The elements of seasonal adaptations in insects

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
Food Limitation ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Seasonal Adaptations ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Simultaneous Study ◽  
The Many

AbstractThe many components of seasonal adaptations in insects are reviewed, especially from the viewpoint of aspects that must be studied in order to understand the structure and purposes of the adaptations. Component responses include dispersal, habitat selection, habitat modification, resistance to cold, dryness, and food limitation, trade-offs, diapause, modifications of developmental rate, sensitivity to environmental signals, life-cycle patterns including multiple alternatives in one species, and types of variation in phenology and development. Spatial, temporal, and resource elements of the environment are also reviewed, as are environmental signals, supporting the conclusion that further understanding of all of these seasonal responses requires detailed simultaneous study of the natural environments that drive the patterns of response.

Managing Contentious Collective Action

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-129
Author(s):  
Calla Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Street Vendor ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Chapter 5 develops an ethnography of street vendors, their organizations, and the city officials who they interact with in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. The chapter is based on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the city over four research trips in 2012, 2014 to 2015, 2018, and 2019 as well as administrative data on 31,906 street vending licenses in the city. Fieldwork included interviews, participant observation at dozens of meetings between bureaucrats and organized vendors, ride-alongs with the Municipal Guard, a street vendor survey, working as a street vendor in a clothing market, and selling wedding services with a street vendor cooperative. The theory’s observable implications are illustrated with ethnographic evidence, survey results, and license data from La Paz. I discuss how street vending has changed in the city and how officials have intervened in collective action decisions as the informal sector grew. The chapter demonstrates that officials increased benefits to organized vendors as the costs of regulating markets increased. Additionally, the leaders that take advantage of these offers tend to have more resources than their colleagues, and as the offers increased, so did the level of organization among the city’s street vendors. The chapter also discusses the many trade-offs that officials make in implementing different policies, and how officials manage the often combative organizations that they encourage.

New Product Development

2010 ◽  
pp. 192-215
Author(s):  
Robert S. Friedman ◽  
Desiree M. Roberts ◽  
Jonathan D. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
New Product ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control ◽  
Functional Areas

The articles addressed in this chapter on new product development can be classified in two general categories—papers that address the internal processes that assist or hinder development, and those that focus on factors that contribute to a new product’s success or failure in terms of performance and diffusion. We begin with Cooper and Kleinschmidt (1986), who report on the second phase of the New Prod project. Its goal was to examine the nature of the steps that affect the development process and determine how the step-wise structure was modified by the developer companies in order to improve process performance. Clark (1989) looks at project scope, or the extent to which in-house part development affects new product development and overall project performance. The new product development process, as a comprehensive scope of work, is the subject of Millison, Raj, and Wilemon’s (1992) discussion, specifically what the tensions and trade-offs are that occur among different functional areas and how they affect innovative product development. Wheelwright and Clark (1992) provide insight into strategies to plan, focus, and control a firm’s project development, offering an aggregate project plan that promotes management clearly delineating the roles and steps of each participant’s activities. Griffin and Page (1993) offer a practitioner’s framework that identifies and coordinates the many measures of product development success and failure, and holds them up against existing measures used by academic researchers. We then move to Souder’s (1988) article examining the relationship between R&D groups and marketing groups, the nature of the problems between them, and the structure of potentially effective partnerships.

scholarly journals Dissipation in Non-Steady State Regulatory Circuits

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Paulina Szymańska-Rożek ◽  
Dario Villamaina ◽  
Jacek Miȩkisz ◽  
Aleksandra M. Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Limit Function ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Fast Switching ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Biological Circuits ◽  
Gene Regulatory Circuits

In order to respond to environmental signals, cells often use small molecular circuits to transmit information about their surroundings. Recently, motivated by specific examples in signaling and gene regulation, a body of work has focused on the properties of circuits that function out of equilibrium and dissipate energy. We briefly review the probabilistic measures of information and dissipation and use simple models to discuss and illustrate trade-offs between information and dissipation in biological circuits. We find that circuits with non-steady state initial conditions can transmit more information at small readout delays than steady state circuits. The dissipative cost of this additional information proves marginal compared to the steady state dissipation. Feedback does not significantly increase the transmitted information for out of steady state circuits but does decrease dissipative costs. Lastly, we discuss the case of bursty gene regulatory circuits that, even in the fast switching limit, function out of equilibrium.

Carotenoid-based signals in behavioural ecology: a review

Behaviour ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Carotenoid Pigmentation

AbstractCarotenoids are among the most prevalent pigments used in animal signals and are also important for a range of physiological functions. These concomitant roles have made carotenoidbased signals a popular topic in behavioural ecology while also causing confusion and controversy. After a thorough background, we review the many pitfalls, caveats and seemingly contradictory conclusions that can result from not fully appreciating the complex nature of carotenoid function. Current controversies may be resolved through a more careful regard of this complexity, and of the immense taxonomic variability of carotenoid metabolism. Studies investigating the physiological trade-offs between ornamental and physiological uses of carotenoids have yielded inconsistent results. However, in many studies, homeostatic regulation of immune and antioxidant systems may have obscured the effects of carotenoid supplementation. We highlight how carefully designed experiments can overcome such complications. There is also a need to investigate factors other than physiological trade-offs (such as predation risk and social interactions) as these, too, may shape the expression of carotenoidbased signals. Moreover, the processes limiting signal expression individuals are likely different from those operating over evolutionary time-scales. Future research should give greater attention to carotenoid pigmentation outside the area of sexual selection, and to taxa other than fishes and birds.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Compounds in Aquatic Environments—Occurrence, Fate and Bioremediation Prospective

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Joana P. Fernandes ◽  
C. Marisa R. Almeida ◽  
Maria A. Salgado ◽  
Maria F. Carvalho ◽  
Ana P. Mucha
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Detoxification Mechanism ◽  
Main Input ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of

Various contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been detected in different ecosystems, posing a threat to living organisms and the environment. Pharmaceuticals are among the many CECs that enter the environment through different pathways, with wastewater treatment plants being the main input of these pollutants. Several technologies for the removal of these pollutants have been developed through the years, but there is still a lack of sustainable technologies suitable for being applied in natural environments. In this regard, solutions based on natural biological processes are attractive for the recovery of contaminated environments. Bioremediation is one of these natural-based solutions and takes advantage of the capacity of microorganisms to degrade different organic pollutants. Degradation of pollutants by native microorganisms is already known to be an important detoxification mechanism that is involved in natural attenuation processes that occur in the environment. Thus, bioremediation technologies based on the selection of natural degrading bacteria seem to be a promising clean-up technology suitable for application in natural environments. In this review, an overview of the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals is carried out, in which bioremediation tools are explored for the removal of these pollutants from impacted environments.

scholarly journals Critiques of the Rational Actor Model and Foreign Policy Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alden
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Foreign Policy Analysis ◽  
Actor Model ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Many

Foreign policy decision making has been and remains at the core of foreign policy analysis and its enduring contribution to international relations. The adoption of rationalist approaches to foreign policy decision making, predicated on an actor-specific analysis, paved the way for scholarship that sought to unpack the sources of foreign policy through a graduated assessment of differing levels of analysis. The diversity of inputs into the foreign policy process and, as depicted through a rationalist decision-making lens, the centrality of a search for utility and the impulse toward compensation in “trade-offs” between predisposed preferences, plays a critical role in enriching our understanding of how that process operates. FPA scholars have devoted much of their work to pointing out the many flaws in rationalist depictions of the decision-making process, built on a set of unsustainable assumptions and with limited recognition of distortions underlined in studies drawn from literature on psychology, cognition, and the study of organizations. At the same time, proponents of rational choice have sought to recalibrate the rational approach to decision making to account for these critiques and, in so doing, build a more robust explanatory model of foreign policy.

scholarly journals Emergency Messaging to General Public via Public Wireless Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 188-200
Author(s):  
L-F Pau ◽  
P. Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
End User ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Technical Cost ◽  
Short Messaging Services

Warnings to the broad population in an emergency situation, irrespective of location and condition, are a public policy responsibility. Public wireless networks offer now the opportunity to deliver emergency warnings in this way with explanations, because in many countries, the mobile penetration rates and coverage are higher than any other access form. This chapter summarizes the analysis of the selection process between short messaging services (SMS) and Cell Broadcast (CB) messaging in the context of Denmark based on end user requirements, stakeholder roles and case-based analysis. It demonstrates the many technical, cost-benefit, and other trade-offs needed in supporting the population now with a dependable and wide-spread technology. This research is the basis for a national policy.

scholarly journals Water and Energy nexus: findings of the World Water Development Report 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 366 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
M. Miletto
Keyword(s):  
Policy Makers ◽  
Water Development ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The World ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Many

Abstract. The post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are likely to include increased access to water and energy services. The fifth edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR) Water and Energy aims to contribute to the this international process by informing the decision-making about the interlinkages, potential synergies and trade-offs as well as by stressing the need for appropriate responses and regulatory frameworks that account for both water and energy priorities. The Report provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the impacts of ever-increasing energy production on water resources and water users, including agriculture, rapidly expanding cities, expanding industry and the environment. It analyses major and emerging trends from around the world, with examples of how some of the trend-related challenges have been addressed, their implications for policy-makers, and further actions that can be taken by stakeholders and the international community. As the first of a new series of theme-oriented reports to be released on an annual basis, the WWDR 2014 marks a pivotal new direction for the WWDR series, for the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), and the many partner agencies that contribute substantially in the production of the flagship report of UN-Water.

scholarly journals Towards a Low-Carbon Economy: A Nexus-Oriented Policy Coherence Analysis in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysaida-Aliki Papadopoulou ◽  
Maria Papadopoulou ◽  
Chrysi Laspidou ◽  
Stefania Munaretto ◽  
Floor Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Low Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Many ◽  
Systematic Identification ◽  
Land Policies

The sustainable management of natural resources under climate change conditions is a critical research issue. Among the many approaches emerged in recent times, the so-called ‘nexus approach’ is gaining traction in academic and policy circles. The nexus approach presupposes the analysis of bio-physical, socio-economic and policy interlinkages among sectors (e.g., water, energy, food) for the identification of integrated solutions and the support of policy decisions. Ultimately, the nexus approach aims to identify synergies and trade-offs among the nexus dimensions. Concerning policy, the nexus approach focuses on policy coherence, i.e., the systematic identification and management of trade-offs and synergies between policies across sectors. This paper investigates the coherence between policies on the water-land-energy-food-climate nexus in Greece. The systematic analysis of policy documents led to the elicitation of nexus-related policy objectives and instruments. Then, the coherence among objectives and between objectives and instruments was assessed using the methodology proposed by Nilsson et al. A stakeholder (trans-disciplinary) orientation was adopted and the need to incorporate stakeholders’ recommendations as to policy coherence assessment was highlighted. Overall, the findings revealed that climate and food/agricultural policies represent critical future priorities in Greece by stimulating progress in other nexus-related policies (energy, water, land policies) and being positively influenced by them.

scholarly journals Food limitation constrains host immune responses to nematode infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 20160471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian M. Forbes ◽  
Tapio Mappes ◽  
Tarja Sironen ◽  
Tomas Strandin ◽  
Peter Stuart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Finite Energy ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Parasite Infections

Trade-offs in the allocation of finite-energy resources among immunological defences and other physiological processes are believed to influence infection risk and disease severity in food-limited wildlife populations. However, this prediction has received little experimental investigation. Here we test the hypothesis that food limitation impairs the ability of wild field voles ( Microtus agrestis ) to mount an immune response against parasite infections. We conducted a replicated experiment on vole populations maintained in large outdoor enclosures during boreal winter, using food supplementation and anthelmintic treatment of intestinal nematodes. Innate immune responses against intestinal parasite infections were compared between food-supplemented and non-supplemented voles. Voles with high food availability mounted stronger immune responses against intestinal nematode infections than food-limited voles. No food effects were seen in immune responses to intracellular coccidian parasites, possibly owing to their ability to avoid activation of innate immune pathways. Our findings demonstrate that food availability constrains vole immune responses against nematode infections, and support the concept that spatio-temporal heterogeneity in food availability creates variation in infectious disease susceptibility.

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