scholarly journals Is Childhood Obesity Associated with Bone Density and Strength in Adulthood?

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsti Uusi-Rasi ◽  
Pekka Kannus ◽  
Matti Pasanen ◽  
Harri Sievänen
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Adjustment ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Adult Bone

Associations between childhood obesity and adult bone traits were assessed among 62 obese premenopausal women, of which 12 had been obese since childhood (ObC), and 50 had gained excess weight in adulthood (ObA). Body composition and bone mineral content (BMC) of the total body, spine, and proximal femur were assessed with DXA. Total cross-sectional area and cortical (diaphyseal CoD) and trabecular (epiphyseal TrD) bone density of the radius and tibia were measured with pQCT. Compared to ObA-group, ObC-group was 5.2 cm taller having 2.5 and 3.5 kg more lean and fat mass, respectively. Depending on the statistical adjustment, ObC-group had 5–10% greater TrD both in tibia and in radius. The remaining bone traits did not significantly differ between the groups. Current preliminary observations bring up an interesting question whether childhood obesity can result in denser trabecular bone in adulthood. However, prudence must be exercised in the statistical adjustment.

scholarly journals The Positive Relationship between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Content Is Not Mediated by Free Leptin Index in Prepubertal Children: The PANIC Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5365
Author(s):  
Annie M. Constable ◽  
Josie E. Porter ◽  
Danielle Benger ◽  
Dimitris Vlachopoulos ◽  
Alan R. Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) positively influences bone mineral content (BMC) in prepubertal children, but it is unknown whether this relationship is partially mediated by free leptin index. The aim of this study was to examine whether the relationship between MVPA and total body less head (TBLH) BMC is mediated or moderated by free leptin index in prepubertal children. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 401 children (194 girls) from baseline examinations of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Childhood Study. We applied the four-way decomposition mediation analysis method to assess whether free leptin index, measured from fasted blood samples, mediated the relationship between accelerometer-measured MVPA and TBLH BMC measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: MVPA had a positive controlled direct effect on TBLH BMC in girls and boys (β = 0.010 to 0.011, p < 0.05). There was no mediation or interaction between MVPA, free leptin index and TBLH BMC in girls or boys (β = −0.000 to 0.001, p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study indicates that MVPA positively influences TBLH BMC through pathways not related to free leptin index in predominantly normal-weight prepubertal children, likely primarily through mechanical loading. The relationships between MVPA, free leptin index and TBLH BMC may be influenced by other factors such as pubertal status and adiposity, so it is unknown whether these observations extend to overweight and obese children at different stages of puberty.

Assessment of sand stabilization potential of a plant-derived biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunja Perić ◽  
Paul A. Bartley ◽  
Lawrence Davis ◽  
Ali Ulvi Uzer ◽  
Cahit Gürer
Keyword(s):  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Dry Sand

AbstractLignin is a coproduct of biofuel and paper industries, which exhibits binding qualities when mixed with water. Lignin is an ideal candidate for a sustainable stabilization of unpaved roads. To this end, an experimental program was devised and carried out to quantify effects of lignin on compaction and early age shear strength behaviors of sand. Samples were prepared by mixing a particular type of coproduct called calcium lignosulfonate (CaL) with sand and water. Based on the extensive analyses of six series of strength tests, it was found that a normalized cohesion increased with an increasing normalized areas ratio. Normalizations were carried out by dividing the cohesion and area ratio by gravimetric CaL content whereby the area ratio was obtained by dividing the portion of the cross-sectional area occupied with lignosulfonate-water (CaL-W) paste by the total cross-sectional area. While the increase in the normalized cohesion eventually leveled out, the cohesion peaked at 6% of CaL. Thus, sand-CaL-water (S-CaL-W) mixes sustained larger shear stresses than dry sand for a range of normal stresses below the limiting normal stress. Consequently, the early age behavior indicates that adding CaL-W to sand is clearly beneficial in the near-surface applications in dry sand.

Vegetation Changes around Haven Lake, Adak Island, Central Aleutians, Alaska, Determined from Pollen Analysis

Radiocarbon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1483-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Noguchi ◽  
Toshiyuki Fujiki ◽  
Mitsuru Okuno ◽  
Lyn Gualtieri ◽  
Virginia Hatfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Pollen Assemblage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Tephra Layers

ABSTRACTWe collected peat sediments (sediment core ADK13083002) from Haven Lake on the north side of Adak Island (central Aleutian Islands, Alaska) to determine whether the vegetation has changed. We confirmed the presence of six tephra layers, including Forty Years (0.3 cal ka BP), T2, YBO (3.3 cal ka BP), Intermediate (6.4 cal ka BP), Main (9.5 cal ka BP), and T6. We identified four major pollen assemblage zones (HL-1 to HL-4, in descending order) in the cored sediment. HL-1 was dominated by Ranunculaceae and Empetrum pollen; H-2 was dominated by Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Empetrum pollen; HL-3 was dominated by Poaceae and Empetrum pollen; and HL-4 was dominated by Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Lycopodiaceae, and Empetrum pollen. Small charcoal particles, likely transported from a distance, were found at low frequencies until 6.4 cal ka BP. The total cross-sectional area of charcoal particles increased to 1500 μm2 or more by 6.4 cal ka BP, implying that the large charcoal particles originated from nearby Aleut settlements, which were established around the same time.

scholarly journals Angiographic Anatomy of Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries and Association With Early Surgical Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Adamson ◽  
Doff B. McElhinney ◽  
Yulin Zhang ◽  
Jeffrey A. Feinstein ◽  
Lynn F. Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetralogy Of Fallot ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Pulmonary Circulation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries ◽  
Collateral Arteries ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Aortopulmonary Collateral

Background Due in part to the heterogeneity of the pulmonary circulation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs), research on this condition has focused on relatively basic anatomic characteristics. We aimed to detail pulmonary artery (PA) and MAPCA anatomy in a large group of infants, assess relationships between anatomy and early surgical outcomes, and consider systems for classifying MAPCAs. Methods and Results All infants ( <1 year of age) undergoing first cardiac surgery for tetralogy of Fallot/MAPCAs from 2001 to 2019 at Stanford University were identified. Preoperative angiograms delineating supply to all 18 pulmonary segments were reviewed for details of each MAPCA and the arborization and size of central PAs. We studied 276 patients with 1068 MAPCAs and the following PA patterns: 152 (55%) incompletely arborizing PAs, 48 (17%) normally arborizing PAs, 45 (16%) absent PAs, and 31 (11%) unilateral MAPCAs. There was extensive anatomic variability, but no difference in early outcomes according to PA arborization or the predominance of PAs or MAPCAs. Patients with low total MAPCA and/or PA cross‐sectional area were less likely to undergo complete repair. Conclusions MAPCA anatomy is highly variable and essentially unique for each patient. Though each pulmonary segment can be supplied by a MAPCA, central PA, or both, all anatomic combinations are similarly conducive to a good repair. Total cross‐sectional area of central PA and MAPCA material is an important driver of outcome. We elucidate a number of novel associations between anatomic features, but the extreme variability of the pulmonary circulation makes a granular tetralogy of Fallot/MAPCA classification system unrealistic.

Relationship among running mileage, bone density, and serum testosterone in male runners

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MacDougall ◽  
C. E. Webber ◽  
J. Martin ◽  
S. Ormerod ◽  
A. Chesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Density Measurements

Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between running volume and bone mineral mass in adult male runners. Whole body and regional bone mineral density were determined by dual-photon absorptiometry in 22 sedentary controls and 53 runners who were selected according to their running mileage to fall into a 5- to 10-, 15- to 20-, 25- to 30-, 40- to 55-, or 60- to 75-mile/wk group. All groups were of similar age (20–45 yr) and nutritional status, as determined by 7-day food records. Regional sites for bone density measurements included the trunk, spine, pelvis, thighs, and lower legs. In addition, serum total testosterone was determined in each subject and computed tomography scans were made of the lower legs in 34 subjects to assess bone cross-sectional area. No significant differences were detected for bone density measurements with the exception of the lower legs where it was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater for the 15- to 20-mile/wk group than for the control and 5- to 10-mile/wk groups. With mileage greater than 20 miles/wk, bone density of the lower legs showed no further increase and, in fact, tended to decrease, so that for the 60- to 75-mile/wk group it was similar to that of the controls. Cross-sectional area of the tibia and fibula when normalized to body weight tended to be greater as weekly mileage increased and was significantly greater in the 40- to 55-mile/wk runners than in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Genetic Effects on Skeletal Mechanosensitivity in Mice

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Turner ◽  
Alexander G. Robling
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Apposition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area

The accumulation of bone mass during growth can be enhanced by environmental factors such as mechanical loading (exercise) or calcium intake, but 60–70% of the variance in adult bone mineral density (BMD) is explained by heredity. Consequently, understanding the signaling pathways targeted by the genes governing bone accumulation holds perhaps the greatest potential in reducing fracture incidence later in life. Rodent models are particularly useful for studying the genetics of skeletal traits. Of the available inbred mouse strains, three in particular have been studied extensively in skeletal genetics: C57BL/6, DBA/2, and C3H/He. The C57BL/6 strain is characterized by low BMD and large total cross-sectional area (CSA) in the midshaft femur; the C3H/He strain exhibits very high femoral BMD and a smaller femoral CSA than the C57BL/6 mice; and DBA/2 mice have moderately high femoral BMD and a very small midshaft femur CSA. Mechanical loading of the skeleton during growth can substantially enhance periosteal bone apposition, and ultimately produce a diaphyseal cross section with enlarged area. Therefore we hypothesized that the mouse strain with greater femoral cross-sectional area (C57BL/6) might have a genetic predisposition for greater mechanosensitivity than mice with smaller cross sections (C3H/He and DBA/2).

Conservation of bronchiolar wall area during constriction and dilation of human airways

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 954-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Mitchell ◽  
E. Rühlmann ◽  
H. Magnussen ◽  
N. M. Muñoz ◽  
A. R. Leff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Human Airways ◽  
Contraction And Relaxation

Mitchell, R. W., E. Rühlmann, H. Magnussen, N. M. Muñoz, A. R. Leff, and K. F. Rabe. Conservation of bronchiolar wall area during constriction and dilation of human airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(3): 954–958, 1997.—We assessed the effect of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation on airway lumen subtended by the internal perimeter ( A i) and total cross-sectional area ( A o) of human bronchial explants in the absence of the potential lung tethering forces of alveolar tissue to test the hypothesis that bronchoconstriction results in a comparable change of A iand A o. Luminal area (i.e., A i) and A owere measured by using computerized videomicrometry, and bronchial wall area was calculated accordingly. Images on videotape were captured; areas were outlined, and data were expressed as internal pixel number by using imaging software. Bronchial rings were dissected in 1.0- to 1.5-mm sections from macroscopically unaffected areas of lungs from patients undergoing resection for carcinoma, placed in microplate wells containing buffered saline, and allowed to equilibrate for 1 h. Baseline, A o[5.21 ± 0.354 (SE) mm2], and A i(0.604 ± 0.057 mm2) were measured before contraction of the airway smooth muscle (ASM) with carbachol. Mean A inarrowed by 0.257 ± 0.052 mm2in response to 10 μM carbachol ( P = 0.001 vs. baseline). Similarly, A onarrowed by 0.272 ± 0.110 mm2in response to carbachol ( P = 0.038 vs. baseline; P = 0.849 vs. change in A i). Similar parallel changes in cross-sectional area for A iand A owere observed for relaxation of ASM from inherent tone of other bronchial rings in response to 10 μM isoproterenol. We demonstrate a unique characteristic of human ASM; i.e., both luminal and total cross-sectional area of human airways change similarly on contraction and relaxation in vitro, resulting in a conservation of bronchiolar wall area with bronchoconstriction and dilation.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY HABITUS AND CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF RIBS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Takahashi ◽  
Harold M. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Habitus ◽  
Normal People ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Relationship

A correlation study was performed of the relationship between the total cross-sectional area of the fifth, sixth, or seventh rib in its middle third, and the height, weight, and sex of its owner. The study involved 115 metabolically normal people and yielded high correlation coefficients between the calculated and observed total rib cross-sectional areas of 60 males and 55 females. It is suggested that the total cross-sectional area at a standard bone sampling site be used as a basis for normalizing measures of the severity of osteoporosis. This would allow one to make improved comparisons of the severity of osteoporosis between persons of different body habitus and sex.

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