−-N was observed at 20–40 cm soil layer. In the NF-FI, the concentration of the highest nitrate was observed at the 40–120 cm soil layer. The concentrations of NO3−-N in the fertilized soil were higher than those of the control soil for each irrigation system. Residual levels of NO3−-N in the soil depth of 40–120 cm from NF-FI were 1.54, 3.45 and 5.28 times higher than NF-SI after harvesting potatoes from 2015 to 2017. In NF-FI treatments, apparent nitrogen loss was 234.7, 237.5 and 276.7 kg ha−1 after harvesting potatoes in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Meanwhile, apparent nitrogen loss from NF-SI treatments was only 161.9, 132.1 and 148.9 kg ha−1, which was 31.0%, 44.4% and 46.2% lower than that of NF-FI in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The risk of NO3−-N leaching below the root zone from NF-FI was higher than that from NF-SI. It has been demonstrated that sprinkler fertigation can also be used as a tool for mitigating NO3−-N accumulation and apparent nitrogen loss.

scholarly journals Study on Arsenic Contamination in Soil and Water in Five-selected Agro Ecological Zone (AEZ) of Bangladesh

2010 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Md Nurul Huda-Al Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Toxic Level ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

A research was carried out at the five different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) of Bangladesh, viz. Tista Meander Floodplain (FP), High Ganges FP, Low Ganges FP, Active Ganges FP and Gopalganj-Khulna Bills during January 2001 to January 2002. The objectives were to assess the arsenic (As) concentration in the soil and water as well as to test tube well water samples and examines whether these exceed the acceptable limit of  As. Water of shallow tube wells (STW) and soil samples were collected from ten sites under five AEZs of Bangladesh. Considerable number of water samples showed high contents of arsenic, which ranged from 0.032 to 203.9 ?g/l. Out of 428 water samples, 155 were found unsafe (>10-<50 ?g/l) and 78 were toxic (>50 ?g/l) for drinking purpose. However, out of 2648 soil samples collected from different Upazilas, only 4 samples collected from Chargat showed toxic level (>20 ?g/kg).

scholarly journals Intestinal parasitoses and environmental factors in a rural population of Argentina, 2002-2003

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Basualdo ◽  
María A. Córdoba ◽  
María M. de Luca ◽  
María L. Ciarmela ◽  
Betina C. Pezzani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Blastocystis Hominis ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Soil And Water

We evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in 504 people and the degree of association between environmental variables and parasites found in population, soil and water in a rural area of Argentina during 2002-2003. A structured survey was used to evaluate the environmental variables and fecal-human, soil and water samples were analyzed. The prevalence of parasites was 45.4%. Most prevalent protozoa were Blastocystis hominis (27.2%) and Giardia lamblia (6.9%), while the most prevalent helminth was Ascaris lumbricoides (3.8%). The analyzed environmental variables showing association (p < 0.05) with presence of parasites in population were: cardboard-tin or wooden house, dirt floor, home or communal water pump, faucet outside the house or public faucet and cesspool or latrine. Parasite forms were found in 82.3% of the soil samples and in 84.2% of the water samples. In both samples we found parasites that were also found in people. In this study we have found deficient sanitary conditions associated with presence of parasites in population and we have evidenced that contaminated soil and water were the source of these parasites.

scholarly journals Natural alkaloids from narrow-leaf and yellow lupins transfer to soil and soil solution in agricultural fields

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawameer R. Hama ◽  
Bjarne W. Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Pore Water ◽  
Soil And Water

Abstract Background Lupin is a promising legume crop, belongs to the Fabaceae (or Leguminosae) family. Lupin production for traditional and functional foods or animal feed is limited, due to the content of toxic quinolizidine (QA)s and indole alkaloids (IA)s. These compounds may not only pose a risk to humans and animals through food consumption, but may also affect soil and aquatic ecosystems. Field experiments were conducted to study the alkaloids content in both narrow-leaved or blue (L. angustifolius) and yellow (L. luteus) lupin plant tissue during a full growing season and understand the environmental fate of alkaloids in soil and water. Suction cups were used to collect soil pore water (soil solution) at four depths: 10, 25, 50 and 70 cm. A full protocol for sample preparation and UPLC–MS/MS quantification of alkaloids in plant, soil and water was developed. Results During the field experiments the alkaloids in the plant tissues increased, at the harvest stage the content was highest with 21.4 and 24.6 mg/kg dry weight (dw) for blue and yellow lupin, respectively. In soil, alkaloids quantified during the growing season (max concentration was 1.3 × 102 µg/kg dw) and even detected after harvest (0.2 µg/kg dw). In soil pore water samples, alkaloids were not detected during summer, but the concentrations increased to 9.8 × 102 and 1.5 × 103 ng/L for blue and yellow, respectively, in September when autumn precipitation began. Conclusions The results show the amount of alkaloids transferred from plant tissue into soil and soil pore water estimated to be on average 0.016% and 0.005% in soil and soil pore water, respectively. Alkaloids leached from topsoil to subsoil layers; the concentrations decline with soil depth. This study demonstrates that alkaloids are mobile compounds in the soil environments, thus lupin production may affect soil or aquatic ecosystems, and reduce water quality.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muyiwa Michael Orosun ◽  
Abayomi Daniel Adewuyi ◽  
Naheem Banji Salawu ◽  
Matthew Omoniyi Isinkaye ◽  
Olugbenga Rapheal Orosun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Spare Part ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Exposure Pathway

AbstractThis study evaluates the sources and health risks associated with heavy metals in Ipata spare part market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Soil and water samples were collected within and outside the market for heavy metal (As, Pb, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ag) analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results indicate that all the heavy metals analyzed show higher concentration within the recycling market than the control location. The concentration of heavy metals at the market decreases with an increasing depth between 0 and 50 cm and appears to be stable below 50 cm of the soil depth. All the Hazard Indices (HI) estimated for the soil samples are less than one (< 1) which is the standard set by USEPA, whereas, the Hazard Index (HI) for the water samples within the station is greater than 1. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for soil samples ranged from level I to level V, while that of water samples ranged from level VI to Level VII based on Delphii method of classification. This shows that the main lifetime cancer risk occurs through the water exposure pathway. Similarly, according to the mean, P5% and P95% cumulative probability using the Monte Carlo simulation, the ILCR is above the acceptable range of 1.00E−6 and 1.00E−4. All the pollution indices reveal that the significant pollution at the park is more of anthropogenic than pedogenic and lithogenic. Therefore, the market is contributing immensely to environmental pollution which may lead to unforeseen danger to human health.

scholarly journals Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Paraquat Exposure in Palm Oil Plantations

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksuk Maksuk ◽  
Tan Malaka ◽  
Suheryanto Suheryanto ◽  
Abu Umayah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Risk Quotient ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Soil And Water

Paraquat (1, 1’-dimethyl-4, 4’-bipyridylium dichloride) is a highly toxic herbicide. Recently, Paraquat is still used widely in the plantations area, mainly in palm oil plantations. Paraquat application continuously can be increased Paraquat concentration and contaminated in soil and water. This study aimed was to analysis Paraquat exposure in environmental media water and soil, and the calculation of risk quotient of Paraquat in palm oil plantation. The study design of this research was a cross sectional with the laboratory examination Paraquat concentrations in soil and water. Soil and water samples taken by grab sampling with random composites. Water samples were taken from three sources in palm oil plantations area. Whereas soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm (top soil) and the number of soil samples as much as 5 samples. Furthermore, the risk quotient of Paraquat concentration in the water used in the palm oil plantation. The laboratory tests of Paraquat concentration were in water and soil with gas chromatography. The results of laboratory tests showed that Paraquat concentration in water samples were found between &lt;0.005 to 0.01 mg/l and Paraquat concentration in soil samples were found between &lt;0.005 to 0.08 ppm. The calculation of risk quotient was 0.058 mg/body weight/day. Although, the calculated of risk quotient showed less than one. Therefore, prior to use the water must be treatment first. While the recommended water to consumption as much as 2 liters/day for a 55 kg body weight to Indonesian workers.

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