scholarly journals Knowledge and attitude toward health and CVD risk factors among firefighters in Cape Town, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaron Ras ◽  
Duncan Mosie ◽  
Matthew Strauss ◽  
Lloyd Leach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Health Risk Behaviors ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Background: Firefighting is a hazardous occupation, and the firefighters’ fitness for duty is affected by their knowledge of and attitudes toward their health and their relationship in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude toward health and CVD risk factors among firefighters in South Africa.Design and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional research design. A sample of 110 firefighters, males and females, aged 18 to 65 years were conveniently sampled from the City of Cape Town Fire and Rescue Service. A researcher-generated self-administered questionnaire was completed online to obtain data from firefighters. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance.Results: The results showed that 52.8% of firefighters had a poor knowledge of health, and 47.2% had a good knowledge of health, while 10% reported a negative attitude towards health and 90.0% had a positive attitude towards health. There was a significant difference between firefighters’ knowledge of health and their attitudes toward health (p<0.05), particularly related to marital status, age, years of experience and in those with CVD risk factors (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between knowledge of CVD and knowledge of health-risk behaviors (p<0.05).Conclusion: Significant differences in health knowledge and attitudes toward health were present in married, aged and hypertensive firefighters. Overall health knowledge and health-risk behaviours were significant predictors of attitudes toward health.

scholarly journals Effect of DASH Diet Versus Healthy Dietary Advice on the Estimated Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272098095
Author(s):  
Marwa S. Said ◽  
Inas T. El Sayed ◽  
Eman E. Ibrahim ◽  
Ghada M. Khafagy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diet Versus

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most leading cause of mortality worldwide. Changes in diet can reduce subclinical cardiac injury and inflammation in parallel with reductions of other CVD risk factors. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of the DASH diet versus usual healthy dietary advice (HDA) on the estimated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods: It was a prospective interventional nonrandomized controlled study, conducted on 92 participants attending Family Medicine Outpatient Clinics, Cairo University. The participants were assigned to 2 dietary groups, the DASH and HDA groups, for 12 weeks. All subjects were subjected to anthropometric measurement, assessment of lipid profile, and the estimated cardiovascular risk pre-and post-intervention. Results: The estimated cardiovascular risk was reduced significantly in both the DASH and HDA groups, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the risk reduction. By comparing the percent change between pre and post-intervention in both DASH and HDA groups, the following are the results: BMI dropped by 6.5% versus 2.5%, systolic blood pressure decreased by 6.9% and 4.1%, fasting blood sugar dropped by 5.5% and 3.1%, total cholesterol dropped by 5.2% and 3.1%, LDL dropped by 8.2%, and 3.1%, and HDL increased by 8.2% and 2.4%, in DASH and HDA groups, respectively. Conclusion: Both the DASH diet and HDA are associated with improvement in CVD risk factors. Although better risk factors decline with the DASH diet, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups.

scholarly journals High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and insulin resistance 6 years after hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000740
Author(s):  
Tawanda Chivese ◽  
Shane A Norris ◽  
Naomi S Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Index Pregnancy ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
In Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and associated cardiovascular risk factors 6 years after hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy (HFDP) in Cape Town, South Africa.Research design and methodsData were collected during the index pregnancy from all women diagnosed with HFDP at a major referral hospital in Cape Town. Participants were evaluated 6 years later using a cross-sectional study. At follow-up participants had a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, fasting lipogram, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, and a fieldworker administered the questionnaire. We used the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and individual risk factors. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostatic model of insulin resistance.ResultsAt follow-up 220 women were reviewed. Their mean age at follow-up was 37.2 (SD 6.0) years. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors was 60.9% (95% CI 54.3 to 67.2) for metabolic syndrome, 75% (95% CI 65.9 to 82.3) for insulin resistance, 62.3% (95% CI 55.6 to 68.5) for dysglycemia, 41.4% (95% CI 35.0 to 48.0) for raised blood pressure, and 74.6% (95% CI 683 to 79.9) for dyslipidemia. Women with diabetes in pregnancy compared with those with gestational diabetes during the index pregnancy had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (74.3% vs 54.7%, p=0.010) and dysglycemia (88.6% vs 50.0%, p<0.001) at follow-up. Lower school education attainment, having a subsequent pregnancy, waist circumference at follow-up, and fasting blood glucose at HFDP diagnosis were associated with metabolic syndrome.ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of CVD risk factors in South African women within 6 years of HFDP, which highlights the need to develop and evaluate interventions optimizing the cardiometabolic health of this vulnerable group. The main limitations of our research are the lack of a comparative group of women without HFDP and that we did not assess for CVD risk factors before HFDP.

P6222Changes in main CVD risk factors in Finland 1992–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Jousilahti ◽  
T Laatikainen ◽  
T Harkanen ◽  
K Borodulin ◽  
K Harald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

Abstract Background Systematic monitoring of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors started in eastern Finland already in the 1970s as part of the North Karelia Project. Later on risk factor monitoring was extended to other parts of the country. Purpose In this study we report the trends of main CVD risk factors in Finland from 1992 to 2017. Methods Study population consists of a population-based random sample of 31 402 men and women aged 25–64 years who participated in the FINRISK Studies from 1992 to 2012, and in the FinHealth Study in 2017. Data collection was done every five years. Participation rate decreased from 76% in 1992 to 56% in 2017. Study protocol included self-reported questionnaire data on smoking and other health behavior, measurements of height, weight and blood pressure, and venous blood sample for laboratory analysis. Blood pressure was measured two times, and the average of the measurements was calculated, total serum cholesterol was analyzed using enzymatic method, and LDL cholesterol was calculated using Friedewald formula. Results Smoking prevalence, mean blood pressure and total and LDL cholesterol levels declined markedly during the 25 year follow up but BMI, waist circumference and prevalence of obesity increased (table). CVD risk factor change from 1992 to 2017 Risk factor Men 1992 Men 2017 p value Women 1992 Women 2017 p value Smoking (%) 36.7 20.6 <0.001 25.9 16.5 <0.001 SBP (mmHg) 136.6 131.2 <0.001 130.3 124.5 <0.001 DBP (mmHg) 82.7 81.6 <0.001 78.6 77.8 <0.001 Chol (mmol/L) 5.66 5.17 <0.001 5.42 5.18 <0.001 LDL chol (mmol/L) 3.54 3.16 <0.001 3.26 3.03 <0.001 BMI (kg/m2) 26.2 27.2 <0.001 25.1 26.4 <0.001 WC (cm) 92.8 96.1 <0.001 79.2 86.2 <0.001 Obesity (%) 15.7 23.2 <0.001 14.8 22.7 <0.001 Conclusions The levels of main traditional CVD risk factors have markedly decreased among the Finnish population during the last 25 years but in the same time, obesity has become a major public health challenge.

scholarly journals Lack of Excess Cardiovascular Risks among First Degree Relatives of Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Is Lifestyle the Cause?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiwo H Raimi ◽  
Bolade Folasade Dele-Ojo ◽  
Samuel A Dada ◽  
Joseph O Fadare
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
State University ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
The People ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is rising worldwide with a projected increase of more than 50% in next three decades. Family History of Diabetes (FHD) is a recognised risk factor for DM, but development of DM in relatives of people with the disease, who carry susceptible genes, is dependent on interaction with other factors such as nutrition, physical activity and environment. Aim: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and impact of lifestyle on the CVD risk factors among adult Nigerian with FHD. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among staff and students of Ekiti State University and Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Eighty-six participants with FHD were age and sex-matched with 86 participants who had no FHD. Relevant demographic and lifestyle information were obtained, and clinical measurements of Body Mass Index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences and blood pressures were obtained by standard protocols. Fasting plasma glucose and lipid panel were determined. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria (IDF). The clinical, laboratory and other variables of the people with FHD and those without FHD were compared with Pearson’s Chi-Square and Student’s t-test. Results: The age, clinical, anthropometric and laboratory parameters were similar between the two groups. Participants with FHD consume more poultry (17.6% vs 3.5%) and less red meat (27.1% vs 37.2%) than those without FHD (p=0.036), but the level of physical activity and consumption of fruits/vegetables, and smoking did not differ between the two groups. Metabolic syndrome was equally prevalent between the people with or without FHD (p=0.846). There was no significant difference (p>0.05), in the prevalence of CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and obesity between the two groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar among people with or without FHD. Healthy lifestyle may explain the lack of excess CVD risk factors among people with FHD.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Adults in North-Central Nigeria: Prevalence, Associated Factors and Assessment of Risk Using the Framingham Risk Score – Preliminary Results from a Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
GA Amusa ◽  
G Osaigbovo ◽  
L Imoh ◽  
B Awokola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Framingham Risk Score ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Framingham Risk

HIV/AIDS is an increasingly important cause of cardiovascular (CVD) morbidity world-wide. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of CVD risk factors in HIV positive (HIV+) adults and assessment of these risks using the Framingham risk score (FRS). A cross-sectional study of adult clients of the HIV clinic at Jos University Teaching Hospital. One hundred and fifty HIV+ selected randomly with 50 (age and sex matched) HIV negative (HIV-) participants were enrolled. Relevant history, physical examination and biochemical investigations and 12-lead electrocardiography were performed. Data was analyzed using Epi-info 7.2 statistical software and P value < 0.05 was considered significant. The prevalent major CVD risk factors were dyslipidaemia (30.0% versus 6.0%), hypertension (34.0% versus 10.0%) and diabetes mellitus (10.0% versus 2.0%) among the HIV+ and HIV- participants respectively. The FRS of the HIV+, 3 (IQR 3-28) were statistically significantly higher than that of the HIV- participants, 2 (IQR 1-13); P=0.001. Furthermore, 32% of the HIV+ had moderate-high FRS compared to 2% of HIV- participants. CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/ml, use of anti-retroviral (ART), ART use ≥ 2 years and use of protease inhibitors (PI) emerged as predictors of moderate-high FRS among the HIV+ participants. In conclusion, a high prevalence of CVD risk factors exists among HIV+ population in our local environment. These risk factors can be identified early by baseline/periodic cardiovascular work-up which should include use of CVD risk tools. Early diagnosis and treatment will significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients.

Abstract P165: Associations of Coronary Artery Calcium Volume and Density With Incident Heart Failure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nketi I Forbang ◽  
Erin Michos ◽  
Sonia Ponce ◽  
Isac Thomas ◽  
Matthew Allison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incident Heart Failure

Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) predicts incident heart failure (HF) independent of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. In MESA, Components of CAC, volume and density, have opposite associations with incident CVD, such that for a given volume of CAC, higher CAC density is inversely associated with events. The relationship between CAC volume and density with HF is unknown. Methods: We studied 6814 participants in a multi-ethnic, community-based cohort, free from clinical CVD at recruitment. CAC volume and density were measured by non-contrast cardiac CT at the baseline exam (2000-2002). Adjudicated HF events were assessed through 2014, and analysis limited to those with imaging confirmation and estimated ejection fraction (EF). Cox proportional hazard was used to estimate independent associations of baseline CAC volume and density with incident HF: HF with reduced (< 50%), and preserved EF (HFrEF & HFpEF respectively). Results: The mean age was 62 + 10 years, 47% were men, 38% identified as European-, 28% as African-, 22% as Hispanic-, and 12% as Chinese-ethnicity. Average time to 189 HF events (119 HFrEF & 70 HFpEF) was 6.6 years. In unadjusted models, higher CAC volume (HR 1.27 [1.02-1.59], p=0.03), but not CAC density (HR 0.87 [0.67-1.13], p=0.29) was significantly associated with incident HF, non-significant associations were observed with HFrEF, or HFpEF, and no significant associations were observed for all three outcomes after adjustments for demographics and CVD risk factors (Table). Also, in unadjusted analyses, stratified by sex (p-value for interaction = 0.13), higher CAC volume was associated with increased risk for HF (HR 1.37 [1.03-1.81], p=0.03) and HFpEF (HR 1.76 [0.99-3.16], p=0.06), in males only. No significant associations were observed after adjustments. Conclusion: In a multi-ethnic cohort, CAC volume and density were not independently associated with HF, the trend for volume was positive while density was inverse. Low frequency of incident HF in our cohort was an important limitation.

scholarly journals Cardiac Catheterization Procedures in Patients with HIV: A Retrospective Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Bertrand Ebner ◽  
Louis Vincent ◽  
Jelani Grant ◽  
Claudia Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Catheterization ◽  
Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
South Florida ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Significant Difference

With the advent of effective antiretroviral therapies, there has been a decrease in HIV-related mortality, but an increase in non-AIDS-related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD). We sought to investigate current status of cardiac catheterization (CC) procedures in people with HIV (PWH). This is a retrospective study done at a University Hospital in South Florida between 2017 and 2019. Medical records from 985 PWH indicated that CC was performed in 1.9% of the cases. Of the PWH who underwent CC, 68% were found to have obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Among obstructive CAD cases, PCI was performed in 77% and CABG in 21% of cases; 26% had a repeat procedure and 11% died from non-cardiac causes. When comparing PWH who had CC to those who did not, there was a significantly higher rate of statin use (63% vs. 25%, p < 0.015) and a higher prevalence of low ejection fraction (38% vs. 11%, p = 0.004) among those patients who underwent CC. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.13), HbA1c levels (p = 0.32), CD4 count (p = 0.45) nor in undetectable viral load status (p = 0.75) after controlling for age, sex and BMI. Despite the finding of traditional CVD risk factors among PWH, there were no differences in HIV-related factors among patients requiring CC, supporting the importance of optimization of traditional CVD risk factors in this population.

scholarly journals Cardio vascular risk profile among diabetic patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Odisha, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Shubhransu Patro ◽  
Sushant Kande ◽  
Dandi Suryanarayana Deo ◽  
Debasis Pathi ◽  
Sidharth Arora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Diabetes is associated with reduced quality of life and wide range of complications including CVD which vary geographically. The likely causes for the dramatic increase in the CVD rates include lifestyle changes associated with urbanization and the epidemiologic as well as nutritional transitions that are associated with economic development. This study aims to identify the CVD risk factors that exists among the diabetes patients of Odisha.Methods: The study was conducted in KIMS during July-December 2016. A total of 300 diabetic and 300 non-diabetic patients were included in the study. Medical history and lifestyle data were collected using a pretested structured format and a separate checklist for laboratory results. Patient interview, physical examination and laboratory analysis were performed. Chi-square test was performed to identify significance of difference between prevalence of risk factors between diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses (forward stepwise addition) were performed to identify the variables significantly associated with CVD risk factors. Significance level of 5% was considered.Results: Total 376 males and 224 females were enrolled in the study with higher proportion of male participants in both diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Overall mean age of study subjects was 47.5±10.4 years. No significant difference was observed for demographic distribution between both groups. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among diabetic patients was 86%, while prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia were 71% and 62.3% respectively.Conclusions: Overall prevalence of CVD risk factors observed in this study among population of Odisha, is higher compared to reported prevalence for other regions of India.

Abstract P139: Association of a Potentially Functional Wnt Pathway Mutation With Carotid Artery Wall Traits in African Ancestry Men

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison L Kuipers ◽  
Iva Miljkovic ◽  
Emma Barinas-Mitchell ◽  
Ryan Cvejkus ◽  
Clareann H Bunker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Wnt Pathway ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Artery Wall ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Carotid Artery Wall ◽  
Mutation Carriers ◽  
Significant Difference

The wingless (Wnt) pathway is known to regulate many human systems, including embryonic development, bone mineralization, and cancer. There is emerging basic research evidence that the Wnt pathway is also involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and vascular damage repair. However, there have been no studies of the Wnt pathway and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in human populations. In a cohort of Afro-Caribbean men (the Tobago Health Study (THS)), we previously identified a potentially functional coding mutation (Ala64Thr) in the Frizzled-1 ( FZD1 ) gene, which acts as a co-receptor with the low-density lipoprotein receptor protein (LRP) to initiate the Wnt signaling cascade. This mutation has a carrier frequency of ~4% in the THS and additional studies reported in the 1000 genomes project have found similar frequencies in other predominantly West African populations. In order to investigate the phenotypic consequences of this Wnt pathway mutation on subclinical CVD, we measured carotid artery wall traits using B-mode ultrasonography in 64 Ala64Thr mutation carriers and 395 controls from the THS. For this analysis, carotid artery measures of interest included carotid plaque prevalence, and common carotid mean intima-media thickness (IMT), inter-adventitial diameter (IAD), and lumen diameter (LD). We assessed differences in carotid traits by Ala64Thr status using multiple linear regression adjusting for CVD risk factors, including age, BMI, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Men were aged 64 years and were overweight (BMI: 27.5kg/m 2 ), on average. Prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes is high in this sample (66% and 24%, respectively). Men with Ala64Thr tended to be older and had higher prevalence of hypertension than non-carriers (P<0.05 for both). Carrying the Ala64Thr mutation was associated with significantly wider carotid diameters and, after adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors, mutation carriers had >1/3 of a SD greater LD than non-carriers (P=0.01). The effect magnitude of this mutation was similar for IAD, though not statistically significant (P=0.08). There was no significant difference in carotid IMT or plaque prevalence. While this mutation is not expected to be severely deleterious using in silico prediction software, Ala64 is highly conserved and located in a putative signaling peptide sequence. Carriers of a low frequency FZD1 coding mutation show greater remodeling of the carotid artery compared to non-carriers, suggesting that the Wnt pathway may be involved in vascular changes that occur early in the atherosclerotic disease process.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Morgan ◽  
BA Griffin ◽  
DJ Millward ◽  
A DeLooy ◽  
KR Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Weight Watchers

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relative efficacy of four popular weight-loss programmes on plasma lipids and lipoproteins as measures of CVD risk.DesignA multi-centred, randomised, controlled trial of four diets – Dr Atkins’ New Diet Revolution, The Slim-Fast Plan, Weight Watchers Pure Points programme and Rosemary Conley’s ‘Eat yourself Slim’ Diet and Fitness Plan – against a control diet, in parallel for 6 months.Setting and subjectsThe trial was conducted at five universities across the UK (Surrey, Nottingham, Ulster (Coleraine), Bristol and Edinburgh (Queen Margaret University College)) and involved the participation of 300 overweight and obese males and females aged 21–60 years in a community setting.ResultsSignificant weight loss was achieved by all dieting groups (5–9 kg at 6 months) but no significant difference was observed between diets at 6 months. The Weight Watchers and Rosemary Conley (low-fat) diets were followed by significant reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol (both −12·2 % after 6 months, P < 0·01), whereas the Atkins (low-carbohydrate) and Weight Watchers diets were followed by marked reductions in plasma TAG (–38·2 % and –22·6 % at 6 months respectively, P < 0·01). These latter two diets were associated with an increase in LDL particle size, a change that has been linked to reduced CVD risk.ConclusionsOverall, these results demonstrate the favourable effects of weight loss on lipid-mediated CVD risk factors that can be achieved through commercially available weight-loss programmes. No detrimental effects on lipid-based CVD risk factors were observed in participants consuming a low-carbohydrate diet.

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