scholarly journals Characteristics and Design of Inong Balee Fort Binding Mortar For Restoration Purposes

Elkawnie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Muttaqin Hasan ◽  
Teuku Budi Aulia ◽  
Fido Yurnalis
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Powder Samples

Abstract: Inong Balee Fort is one of the Islamic Kingdom of Aceh heritage built in 1599 by Admiral Malahayati but several parts of the fortress wall have currently been damaged and the stone removed. Indonesian Government plans to restore the fort and this makes it necessary to examine the characteristics of the fortress mortar with a focus on the chemical composition and mineralogical elements. Therefore, mortar powder samples obtained from the fort walls were tested through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the results showed the main composition of mortar is CaCO3 and SiO2 from a mixture of lime and sand while the others are P2O5, MgCO3, and Al2O3. Meanwhile, two mortar mixtures including 1 lime: 2 sand and 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand were designed for restoration purposes and they were both found by the XRD analysis results to have a diffraction pattern similar to Inong Balee Fort mortar. However, mortar with 1 lime: 2 sand has a very low compressive strength subsequently it does not meet the specifications of the SNI 6882:2014 and ASTM C270-19a while mortar with 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand has a compressive strength that meets the specifications. Therefore, a mortar with 1 cement: 2 lime: 3 sand is recommended to be used for the restoration of Inong Balee Fort.Abstrak: Benteng Inong Balee merupakan salah satu peninggalan Kerajaan Islam Aceh yang dibangun pada tahun 1599 oleh Laksamana Malahayati. Saat ini banyak bagian dinding pasangan batu benteng tersebut sudah rusak dan batunya sudah terlepas dari ikatan mortar. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia berencana melakukan restorasi benteng tersebut. Oleh karena itu perlu diteliti karakteristik mortar pengikat dari pasangan batu benteng tersebut, berupa kandungan senyawa kimia dan mineralnya. Metode yang digunakan untuk karakterisasi adalah dengan melakukan pengujian X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) terhadap bubuk sampel mortar yang diambil dari dinding benteng. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi utama mortar pengikatnya adalah CaCO3 dan SiO2 yang menunjukkan bahwa mortar tersebut terbuat dari campuran kapur dan pasir. Disamping itu juga terdapat kandungan senyawa P2O5, MgCO3 dan Al2O3. Selanjutnya untuk keperluan restorasi didesain 2 campuran mortar, yaitu mortar dengan campuran 1 kapur : 2 pasir dan mortar dengan campuran 1 semen : 2 kapur : 3 pasir. Hasil analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa kedua campuran tersebut mempunyai pola diffraksi yang mirip dengan Benteng Inong Balee. Akan tetapi mortar dengan campuran 1 kapur : 2 pasir mempunyai kuat tekan yang sangat rendah sehingga tidak memenuhi spesifikasi Standar SNI 6882:2014 dan ASTM C270-19a, sedangkan mortar dengan campuran 1 semen : 2 kapur : 3 pasir mempunyai kuat tekan yang memenuhi spesifikasi Standar SNI 6882:2014 dan ASTM C270-19a, sehingga mortar ini disarankan digunakan untuk keperluan restorasi Benteng Inong Balee.

Various Types of Pt-Ni Binary Catalysts Supported on the Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode Catalysts for DMFC

2007 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yon Ki Seo ◽  
Yong Hwan Kim ◽  
Uoo Chang Chung ◽  
Won Sub Chung
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
Cathode Catalysts ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Binary Catalysts

Several methods for loading of Pt-Ni binary catalysts on the CNTs were tested. Using the CNTs treated HNO3, the catalysts supported Pt, Ni separately(Pt&Ni/CNT) and Pt-Ni alloy(Pt- Ni/CNTs) were made respectively. The results of supporting were confirmed by TEM and XRD analysis. TEM images show that metal catalysts were loaded uniformly and finely on the CNTs. By XRD analysis, the peaks of Pt&Ni/CNTs displayed Pt and Ni peaks respectively. Also it was found that the peaks of Pt were shifted to the higher 2theta angle in X-ray diffraction pattern which indicated that Pt-Ni alloy was formed successfully(Pt-Ni/CNTs). In addition, electrochemical tests for cathode catalysts of DMFC were performed. As the results, Pt-Ni/CNTs was most suitable for cathode catalysts of DMFC.

Kingite, a new hydrated aluminium phosphate mineral from Robertstown, South Australia

1957 ◽  
Vol 31 (236) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Norrish ◽  
Lillian E. R. Rogers ◽  
R. E. Shapter
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
South Australia ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aluminium Phosphate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phosphate Mineral ◽  
Hydrated Aluminium

SummaryA new hydrated aluminium phosphate mineral, kingite, from phosphate workings near Robertstown, South Australia, has an idealized formula Al2O3.Al(OH)3.P2O5.9H2O, with some replacement of OH by F. The specific gravity is 2·2 to 2·3, refractive index 1·514, and percentage chemical composition Al2O3 31·92, P2O5 28·63, H2O 37·93. The three strongest lines on the X-ray diffraction pattern are 9·1, 3·45, and 3·48 Å. Kingite changes to a less hydrated phase between 154° C. and 163° C., which is also considered to be a new aluminium phosphate (meta-kingite) with idealized formula Al2O3.Al(OH)3.P2O5.4H2O. The strongest lines of its X-ray diffraction pattern are at 7·4, 5·02, and 37·19 Å.

Preliminary tests on the use of an acoustic levitator for liquid X-ray diffraction experiments

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yngve Cerenius ◽  
Åke Oskarsson ◽  
Sabina Santesson ◽  
Staffan Nilsson ◽  
Lars Kloo
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Acoustic Levitator

Some preliminary tests at the crystallography beamline I711 at the MAX II synchrotron in Lund, Sweden, have shown that it is possible to use acoustical levitation to keep a droplet of liquid and solid (powder) samples in an X-ray beam for a sufficient time for collection of the X-ray diffraction pattern.

X-Ray Diffraction Study of Cold Sprayed Ni-20Cr and Ni-50Cr Coatings on Boiler

2012 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niraj Bala ◽  
Harpreet Singh ◽  
Satya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrd Study ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Boiler Steels ◽  
Better Than

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a versatile, non-destructive technique that reveals detailed information about the chemical composition and crystallographic structure of materials. In this work Ni-20Cr and Ni-50Cr coatings were deposited on two boiler steels namely T22 and SA 516 steel. The measurement of residual stresses of these cold sprayed coatings was done with the help of X-ray diffraction technique. This paper discussed the XRD study of the as-sprayed coatings. Further the XRD technique was used to study the uncoated and coated steels after cyclic exposure to air, molten salt [Na2SO4-60%V2O5], and actual boiler environments. The results obtained from the XRD analysis have been shown. The weight change results showed that the coated steels performed better than their uncoated counterparts which might be attributed to the formation of protective phases.

scholarly journals Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu) Matrix Composites Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4315
Author(s):  
M. Meignanamoorthy ◽  
Manickam Ravichandran ◽  
Vinayagam Mohanavel ◽  
Asif Afzal ◽  
T. Sathish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Energy Dispersive Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Mechanical Properties And Corrosion

In this paper, Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu (AA8079) matrix composites with several weight percentages of B4C (0, 5, 10, and 15) were synthesized by powder metallurgy (PM). The essential amount of powders was milled to yield different compositions such as AA8079, AA8079-5 wt.%B4C, AA8079-10 wt.%B4C, and AA8079-15 wt.%B4C. The influence of powder metallurgy parameters on properties’ density, hardness, and compressive strength was examined. The green compacts were produced at three various pressures: 300 MPa, 400 MPa, and 500 MPa. The fabricated green compacts were sintered at 375 °C, 475 °C, and 575 °C for the time period of 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Furthermore, the sintered samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDAX), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) examinations. The SEM examination confirmed the uniform dispersal of B4C reinforcement with AA8079 matrix. Corrosion behavior of the composites samples was explored. From the studies, it is witnessed that the rise in PM process parameters enhances the density, hardness, compressive strength, and corrosion resistance.

Behaviour of Cement CEM III / B under Acid Solutions Agression (I)

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Alice Pop2 ◽  
Mariana Coarna ◽  
Daniela Natac
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Acid Corrosion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
X Ray

This paper aims at investigating the behaviour of a type CEM III/B cement under acid corrosion with formation of insoluble products. Cement paste and mortar specimens have been cured in sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid solutions. The samples have been kept in water up to 28 days and further 180 days in 0.5 mol/L acid solutions. At specific terms, the samples underwent compressive strength, chemical and X-ray diffraction analysis. The tests� results pointed out significant differences of chemical composition between the corrosion layers and the uncorroded core. The corrosion products formed in each acid solution were identified. In concretes with composite, ecologic cements the corrosion noticed on the cement pastes can be avoided. For that purpose during the preparation of the concretes there have to be achieved a high compactness and, consequently, a high impermeability. The binder matrix of the concrete is therefore, performing from the point of view of the resistance against the acid corrosion.

scholarly journals XRD analysis for hydration products of different lime-pozzolan systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahida Kadum ◽  
Zeyad Al-Azzawi ◽  
Tareq al-Attar
Keyword(s):  
Silica Fume ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Forecast Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Curing Age

This study represents a part of an extensive experimental program devoted to study the properties of different Lime-Pozzolan systems as a sustainable binder to replace Portland cement in concrete. These systems were Lime-Silica fume, Lime-Silica fume-Fly ash and Lime-Metakaolin. Four powder samples for X-ray diffraction, XRD, analysis was prepared from the studied systems. These samples were chosen to monitor the effect of curing age on the hydration process and to study the difference in hydration products when using different binder systems. According to the defined minerals by XRD analysis, the hydration products of all investigated Lime-Pozzolan mixtures are closely similar to those of Portland cements. The current XRD analyses have been employed to build recommendations for the forecast performance for each system.

Synthesis of SnO2 by Sol-Gel Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Nuțescu Duduman ◽  
María Isabel Barrena Pérez ◽  
José Maria Gómez de Salazar ◽  
Ioan Carcea ◽  
Daniela Lucia Chicet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sol Gel Method ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Sol Gel Process

Nanostructured SnO2 was prepared based on the sol-gel method used in the preparation of crystalline metal oxides. Sol-gel process can be described as a forming network of oxide polycondensation reaction of a molecular precursor in a liquid. Six experiments were carried out. Morphological structures and chemical composition were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after calcination. It is noted that TEM images show that the spheres consist from nanocrystals, quantitative EDS analysis of the chemical composition shows an absence of the chlorine, which is a desired fact. For structural characterization of the material we used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction pattern for all samples indicates peaks which are agreeable with standard diffraction pattern of SnO2. The particle size of all samples was in the range of 28-92 nm calculated according to Scherrer equation.

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Glass in Autoclaved Silica–Lime Materials

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Borek ◽  
Przemysław Czapik
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Waste Container

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using waste glass of different colours as a complete substitute for quartz sand in autoclaved silica–lime samples. On the one hand, this increases the possibility of recycling waste glass; on the other hand, it allows obtaining autoclaved materials with better properties. In this research, reference samples with quartz sand (R) and white (WG), brown (BG), and green (GG) waste container glass were made. Parameters such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption were examined on all samples. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (SEM/EDS) and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The WG samples showed 187% higher compressive strength, BG by 159%, and GG by 134% compared to sample R. In comparison to the reference sample, volumetric density was 16.8% lower for sample WG, 13.2% lower for BG, and 7.1% lower for GG. Water absorption increased as bulk density decreased. The WG sample achieved the highest water absorption value, 15.84%. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of calcite, portlandite, and tobermorite phases. Depending on the silica aggregate used, there were differences in phase composition linked to compressive strength. Hydrated calcium silicates with varying crystallisation degrees were visible in the microstructure image.

scholarly journals Research on fabricartion of non-calcined geopolymer ceramics from kaolin Tung Ba, Vi Xuyen, Ha Giang

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-402
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Lan ◽  
Nguyen Anh Duong ◽  
Phan Luu Anh ◽  
Tran Thi Man
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Mineral Component ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

The mineral component of kaolin clay in Tung Ba commune analyzed by X-ray diffraction is composed mainly of kaolinite (24–27%), illite (26–30%) and quartz (40–44%). Chemical composition (wt%) of Tung Ba kaolin determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) shows SiO2 at 59.92–64.98, Al2O3: 18.95–20.82, Fe2O3: 2.28–3.95, SO3: 2.47–4.66, CaO: 0.12–0.36, MgO: 1.72–2.13 and TiO2 at 0.75–1,08. To fabricate geopolymer ceramic, kaolin clay was transformed into metakaolin with the optimal parameters of calcination: the temperature at 750°C and heating time of 120 min. Obtained metakaolin is mixed with mixtures of NaOH/Na2SiO3 (40%wt) with ratios of 0.2, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5 and NaOH molarities are 10M, 12M, 14M. Testing geopolymer ceramics after 28 days had a compressive strength of 40–196 KG/cm2, water absorption of 15.25–17.98% and density of 1.54–1.69 g/cm3, totally satisfied the Vietnamese standard for construction bricks and ceramics.

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