Reviews on Different Types of Rooftile BIPV: Materials Point of View

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is defined as the integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules into the building envelope (in this case the rooftile) to generate clean and environmental-friendly electricity from the sun radiation. The architectural integration of PV collector modules in new construction makes possible to create glazed surfaces which, besides being an aesthetical and functional innovation, generate electricity, that is allowing the realization of solar control and electric range with consequent energy savings. However, up until now, there have been limited studies that analysed BIPV from its materials point of views. This paper aims to expose rooftop BIPV materials that further might be used to replace conventional rooftiles such as terracotta or slate, concrete, plastic, and clay tiles. The flat rooftiles of monocrystalline-, polycrystalline-, and a-silicone based BIPV cells are being considered in this paper. Their benefits and drawbacks are also put into account. The parameters that were compared are materials, their physical layouts, and the transparency and output power.

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The Optimum Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Windows Under a Semi-Arid Climate in Algerian Office Buildings

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12041654 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1654 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abdelhakim Mesloub ◽

Ghazy Abdullah Albaqawy ◽

Mohd Zin Kandar

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Savings ◽

High Energy ◽

Office Buildings ◽

Arid Climate ◽

Energy Output ◽

Visual Comfort ◽

Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽

Pv Modules ◽

Semi Arid

Recently, Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) windows have become an alternative energy solution to achieve a zero-energy building (ZEB) and provide visual comfort. In Algeria, some problems arise due to the high energy consumption levels of the building sector. Large amounts of this energy are lost through the external envelope façade, because of the poorness of the window’s design. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the optimum BIPV window performance for overall energy consumption (OEC) in terms of energy output, heating and cooling load, and artificial lighting to ensure visual comfort and energy savings in typical office buildings under a semi-arid climate. Field measurements of the tested office were carried out during a critical period. The data have been validated and used to develop a model for an OEC simulation. Extensive simulations using graphical optimization methods are applied to the base-model, as well as nine commercially-available BIPV modules with different Window Wall Ratios (WWRs), cardinal orientations, and tilt angles. The results of the investigation from the site measurements show a significant amount of energy output compared to the energy demand. This study revealed that the optimum BIPV window design includes double-glazing PV modules (A) with medium WWR and 20% VLT in the southern façade and 30% VLT toward the east–west axis. The maximum energy savings that can be achieved are 60% toward the south orientation by double-glazing PV module (D). On the other hand, the PV modules significantly minimize the glare index compared to the base-model. The data extracted from the simulation established that the energy output percentages in a 3D model can be used by architects and designers in early stages. In the end, the adoption of optimum BIPV windows shows a significant enough improvement in their overall energy savings and visual comfort to consider them essential under a semi-arid climate.

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Refurbishment and electrification in the hotel sector: four hotels in the historic centre of Rome

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131202013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 312 ◽

pp. 02013

Author(s):

Giada Romano ◽

Francesco Mancini

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Point Of View ◽

Hot Water ◽

Building Stock ◽

Historic Centre ◽

The Eu

According to the European Renovation Wave, the European building stock is obsolete and changes very slowly: more than 220 million housing units and 85-95% of the existing buildings will still be in use in 2050 and are absolutely not energy efficient. To cut emissions by 55% by 2030, the EU should reduce greenhouse gas emissions from buildings by 60%, their final energy consumption by 14% and energy consumption for heating and cooling by 18%. It is therefore urgent for the EU to focus on making buildings more energy efficient, less carbon intensive throughout their life cycle and more sustainable. From this framework comes the need for an adaptation not only of residential buildings but also of hotel facilities, which, on a national scale, make up about 45% of the accommodation facilities. In particular, the offer of accommodation facilities must be constantly adequate and the structures must be upgraded so that they always remain usable and comply with current regulations from the accessibility, seismic-structural and energy point of view. In this research, four hotels located in the historic centre of Rome have been analysed as case studies. Starting from an analysis of the current state, a series of interventions on the building envelope and systems have been studied, evaluating energy savings and the reduction of polluting emissions. With regard to the systems, the total electrification of the heating and domestic hot water preparation systems has been hypothesised, with the introduction of storage systems, also in view of participation in Demand Response programs.

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Decorative motifs on oil lamps from Grimm's 1973 excavations in Alexandria

10.31338/1234-5415pam.28.1.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Heba Abdel Wahed Sayed

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Ancient History ◽

Different Types ◽

Decorative Motifs ◽

Egyptian Culture ◽

Late Roman

A collection of 30 clay oil lamps from Gunther Grimm's excavations in 1973 in the Western necropolis of Alexandria has been classified by Safaa Samir Abu Al Yazid from Tanta University and found to represent 12 different types ranging in time from the Hellenistic to the late Roman periods in Egypt's ancient history. The present paper looks at this collection from the point of view of the symbolic significance of the decorative motifs used in their decoration. These motifs— figural, floral and geometric—had obvious symbolic meaning to their users and signified more than a simple belief in certain deities. They also reflected Roman Egyptian culture.

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Energy and Greenhouse Gas Savings for LEED-Certified U.S. Office Buildings

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030749 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 749

Author(s):

John H. Scofield ◽

Susannah Brodnitz ◽

Jakob Cornell ◽

Tian Liang ◽

Thomas Scofield

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Energy Use ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Building Energy ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Office Buildings ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Site Energy ◽

New Construction

In this work, we present results from the largest study of measured, whole-building energy performance for commercial LEED-certified buildings, using 2016 energy use data that were obtained for 4417 commercial office buildings (114 million m2) from municipal energy benchmarking disclosures for 10 major U.S. cities. The properties included 551 buildings (31 million m2) that we identified as LEED-certified. Annual energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission were compared between LEED and non-LEED offices on a city-by-city basis and in aggregate. In aggregate, LEED offices demonstrated 11% site energy savings but only 7% savings in source energy and GHG emission. LEED offices saved 26% in non-electric energy but demonstrated no significant savings in electric energy. LEED savings in GHG and source energy increased to 10% when compared with newer, non-LEED offices. We also compared the measured energy savings for individual buildings with their projected savings, as determined by LEED points awarded for energy optimization. This analysis uncovered minimal correlation, i.e., an R2 < 1% for New Construction (NC) and Core and Shell (CS), and 8% for Existing Euildings (EB). The total measured site energy savings for LEED-NC and LEED-CS was 11% lower than projected while the total measured source energy savings for LEED-EB was 81% lower than projected. Only LEED offices certified at the gold level demonstrated statistically significant savings in source energy and greenhouse gas emissions as compared with non-LEED offices.

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Embodied Energy and Embodied GWP of Windows: A Critical Review

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3788

Author(s):

Francesco Asdrubali ◽

Marta Roncone ◽

Gianluca Grazieschi

Keyword(s):

Critical Analysis ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Point Of View ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Construction Sector ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Different Types ◽

Operational Phase ◽

Operational Impact

The construction sector is one of the most energy-intensive in the industrialized countries. In order to limit climate change emissions throughout the entire life cycle of a building, in addition to reducing energy consumption in the operational phase, attention should also be paid to the embodied energy and CO2 emissions of the building itself. The purpose of this work is to review data on embodied energy and GWP derived from EPDs of different types of windows, to identify the LCA phases, the most impacting materials and processes from an environmental point of view and to perform a critical analysis of the outcomes. The results show a strong dependence on the typology of the frame, with wooden windows having competitive performances: lower average primary energy non-renewable (1123 MJ/FU), higher average primary energy renewable (respectively 817 MJ/FU) and lower global warming potential (54 kgCO2eq/FU). More transparency and standardization in the information conveyed by the program operators is, however, desirable for a better comparability of windows performances. In particular, the inclusion of the operational impact in the EPD is sporadic, but strongly important, since it can be the most impactful phase.

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A Study of Optimal Specifications for Light Shelves with Photovoltaic Modules to Improve Indoor Comfort and Save Building Energy

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2574

Author(s):

Heangwoo Lee ◽

Xiaolong Zhao ◽

Janghoo Seo

Keyword(s):

Energy Savings ◽

Building Energy ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Energy Efficiency ◽

Efficiency Change ◽

Photovoltaic Modules ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Pv Module ◽

Pv Modules ◽

Indoor Comfort

Recent studies on light shelves found that building energy efficiency could be maximized by applying photovoltaic (PV) modules to light shelf reflectors. Although PV modules generate a substantial amount of heat and change the consumption of indoor heating and cooling energy, performance evaluations carried out thus far have not considered these factors. This study validated the effectiveness of PV module light shelves and determined optimal specifications while considering heating and cooling energy savings. A full-scale testbed was built to evaluate performance according to light shelf variables. The uniformity ratio was found to improve according to the light shelf angle value and decreased as the PV module installation area increased. It was determined that PV modules should be considered in the design of light shelves as their daylighting and concentration efficiency change according to their angles. PV modules installed on light shelves were also found to change the indoor cooling and heating environment; the degree of such change increased as the area of the PV module increased. Lastly, light shelf specifications for reducing building energy, including heating and cooling energy, were not found to apply to PV modules since PV modules on light shelf reflectors increase building energy consumption.

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Evaluation of a High-Performance Solar Home in Loveland, Colorado

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2710248 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 129 (2) ◽

pp. 226-234

Author(s):

Robert Hendron ◽

Mark Eastment ◽

Ed Hancock ◽

Greg Barker ◽

Paul Reeves

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Energy Savings ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Hot Water ◽

Space Heating ◽

Solar Water Heater ◽

Water Heater ◽

Solar Water

Building America (BA) partner McStain Neighborhoods built the Discovery House in Loveland, CO, with an extensive package of energy-efficient features, including a high-performance envelope, efficient mechanical systems, a solar water heater integrated with the space-heating system, a heat-recovery ventilator (HRV), and ENERGY STAR appliances. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Building Science Consortium conducted short-term field-testing and building energy simulations to evaluate the performance of the house. These evaluations are utilized by BA to improve future prototype designs and to identify critical research needs. The Discovery House building envelope and ducts were very tight under normal operating conditions. The HRV provided fresh air at a rate of about 35L∕s(75cfm), consistent with the recommendations of ASHRAE Standard 62.2. The solar hot water system is expected to meet the bulk of the domestic hot water (DHW) load (>83%), but only about 12% of the space-heating load. DOE-2.2 simulations predict whole-house source energy savings of 54% compared to the BA Benchmark (Hendron, R., 2005 NREL Report No. 37529, NREL, Golden, CO). The largest contributors to energy savings beyond McStain’s standard practice are the solar water heater, HRV, improved air distribution, high-efficiency boiler, and compact fluorescent lighting package.

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CLAY-STRAW BUILDING FINISHING LAYER UNDER DIFFERENT DRYING CONDITIONS

Engineering Structures and Technologies ◽

10.3846/2029882x.2016.1188736 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Tadas Tamošiūnas ◽

Romas Girkontas ◽

Andrius Savickas ◽

Šarūnas Skuodis ◽

Lumir Mica

Keyword(s):

Main Idea ◽

Life Time ◽

Analysis Program ◽

Drying Process ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Bright Yellow ◽

Before And After ◽

Yellow Clay ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

Clay Tiles

This manuscript represents investigation of six different clay mixtures under variable drying conditions, namely: bright yellow clay (typical for Lithuania), brown clay (Lithuania Sergėnai district), mixture of different clays, white Spanish clay, clay mass which is resistant for thermal coldness (with synthetic cardigan) and Lithuanian coarse clay with granite additives. Drying process was provided imitating natural drying process and fast drying in drying oven at 110 C°. The main idea of this study – imitate clay and clay-straw buildings drying process and to determine which of used clay types had smallest volumetric and linear deformations. Volumetric and linear deformations for clay-straw buildings is one of the most important factors evaluating cracking in this type of buildings. To reach this purpose six tiles of different clay types were used. Before drying stage water content, plasticity, and liquid limits index, respectively was determined for all types of clay. All clay tiles volumetric and linear deformations before and after drying process were measured with specialized view analysis program in order not to damage samples’ form. According to the obtained results a clay type whith the smallest deforamations (volumetric and linear) was found. With the smallest volumetric and linear deformations clay-straw building is not only environmental friendly, sustainable and green, but it does not require a lot of maintenance during building life time.

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The combination of different open innovations: a longitudinal case study

Chinese Management Studies ◽

10.1108/cms-02-2018-0410 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 342-362

Author(s):

Xiaodong Yuan ◽

Xiaotao Li

Keyword(s):

New Product Development ◽

Open Innovation ◽

Point Of View ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Key Factors ◽

Content Type ◽

Strategic Direction ◽

Different Types ◽

Innovation Capacity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how an organization can combine different types of open innovations and what are the key factors that may influence the combination of different open innovations. Design/methodology/approach The basic methodology of this paper is the longitudinal inductive analysis within the conceptual framework of the open innovation proposed by Dahlander and Gann (2010). In this case study of Xiaomi Tech Inc., the open innovation combination is investigated through examining 25 new products created between August 2010 and December 2016 in terms of four general types: acquiring, sourcing, selling and revealing open innovation. Findings In practice, the combination of different types of open innovations can be realized. A firm may combine different open innovations at three levels: a single product level, a related product cluster level and a company level. In addition, different open innovations can be combined in diverse modes. The purpose of combining different types of open innovations is to overcome the disadvantages of each type and to exploit the advantages of all different types. Many factors may affect a firm’s option of how to combine open innovations. At different development stages, a firm may make and implement corresponding strategic direction based on its innovation capacity and internal resource. For a given strategy, the firm needs to create profits and manage intellectual property in the implementation of open innovations. These factors are interacted each other, rather than isolated. Originality/value The findings of this paper are helpful for better understanding how and why an organization can combine different types of open innovations. From a managerial point of view, an organization may combine different types of open innovations to leverage advantages and avoid disadvantages of each certain type of open innovation. An appropriate combination of different open innovations can effectively improve new product development.

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Cell Bioprinting: The 3D-Bioplotter™ Case

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12234005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 4005 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Angelats Lobo ◽

Ginestra

Keyword(s):

3D Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Point Of View ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Synthetic Materials ◽

Different Types ◽

Available Information ◽

User Friendly

The classic cell culture involves the use of support in two dimensions, such as a well plate or a Petri dish, that allows the culture of different types of cells. However, this technique does not mimic the natural microenvironment where the cells are exposed to. To solve that, three-dimensional bioprinting techniques were implemented, which involves the use of biopolymers and/or synthetic materials and cells. Because of a lack of information between data sources, the objective of this review paper is, to sum up, all the available information on the topic of bioprinting and to help researchers with the problematics with 3D bioprinters, such as the 3D-Bioplotter™. The 3D-Bioplotter™ has been used in the pre-clinical field since 2000 and could allow the printing of more than one material at the same time, and therefore to increase the complexity of the 3D structure manufactured. It is also very precise with maximum flexibility and a user-friendly and stable software that allows the optimization of the bioprinting process on the technological point of view. Different applications have resulted from the research on this field, mainly focused on regenerative medicine, but the lack of information and/or the possible misunderstandings between papers makes the reproducibility of the tests difficult. Nowadays, the 3D Bioprinting is evolving into another technology called 4D Bioprinting, which promises to be the next step in the bioprinting field and might promote great applications in the future.

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