BIOLOGY AND LEAF-MINING BEHAVIOUR OF PHYTOMYZA LANATI (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice J. Tauber ◽  
Catherine A. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Alameda County ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Puparium Formation ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasites ◽  
Heracleum Lanatum

AbstractThe first signs of Phytomyza lanati Spencer activity are the feeding marks of the adult on the lower leaf surface of Heracleum lanatum Michx. In Alameda County, Calif., the adults were first seen in January and the larvae were present from mid-February to mid-June. Eggs are laid in the spongy mesophyll and the serpentine mine, made by the solitary larva, is mainly confined to the palisade layer. The larva remains within a single mine until just before puparium formation. At this time the mature larva exits from the leaf through a cut in the lower surface and drops to the soil. At 75 ± 1°F the average duration of the three immature stages are 47, 36, and 60 hours. Because the depth of the mine is constant, the surface area of the mine indicates the relative volume of food consumed. A comparison of the instars shows that the amount and rate of tunnelling increases greatly with each succeeding moult. Under constant temperature there is no significant difference between the amount mined during equivalent light and dark periods.Adult activity, such as feeding, mating, and oviposition, occurs on the underside of the leaf. Feeding on the plant exudate appears necessary for sustaining adult life.Three hymenopteran parasites were reared from P. lanati.Biological characteristics served to differentiate P. lanati from other Phytomyza species.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Activated AMPK in the Anopheles stephensi Midgut Impacts Mosquito Metabolism, Reproduction and Plasmodium Resistance

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Chioma Oringanje ◽  
Lillian R. Delacruz ◽  
Yunan Han ◽  
Shirley Luckhart ◽  
Michael A. Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Ampk Activity

Mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis in the midgut are key factors controlling mosquito fitness and anti-pathogen resistance. Targeting genes that regulate mitochondrial dynamics represents a potential strategy for limiting mosquito-borne diseases. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key cellular energy sensor found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. When activated, AMPK inhibits anabolic pathways that consume ATP and activates catabolic processes that synthesize ATP. In this study, we overexpressed a truncated and constitutively active α-subunit of AMPK under the control of the midgut-specific carboxypeptidase promotor in the midgut of female Anopheles stephensi. As expected, AMPK overexpression in homozygous transgenic mosquitoes was associated with changes in nutrient storage and metabolism, decreasing glycogen levels at 24 h post-blood feeding when transgene expression was maximal, and concurrently increasing circulating trehalose at the same time point. When transgenic lines were challenged with Plasmodium falciparum, we observed a significant decrease in the prevalence and intensity of infection relative to wild type controls. Surprisingly, we did not observe a significant difference in the survival of adult mosquitoes fed either sugar only or both sugar and bloodmeals throughout adult life. This may be due to the limited period that the transgene was activated before homeostasis was restored. However, we did observe a significant decrease in egg production, suggesting that manipulation of AMPK activity in the mosquito midgut resulted in the re-allocation of resources away from egg production. In summary, this work identifies midgut AMPK activity as an important regulator of metabolism, reproduction, and innate immunity in An. stephensi, a highly invasive and important malaria vector species.

scholarly journals Bonding and Thermal Cycling Performances of Two (Poly)Aryl–Ether–Ketone (PAEKs) Materials to an Acrylic Denture Base Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yu Peng ◽  
Saiji Shimoe ◽  
Lih-Jyh Fuh ◽  
Chung-Kwei Lin ◽  
Dan-Jae Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Aryl Ether ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aryl Ether Ketone ◽  
Ether Ketone ◽  
Thermal Cycling Fatigue

Poly(aryl–ether–ketone) materials (PAEKs) are gaining interest in everyday dental practices because of their natural properties. This study aims to analyze the bonding performance of PAEKs to a denture acrylic. Testing materials were pretreated by grinding, sandblasting, and priming prior to polymerization with the denture acrylic. The surface morphologies were observed using a scanning electron microscope and the surface roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy. The shear bond strength (SBS) values were determined after 0 and 2500 thermal cycles. The obtained data were analyzed using a paired samples t-test and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test (α = 0.05). The surface characteristics of testing materials after different surface pretreatments showed obvious differences. PAEKs showed lower surface roughness values (0.02–0.03 MPa) than Co-Cr (0.16 MPa) and zirconia (0.22 MPa) after priming and sandblasting treatments (p < 0.05). The SBS values of PAEKs (7.60–8.38 MPa) met the clinical requirements suggested by ISO 10477 (5 MPa). Moreover, PAEKs showed significantly lower SBS reductions (p < 0.05) after thermal cycling fatigue testing compared to Co-Cr and zirconia. Bonding performance is essential for denture materials, and our results demonstrated that PAEKs possess good resistance to thermal cycling fatigue, which is an advantage in clinical applications. The results imply that PAEKs are potential alternative materials for the removable of prosthetic frameworks.

Is the child at risk? Cardiovascular remodelling in children born to diabetic mothers

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Hoodbhoy ◽  
Nuruddin Mohammed ◽  
Nadeem Aslam ◽  
Urooj Fatima ◽  
Salima Ashiqali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
In Utero ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Dietary Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Systolic And Diastolic Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to assess differences in myocardial systolic and diastolic function and vascular function in children 2−5 years of age born to diabetic as compared to non-diabetic mothers.Methods:This study was a retrospective cohort conducted in 2016 at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. It included children between 2 and 5 years of age born to mothers with and without exposure to diabetes in utero (n = 68 in each group) and who were appropriate for gestational age. Myocardial morphology and function using echocardiogram and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and pulse wave velocity was performed to evaluate cardiac function as well as macrovascular remodelling in these children. Multiple linear regression was used to compare the groups.Results:There was no significant difference in cardiac morphology, myocardial systolic and diastolic function, and macrovascular assessment between the exposed and unexposed groups of AGA children. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased mitral E/A ratio in children whose mothers were on medications as compared to those on dietary control (median [IQR] = 1.7 [1.6–1.9] and 1.56 [1.4–1.7], respectively, p = 0.02), and a higher cIMT in children whose mothers were on medication as compared to controls (0.48 [0.44–0.52] and 0.46 [0.44–0.50], respectively, p = 0.03).Conclusion:In utero exposure to uncontrolled maternal diabetes has an effect on the cardiovascular structure and function in children aged 2−5 years. However, future work requires long-term follow-up from fetal to adult life to assess these changes over the life course.

scholarly journals Hypospadias: clinical approach, surgical technique and long-term outcome

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Luca Ceccarelli ◽  
Laura Lucaccioni ◽  
Francesca Poluzzi ◽  
Anastasia Bianchini ◽  
Diego Biondini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Initial Surgery ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Corrective Procedures

Abstract Background Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in male newborn. There is no universal approach to hypospadias surgical repair, with more than 300 corrective procedures described in current literature. The reoperation rate within 6–12 months of the initial surgery is most frequently used as an outcome measure. These short-term outcomes may not reflect those encountered in adolescence and adult life. This study aims to identify the long-term cosmetic, functional and psychosexual outcomes. Methods Medical records of boys who had undergone surgical repair of hypospadias by a single surgical team led by the same surgeon at a single centre between August 2001 and December 2017 were reviewed. Families were contacted by telephone and invited to participate. Surgical outcome was assessed by combination of clinical examination, a life-related interview and 3 validated questionnaires (the Penile Perception Score-PPS, the Hypospadias Objective Score Evaluation-HOSE, the International Index of Erectile Function-5-IIEF5). Outcomes were compared according to age, severity of hypospadias, and respondent (child, parent and surgeon). Results 187 children and their families agreed to participate in the study. 46 patients (24.6%) presented at least one complication after the repair, with a median elapsed time of 11.5 months (6.5–22.5). Longitudinal differences in surgical corrective procedures (p < 0.01), clinical approach (p < 0.01), hospitalisation after surgery (p < 0.01) were found. Cosmetic data from the PPS were similar among children and parents, with no significant differences in child’s age or the type of hypospadias: 83% of children and 87% of parents were satisfied with the cosmetic result. A significant difference in functional outcome related to the type of hypospadias was reflected responses to HOSE amongst all groups of respondents: children (p < 0.001), parents (p=0.02) and surgeon (p < 0.01). The child’s HOSE total score was consistently lower than the surgeon (p < 0.01). The HOSE satisfaction rate on functional outcome was 89% for child and 92% for parent respondents. Conclusion Surgeons and clinicians should be cognizant of the long-term outcomes following hypospadias surgical repair and this should be reflected in a demand for a standardised approach to repair and follow-up.

Diel activity patterns in nymphs of an Australian mayfly Atalophlebioides sp. (Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
PCE Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns ◽  
Laboratory Stream

Activity of nymphs of Atalophlebioides sp. on the surface of a stone in a laboratory stream was greatest at night, with peak activity occurring at about 2400 h. Most nymphs remained on the lower surface of the stone during the day, but there was gradual movement on to the upper surface at night. Although nymphs showed anocturnal maximum in both drift rates (field observation) and activity. peaks of activity did not correspond with peaks in drift rates. Nymphs at high density (15 per stone) showed a significantly greater level of activity during light hours (1200-1800 h) and the first two hours of darkness compared with nymphs at lower densities (five and two per stone) but there was no significant difference in activity between the two lower densities for the period 1200- 2400 h. Feeding behaviour was observed at all three densities, but activities in the form of rapid darting (duration < 1 s) and a 'swimming' response occurred at the higher density. It is postulated that a relationship exists between the swimming response (as a result of competition for space) and the insect's propensity to drift.

Left ventricular function in adolescents and adults with restrictive ventricular septal defect and moderate left-to-right shunting

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Magee ◽  
Lynn Fenn ◽  
Joric Vellekoop ◽  
Michael J. Godman
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Septal Defect ◽  
Left Ventricular Function ◽  
Ventricular Function ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Septal Defects ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractBackgroundThe long-term haemodynamic effects of a restrictive ventricular septal defect permitting moderate left-to-right shunting are not known.Patients and methodsEchocardiographic measure ments of left heart dimensions and function were compared between a group of 9 older children and adults (median age 21 years, range 12–24.5 years) having restrictive ventricular septal defects (median Qp/Qs 1.7, range 1.4–2.1) and a group of 10 age matched controls.ResultsLeft ventricular mass indexed to body surface area was significantly greater in subjects than in controls (102±29 vs. 75±13 g/m2, p=0.02), although there was no significant difference in the ratio of mass to volume. There were no significant differ ences between indexes of left ventricular systolic function. Ratios of peak early to late diastolic ventricular filling were lower in those with septal defects (1.5±0.3 vs. 1.8±0.3, p=0.013), but there were no differences in other indexes of diastolic function.ConclusionsResting left ventricular function does not appear to have deteriorated by early adult life in patients with restrictive ventricular septal defects and moderate volume loading. This would support a continued conservative approach to management in these patients.

scholarly journals Multi-Systemic Alterations by Chronic Exposure to a Low Dose of Bisphenol A in Drinking Water: Effects on Inflammation and NAD+-Dependent Deacetylase Sirtuin1 in Lactating and Weaned Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9666
Author(s):  
Antonietta Santoro ◽  
Marika Scafuro ◽  
Jacopo Troisi ◽  
Giuseppe Piegari ◽  
Paola Di Pietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 1 ◽  
Significant Difference

Bisphenol A (BPA) is largely used as a monomer in some types of plastics. It accumulates in tissues and fluids and is able to bypass the placental barrier, affecting various organs and systems. Due to huge developmental processes, children, foetuses, and neonates could be more sensitive to BPA-induced toxicity. To investigate the multi-systemic effects of chronic exposure to a low BPA dose (100 μg/L), pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to BPA in drinking water during gestation and lactation. At weaning, newborn rats received the same treatments as dams until sex maturation. Free and conjugated BPA levels were measured in plasma and adipose tissue; the size of cerebral ventricles was analysed in the brain; morpho-functional and molecular analyses were carried out in the liver with a focus on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). Higher BPA levels were found in plasma and adipose tissue from BPA treated pups (17 PND) but not in weaned animals. Lateral cerebral ventricles were significantly enlarged in lactating and weaned BPA-exposed animals. In addition, apart from microvesicular steatosis, liver morphology did not exhibit any statistically significant difference for morphological signs of inflammation, hypertrophy, or macrovesicular steatosis, but the expression of inflammatory cytokines, Sirt1, its natural antisense long non-coding RNA (Sirt1-AS LncRNA) and histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) were affected in exposed animals. In conclusion, chronic exposure to a low BPA dose could increase the risk for disease in adult life as a consequence of higher BPA circulating levels and accumulation in adipose tissue during the neonatal period.

Influence of Polishing Systems on Surface Roughness of Composite Resins: Polishability of Composite Resins

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. E122-E132 ◽  
Author(s):  
L St-Pierre ◽  
C Martel ◽  
H Crépeau ◽  
MA Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Final Surface ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Step

SUMMARY Objectives: The objective of this in vitro study was to compare, with a threshold value of 200 nm, the surface roughness obtained when using 12 different polishing systems on four different composite resins (microfill, nanofill, and two nanohybrids). Methods and Materials: A total of 384 convex specimens were made using Durafill VS, Filtek Supreme Ultra, Grandio SO, and Venus Pearl. After sandblasting and finishing with a medium-grit finishing disc, initial surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Specimens were polished using 12 different polishing systems: Astropol, HiLuster Plus, D♦Fine, Diacomp, ET Illustra, Sof-Lex Wheels, Sof-Lex XT discs, Super-Snap, Enhance/Pogo, Optrapol, OneGloss and ComposiPro Brush (n=8). The final surface roughness was measured, and data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons were made using protected Fisher least significant difference. Results: There were statistical differences in the final surface roughness between polishing systems and between composite resins (p&lt;0.05). The highest surface roughness was observed for all composite resins polished with OneGloss and ComposiPro Brush. Enhance/Pogo and Sof-Lex Wheels produced a mean surface roughness greater than the 200-nm threshold on Filtek Supreme Ultra, Grandio SO, and Venus Pearl. Data showed that there was an interaction between the composite resins and the polishing systems. Conclusions: A single polishing system does not perform equally with all composite resins. Except for Optrapol, multi-step polishing systems performed generally better than one-step systems. Excluding Enhance/Pogo, diamond-impregnated polishers led to lower surface roughness. Durafill VS, a microfill composite resin, may be polished more predictably with different polishers.

DISTRIBUTION OF FEEDING DAMAGE BY PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON OILSEED RAPE AND MUSTARD SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO CROP RESISTANCE

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Brandt ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Lower Surface ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe distribution of feeding damage by adult Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) was examined on the cotyledons, first true leaves, stems, and petioles of four crop species of Brassicaceae (Brassica juncea L. "Cutlass", B. napus L. "Westar", B. rapa L. "Tobin", and Sinapis alba L. "Ochre"). Previous studies showed that B. napus and B. rapa are susceptible, B. juncea is partially resistant, and S. alba is highly resistant to P. cruciferae. Flea beetles usually fed more on the upper surfaces, bases, and edges of cotyledons and first true leaves, but the feeding patterns were not identical on the four species. Phyllotreta cruciferae had a greater preference for the upper surface of S. alba cotyledons than for the upper surfaces of Brassica species. First true leaves of B. napus had over 90% of the feeding damage along the edge, compared with < 70% for the other species. The size of feeding pits did not differ on the upper and lower surfaces of the cotyledons and first true leaves for the Brassica species, but S. alba had smaller feeding pits on the lower surface. Sinapis alba also had the smallest feeding pits on the upper surface of its cotyledons, and S. alba and B. juncea first true leaves had feeding pits about one-half the size of the feeding pits on the other species. There was no significant difference in the amount of stem damage for the four species, but B. juncea had significantly less petiole damage than S. alba. Although there were differences in the way P. cruciferae exploited the seedling tissues of these Brassicaceae, the differences were not consistent with, or were too small to account for, the different levels of resistance of the four crops.

A Genetic Basis for Adult Onset TTP?.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1228-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond S. Camilleri ◽  
Ian J. Mackie ◽  
Marie Scully ◽  
Samuel J. Machin ◽  
Hannah Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Missense Mutation ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Adamts13 Activity ◽  
Nucleotide Change ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Homozygous Patient

Abstract Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) presents in childhood or adult life and is caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) activity. Several mutations and polymorphisms have been reported in ADAMTS13 in congenital TTP. The study aim was to elucidate whether a mutation(s) may be linked to adult onset TTP, which may be precipitated by infection, pregnancy or oestrogen-containing preparations and is associated with antibodies to ADAMTS13. We investigated 58 adult onset TTP patients (median age 39 (range 16–74) years) with ADAMTS13 activity levels <5% of pooled normal plasma when tested pre-treatment during the acute phase of their TTP episode. Initial screening using WAVE® technology detected a novel sequence change in exon 24 of ADAMTS13 in 2/14 of these patients (both heterozygous). Gene sequencing identified this nucleotide change as C3178T which results in the significant amino acid substitution arginine to tryptophan (R1060W) in the terminal thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1-8) domain of ADAMTS13. We confirmed this C3178T nucleotide change using a specific PCR and restriction enzyme digest and studied the remaining 44 cases, identifying one homozygote (T3178T) and three additional heterozygous patients, giving a total of 6/58 (10.3%). Fifty-eight healthy normal subjects (median age 33 (range 22–57) years) were also screened for this C3178T nucleotide change and all had the wild-type (C3178C) genotype. There was a significant difference in prevalence of the C3178T missense mutation between the TTP patient and normal control groups (p=0.0072, χ2 test, odds ratio (OR) = 0.00, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.00–0.67). The mutation was only detected in Caucasian patients (n = 6/41). It was not found in any of the Afro-Caribbeans (n = 8), Asians (n = 5) or patients in other ethnic groups (n = 4). The difference in prevalence remained significant amongst the Caucasian contingent (p=0.0024, χ2 test, OR = 0.00, 95% CI = 0.00–0.52). IgG antibodies to ADAMTS13 (found in 37/58 (63.8%) patients) were demonstrated in three of the five heterozygous C3178T TTP patients, but not in the homozygous patient. The C3178T mutation was also detected in the mother of one of these three heterozygous patients and the daughter of the homozygous patient, neither of whom have had TTP. In conclusion, the novel C3178T missense mutation appears to be associated with adult onset TTP and in some instances, antibodies to ADAMTS13. This raises the possibility that adult onset TTP may arise as a result of an interaction between genetic and acquired factors.

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