The Development and Characterisation of Porous Clay - Precipitated Calcium Carbonate

2016 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yasmin ◽  
M.N. Mazlee ◽  
A.H. Norzilah ◽  
J.B. Shamsul ◽  
Rahmat Azmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Ceramic Foam ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
X Ray

Ceramic foams, a porous material with a gyroid structures, are becoming highly demanded for various applications such as heat insulation, bone implantation and filtration, because of their unique properties such as high specific surface area, high porosity and low heat transfer rate. In this study, the development of ceramic foam utilised white clay with a combination of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). The ceramic foam was successfully developed using this combination after the sample was sintered at 1250 °C for 2 hours holding time. The various compositions of PCC (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5 and 25.0 wt.%) affected the chemical composition and compressive strength of the ceramic foam. The chemical composition of ceramic foam was analysed by using X -ray fluorescence (XRF) and the result indicated that the PCC was successfully transformed into calcium oxide (CaO) after the sintering process. The mineralogical composition of the ceramic foam was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and has shown the presence of mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2), gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and anorthite (2CaAl2Si2O8) after the sintering process. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the presence of porosity on the strut of the ceramic foam. Meanwhile, the compressive strength of the ceramic foam increased from 0.03 to 1.31 MPa, which is directly proportional to the increased amount of PCC.

A method for measuring the in-plane compressive strength and the compression behavior of coating layers

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
TEEMU PUHAKKA ◽  
ISKO KAJANTO ◽  
NINA PYKÄLÄINEN
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Coating Films ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coating Color ◽  
Mineral Coatings ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Cracking at the fold is a quality defect sometimes observed in coated paper and board. Although tensile and compressive stresses occur during folding, test methods to measure the compressive strength of a coating have not been available. Our objective was to develop a method to measure the compressive strength of a coating layer and to investigate how different mineral coatings behave under compression. We used the short-span compressive strength test (SCT) to measure the in-plane compressive strength of a free coating layer. Unsupported free coating films were prepared for the measurements. Results indicate that the SCT method was suitable for measuring the in-plane compressive strength of a coating layer. Coating color formulations containing different kaolin and calcium carbonate minerals were used to study the effect of pigment particles’ shape on the compressive and tensile strengths of coatings. Latices having two different glass transition temperatures were used. Results showed that pigment particle shape influenced the strength of a coating layer. Platy clay gave better strength than spherical or needle-shaped carbonate pigments. Compressive and tensile strength decreased as a function of the amount of calcium carbonate in the coating color, particularly with precipitated calcium carbonate. We also assessed the influence of styrene-butadiene binder on the compressive strength of the coating layer, which increased with the binder level. The compressive strength of the coating layer was about three times the tensile strength.

Transjøen, a Groundwater Influenced Lake with Special Redox and Sulphate Conditions

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Bremmeng ◽  
A. E. Kloster
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Meromictic Lake ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate

Transjøen, a lake in S.E. Norway investigated hydrographically from October 1969 to October 1971, consists of two basins, both of which are meromictic (lake with lower layer which does not participate in the periodic circulations). The lake has a large influx of groundwater of very varying chemical composition. The calcium content is high and precipitated calcium carbonate and electrolyte rich groundwater is assumed to be the main reason for the meromictic stability. The redox potentials of monimolimnion (the lower layer which does not participtate in the periodic circulation) are extremely low, but in spite of this fact the content of sulphate is high.

scholarly journals Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Ice-Dammed Lake Sediments of the Lębork Deposit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Rogoziński ◽  
Alina Maciejewska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dominant Component ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Dammed Lake

AbstractVarved clay deposits from ice-dammed lakes are a particularly important and broadly applied raw material used for the production of high-quality ceramics (red bricks, roof tiles, etc.), but the mineralogy and geochemistry of these sediments are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of ice-dammed lake sediments of the Lębork deposit. Major-element analysis of the compositions of selected samples from the ice-dammed lake clays was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The mineralogical composition of clay samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Analyses of the chemical composition of the ice-dammed lake clays of the Lębork deposit showed that the dominant component was SiO2 with a mean content of 56.13 wt.%; the second most abundant component was Al2O3, with a mean content for the entire deposit of 11.61 wt.%. Analysis by ICP-MS indicated the presence of rare earth elements (REE), e.g. cerium, neodymium, lanthanum, and praseodymium; their mean contents are: 56.9, 27.0, 26.3, and 7.3 ppm, respectively. Mineralogical analysis of the varved clays identified quartz, muscovite, calcite, and clay minerals – illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite. The material filling the Lębork basin is characterized by small lateral and vertical variability in chemical composition. The results of the present study may be of considerable importance in determining the parent igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, the weathering products of which supplied material to the ice-dammed lake, as well as in determining the mechanisms and character of the sedimentation process itself.

Effect of Alkaline Activators Concentration to the Strength and Morphological Properties of Wastepaper-Based Geopolymer Mortars

2014 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.M. Ridzuan ◽  
A.A. Khairulniza ◽  
M.A. Fadzil ◽  
J. Nurliza
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Paper Sludge Ash ◽  
Sludge Ash

Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) is a byproduct that has potential to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as a building material. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of NaOH concentration on the strength of Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA)-based geopolymer mortar. Initially, the WPSA samples were been analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the chemical composition. From the XRF analysis, the by-product WPSA containing higher amount of calcium, silica and alumina. Alkaline solution are from soluble sodium-based used in geopolymerization are combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3). The mortars samples were cast with various concentration of NaOH and ratio of Na2SiO3 /NaOH which is 2.5. The specimens were carried out on size 50x50x50 mm cube and fresh mortar were been cured at 70 ̊c oven temperature and ambient temperature. The compressive strength tests were conducted after aging the specimen at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results revealed that as the concentration of NaOH increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar increases. However, the optimum NaOH concentration of geopolymer mortar is at 12M. More than 12M concentrations of NaOH were produced high porosity and decreasing the strength. Moreover, curing of fresh geopolymer mortar is performed mostly at an oven temperature compared to ambient temperature due to heat being a reaction accelerator. This paper also present on the morphology, and Energy dispersive x-Ray (EDX) composition analysis of WPSA based geopolymer mortar.

scholarly journals Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon as a Catalyst for the Effective Degradation of Rhodamine B dye

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Shamim Ahmed Hira ◽  
Mohammad Yusuf ◽  
Dicky Annas ◽  
Hu Shi Hui ◽  
Kang Hyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

Activated carbon (AC) was fabricated from carrot waste using ZnCl2 as the activating agent and calcined at 700 °C for 2 h in a tube furnace. The as-synthesized AC was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis; the results revealed that it exhibited a high specific surface area and high porosity. Moreover, this material displayed superior catalytic activity for the degradation of toxic Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. Rate constant for the degradation of RhB was ascertained at different experimental conditions. Lastly, we used the Arrhenius equation and determined that the activation energy for the decomposition of RhB using AC was approximately 35.9 kJ mol−1, which was very low. Hopefully it will create a great platform for the degradation of other toxic dye in near future.

scholarly journals Influence of Selected Saccharides on the Precipitation of Calcium-Vaterite Mixtures by the CO2 Bubbling Method

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa ◽  
Natalia Czaplicka ◽  
Barbara Kościelska ◽  
Marcin Łapiński ◽  
Jacek Gębicki
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Polymorphic Form ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Polymorphic Composition

Calcium carbonate is a compound existing in living organisms and produced for many biomedical applications. In this work, calcium carbonate was synthesized by a CO2 bubbling method using ammonia as a CO2 absorption promotor. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose were added into the reaction mixture to modify characteristics of precipitated calcium carbonate particles. To determine the polymorphic form of produced calcium carbonate particles, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to estimate the size and shape of produced particles. Mixtures of vaterite and calcite were synthesized in all experiments. The percentage content of the vaterite in the samples depended on used additive. The highest concentration of vaterite (90%) was produced from a solution containing sucrose, while the lowest concentration (2%) was when fructose was added. Saccharides affected the rate of CO2 absorption, which resulted in a change in the precipitation rate and, therefore, the polymorphic composition of calcium carbonate obtained in the presence of saccharides was more varied.

scholarly journals CALCIUM OXIDE CHARACTERISTICS PREPARED FROM AMBUNTEN’S CALCINED LIMESTONE

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimatul Munawaroh ◽  
Laila Khamsatul Muharrami ◽  
Triwikantoro Triwikantoro ◽  
Zaenal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Test Results ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxide Characteristics

<pre>Calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are widely used in industry. CaO and CaCO3 can be synthesized or derived from limestone. The purpose of this study to determine the characteristics of CaO calcined limestone from Ambunten Sumenep. Lime in calcined at 850 ° C for 6 hours. Characterization of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was conducted to determine the chemical composition of limestone, X-ray diffraction test (XRD) to find the lime crystalline phase and FTIR test to determine the absorption of wave number. XRF test results showed that the limestone chemical composition consisted of Ca of 95.37% as the dominant element, Mg of 4.1%, Fe 0.17% and Y by 0.39%. The XRD test results showed that the limestone crystal phase is ankerite (Ca [Fe, Mg] [CO3] 2) and after the calcined phase calcination is vaterite (Ca [OH] 2), calcite (CaO) and calcite (CaCO3). While the FTIR test results show that the CaO spectra are seen at 3741.24, 1417.12 and 874.14 cm</pre><sup>-1</sup><pre>.</pre>

scholarly journals Characteristics and Design of Inong Balee Fort Binding Mortar For Restoration Purposes

Elkawnie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Muttaqin Hasan ◽  
Teuku Budi Aulia ◽  
Fido Yurnalis
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Powder Samples

Abstract: Inong Balee Fort is one of the Islamic Kingdom of Aceh heritage built in 1599 by Admiral Malahayati but several parts of the fortress wall have currently been damaged and the stone removed. Indonesian Government plans to restore the fort and this makes it necessary to examine the characteristics of the fortress mortar with a focus on the chemical composition and mineralogical elements. Therefore, mortar powder samples obtained from the fort walls were tested through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the results showed the main composition of mortar is CaCO3 and SiO2 from a mixture of lime and sand while the others are P2O5, MgCO3, and Al2O3. Meanwhile, two mortar mixtures including 1 lime: 2 sand and 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand were designed for restoration purposes and they were both found by the XRD analysis results to have a diffraction pattern similar to Inong Balee Fort mortar. However, mortar with 1 lime: 2 sand has a very low compressive strength subsequently it does not meet the specifications of the SNI 6882:2014 and ASTM C270-19a while mortar with 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand has a compressive strength that meets the specifications. Therefore, a mortar with 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand is recommended to be used for the restoration of Inong Balee Fort.Abstrak: Benteng Inong Balee merupakan salah satu peninggalan Kerajaan Islam Aceh yang dibangun pada tahun 1599 oleh Laksamana Malahayati. Saat ini banyak bagian dinding pasangan batu benteng tersebut sudah rusak dan batunya sudah terlepas dari ikatan mortar. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia berencana melakukan restorasi benteng tersebut. Oleh karena itu perlu diteliti karakteristik mortar pengikat dari pasangan batu benteng tersebut, berupa kandungan senyawa kimia dan mineralnya. Metode yang digunakan untuk karakterisasi adalah dengan melakukan pengujian X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) terhadap bubuk sampel mortar yang diambil dari dinding benteng. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi utama mortar pengikatnya adalah CaCO3 dan SiO2 yang menunjukkan bahwa mortar tersebut terbuat dari campuran kapur dan pasir. Disamping itu juga terdapat kandungan senyawa P2O5, MgCO3 dan Al2O3. Selanjutnya untuk keperluan restorasi didesain 2 campuran mortar, yaitu mortar dengan campuran 1 kapur : 2 pasir dan mortar dengan campuran 1 semen : 2 kapur : 3 pasir. Hasil analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa kedua campuran tersebut mempunyai pola diffraksi yang mirip dengan Benteng Inong Balee. Akan tetapi mortar dengan campuran 1 kapur : 2 pasir mempunyai kuat tekan yang sangat rendah sehingga tidak memenuhi spesifikasi Standar SNI 6882:2014 dan ASTM C270-19a, sedangkan mortar dengan campuran 1 semen : 2 kapur : 3 pasir mempunyai kuat tekan yang memenuhi spesifikasi Standar SNI 6882:2014 dan ASTM C270-19a, sehingga mortar ini disarankan digunakan untuk keperluan restorasi Benteng Inong Balee.

Effect of Adding Sago and Sintering to the Properties of Geopolymer Mortar

2020 ◽  
Vol 1010 ◽  
pp. 659-664
Author(s):  
Mohamad Abdul Zahari Aziz ◽  
M.M.R. Faizal ◽  
Izwan Johari ◽  
Shah Rizal Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Sodium Silicate Solution ◽  
Silicate Solution ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Pore Former ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alkaline Activator

Geopolymer is an alternative cementitious material produced by rich Alumino Silicate mineral materials (Si-Al) combine with alkaline activator. The objectives in this study are to introduce pores by using sago as pore former and to determine the effect of curing time and sintering process to geopolymer mortar properties. There are three compositions of mortar used in this study with different sago content (10%, 20%, and 30%) and each composition of mortar have different curing time (1, 3 and 7 days). Fly ash, silica powder, alkaline activator (sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sago were mixed together based on their composition and the mixture were put into steel cubic mould (50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm) and left at room temperature for curing process. After the mortar reaches their curing time, it will be sintered at 1000 °C. The physical changes of the mortar were analysed before and after the sintering process. The microstructure of mortar was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Compression test was done to geopolymer mortars by using ADR-Auto 3000 from ELE instrument (ASTM C109 standard) to determine the mechanical properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis used to determine the functional group exist in geopolymer mortar and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the phase. Besides that, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) use to measure percentage elements exist in a mortar. Geopolymer mortar with 10% sago content, 7 days of curing and undergo sintering process have the highest compressive strength (13.46 N) compare to the other geopolymer mortar composition. The 30% sago mortar contain many pores after sintering contributes its brittleness and cannot be tested for compressive strength. Longer curing days give enough time for the geopolymerisation process to create strong Si-O-Al bond or Jadeite (N-A-S-H gels) while sintering process helps to speed up the geopolymerisation process take place in a mortar. Formation of jadeite (N-A-S-H gels) influenced the strength of the mortar. The increasing phase of jadeite increases the strength of the mortar. As sago content increase, the pores in geopolymer also increase but the ratio Al2O3:SiO2 decrease resulting low formation of Jadeite. Hence the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar decrease.

Effect of Varying Water-to-Powder Ratios on Compressive Strength and Porosity of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

2020 ◽  
Vol 840 ◽  
pp. 345-350
Author(s):  
Rethy Den ◽  
Rini Dharmastiti ◽  
Nuryono Nuryono ◽  
Leny Yuliatun ◽  
Widjijono Widjijono
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
X Ray

The proportion of MTA powder and water is a common factor impacted on the properties of the material in clinical application. The purpose of this research was to determine the compressive strength and porosity of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) mixed with varying water-to-powder (WP) ratios. ROOTDENT MTA was investigated. One gram of cement was mixed with 0.28, 0.33 or 0.40 grams of distilled water and was submerged either for 1, 7, or 28 days in the water. The chemical composition of un-hydrated MTA was characterized by X-ray fluorescence. Samples were carried out for compression and porosity test. ROOTDENT MTA was composed primarily of calcium, oxygen, and zirconium. Minor quantities of sodium, aluminum, and silicon were presented in the cement and lack of bismuth was found. The highest mean compressive strength value was MTA with 0.33 WP ratio submerged in the water for 28 days. The percentage of porosity increased as the WP ratio increased. The percentage of porosity submerged in the water for 7 and 28 days showed no significant differences while the lowest porosity was MTA with 1 day in the water.

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