scholarly journals Gross anatomy of superficial fascia and future localised fat deposit areas of the abdomen in foetus

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 529-532
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Arvind Kumar Pandey ◽  
Brijesh Kumar ◽  
K. S. Aithal ◽  
Antony Sylvan Dsouza
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Contouring ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Superficial Fascia ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Intrauterine Life ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
The Future

ABSTRACT Background: The development and popularity of body contouring procedures such as liposuction and abdominoplasty has renewed interest in the anatomy of the superficial fascia and subcutaneous fat deposits of the abdomen. The study of anatomy of fascia and fetal adipose tissue was proposed as it may be of value in understanding the possible programing of prevention of obesity. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to understand the gross anatomy of superficial fascia of abdomen and to study the gross anatomy of future localized fat deposits (LFDs) area of abdomen in fetus. Materials and Methods: Four fetus (two male & two female) of four month of intrauterine life were dissected. Attachments & layers of superficial fascia and future subcutaneous fat deposit area of upper and lower abdomen were noted. Results: Superficial fascia of the abdomen was multi layered in mid line and number of layers reduced laterally as in adult. The future abdominal LFD (localized fat deposits) area in fetus shows brownish-white blubbary tissue without well-defined adult fat lobules. Conclusion: The attachment and gross anatomy of superficial fascia of the fetus was similar to that in adults. The future LFD areas showed brownish white blubbary tissue with ill-defined fat lobules.

scholarly journals Anatomical study of superficial fascia and localized fat deposits of abdomen

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 478-483
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Arvind K. Pandey ◽  
Brijesh Kumar ◽  
Shrinivas K. Aithal
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Superficial Fascia ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Membranous Layer ◽  
Metal Casing

ABSTRACT Background: The development of liposuction and abdominoplasty has renewed interest in the anatomy of the localized fat deposits (LFD) areas of the abdomen. This study aims at ascertaining the gross anatomy of superficial fascia and the localized fat deposits of abdomen. Materials and Methods: Eight adult cadavers (four males and four females) were dissected. Attachments, number of layers of fascia and colour, shape and maximum size of the fat lobules in loin, and upper and lower abdomen were noted. Thickness of deep membranous layer of superficial fascia of upper abdomen and lower abdomen were measured by metal casing electronic digital calipers, with resolution being 10 μm. The independent sample t-test, ANOVA for comparison and Pearson coefficient for correlation were used. Results: Superficial fascia of the abdomen was multilayered in the midline and number of layers reduced laterally. The shape, size, color, and arrangement of fat lobules were different in different locations. The thickness of the fascia of the lower abdomen in males (mean 528.336 ± SE38.48) was significantly (P<0.041) more than that in females. (Mean 390.822 ± SE36.24). Pearson correlation between thickness of the membranous layer of the upper and lower abdomen revealed moderately positive correlation (r=0.718; P<0.045). Conclusions: The LFD in the central region of the abdomen corresponds to the area of multilayered fascia with smaller fat lobules. The relatively thinner supporting fascia of the lower abdomen in females may be responsible for excessive bulges of the lower abdomen. The fat lobule anatomy at different sites under study was different.

scholarly journals Stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue as an alternative source of cellular material for regenerative medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
A. S. Sultanova ◽  
◽  
O. Ya. Bespalova ◽  
O. Yu. Galkin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽  
Cellular Material ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Fat Deposits

Adipose tissue is the most convenient source of cellular material for regenerative medicine as it can be obtained in significant quantities via cosmetic liposuction, lipoaspiration of subcutaneous fat or by excision of fat deposits. Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes and cells, which are the part of the stromal-vascular fraction (SVF). Different cell populations can be isolated from SVF, among which the population of adipose tissue stem cells (adipose-derived stem cells, ADSC) is especially important for regenerative medicine. SVF can be obtained relatively easily from adipose tissue (adipose tissue is an alternative to bone marrow in terms of being a source of stem cells) and used to treat various pathologies. Recent studies show that SVF not only has a therapeutic effect similar to that of ADSC, but in some cases is even more effective. The article provides the analysis of the main methods of SVF obtainment, characteristics of SVF cellular composition, its potential for use in clinical medicine and its main advantages over other sources of cellular material, including­ ADSC cultured in vitro, for regenerative medicine. Keywords: adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells, regenerative medicine, stromal-vascular fraction

scholarly journals Muscle metabolome and adipose tissue mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in over-conditioned dairy cows differing in serum-metabotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Sadri ◽  
Morteza Hosseini Ghaffari ◽  
Katharina Schuh ◽  
Christian Koch ◽  
Helga Sauerwein
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

AbstractOver-conditioned dairy cows, classified by body condition score (BCS) and backfat thickness (BFT) are less able to metabolically adapt to the rapidly increasing milk yield after parturition. Based on serum metabolome and cluster analyses, high BCS cows (HBCS) could be classified into metabotypes that are more similar to normal (NBCS) cows, i.e., HBCS predicted normal (HBCS-PN) than the HBCS predicted high (HBCS-PH) cows—similar to the concept of obese but metabolically healthy humans. Our objective was to compare muscle metabolome and mRNA abundance of genes related to lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue between HBCS-PH (n = 13), HBCS-PN (n = 6), and NBCS-PN (n = 15). Tail-head subcutaneous fat was biopsied on d −49, 3, 21, and 84 relative to parturition. Potential differences in the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle were assessed by targeted metabolomics in M. semitendinosus from d 21. Besides characteristic changes with time, differences in the mRNA abundance were limited to lipogenesis-related genes on d −49 (HBCS-PH > HBCS-PN). The HBCS-PH had more than two-fold higher muscle concentrations of short (C2, C4-OH, C6-OH) and long-chain acylcarnitines (C16, C18, and C18:1) than HBCS-PN, indicating a greater oxidative capacity for fatty acids (and utilization of ketones) in muscle of HBCS-PN than HBCS-PH cows.

scholarly journals Effect of an Endurance and Strength Mixed Circuit Training on Regional Fat Thickness: The Quest for the “Spot Reduction”

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3845
Author(s):  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
Andrea Casolo ◽  
Matteo Saoncella ◽  
Carlo Bertaggia ◽  
Marco Fantin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traditional Resistance Training ◽  
Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Training Protocol

Accumulation of adipose tissue in specific body areas is related to many physiological and hormonal variables. Spot reduction (SR) is a training protocol aimed to stimulate lipolysis locally, even though this training protocol has not been extensively studied in recent years. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the effect of a circuit-training SR on subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy adults. Methods: Fourteen volunteers were randomly assigned to spot reduction (SR) or to a traditional resistance training (RT) protocol. Body composition via bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and subcutaneous adipose tissue via skinfold and ultrasound were measured before and after eight weeks of training. Results: SR significantly reduced body mass (p < 0.05) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (p < 0.05). Conclusions: circuit-training SR may be an efficient strategy to reduce in a localized manner abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue depot.

Unusual increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 expression in rat inguinal adipose tissue

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
Jacek Turyn ◽  
Adriana Mika ◽  
Piotr Stepnowski ◽  
Julian Swierczynski
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Rat Adipose Tissue

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the location of body fat deposits may play an important role in the risk of developing some endocrine and metabolic diseases. We have studied the effect of food restriction and food restriction/refeeding, often practiced by individuals trying to lose body weight, on the expression of genes which are associated with obesity and certain metabolic disorders in inguinal, epididymal, and perirenal rat white adipose tissues. Gene expression was analyzed by real time semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and by Western blot. We found that prolonged food restriction caused a significant decrease of body and adipose tissue mass as well as the increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 gene expressions in all main rat adipose tissue deposits. Food restriction/refeeding caused increases of: a) Scd1 and Elovl6 mRNA levels in adipose tissue, b) Scd1 protein level and c) desaturation index in adipose tissue. The increased expression of both genes was unusually high in inguinal adipose tissue. The results suggest that the increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 gene expressions in white adipose tissue by prolonged food restriction and prolonged food restriction/refeeding may contribute to accelerated fat recovery that often occurs in individuals after food restriction/refeeding.

scholarly journals Estrogen Metabolism in Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postmenopausal Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 4588-4595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Hetemäki ◽  
Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen ◽  
Matti J Tikkanen ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Hanna Paatela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Estrogen Metabolism ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Estrogen Exposure

Abstract Context In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little is known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different AT depots. Objective We compared concentrations of and metabolic pathways producing estrone and estradiol in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT in postmenopausal women. Design, Setting, Patients, and Interventions AT and serum samples were obtained from 37 postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum and AT estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Activity of steroid sulfatase and reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was measured using radiolabeled precursors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of estrogen-converting enzymes was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Estrone concentration was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 928 vs 706 pmol/kg; P = 0.002) and correlated positively with body mass index (r = 0.46; P = 0.011). Both AT depots hydrolyzed E1S to estrone, and visceral AT estrone and estradiol concentrations correlated positively with serum E1S. Compared with visceral AT, subcutaneous AT produced more estradiol from estrone (median rate of estradiol production, 1.02 vs 0.57 nmol/kg AT/h; P = 0.004). In visceral AT, the conversion of estrone to estradiol increased with waist circumference (r = 0.65; P = 0.022), and estradiol concentration correlated positively with mRNA expression of HSD17B7 (r = 0.76; P = 0.005). Conclusions Both estrone and estradiol production in visceral AT increased with adiposity, but estradiol was produced more effectively in subcutaneous fat. Both AT depots produced estrone from E1S. Increasing visceral adiposity could increase overall estrogen exposure in postmenopausal women.

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

scholarly journals Testosterone therapy decreases subcutaneous fat and adiponectin in aging men

2012 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Frederiksen ◽  
K Højlund ◽  
D M Hougaard ◽  
T H Mosbech ◽  
R Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Testosterone Therapy ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Bioavailable Testosterone ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
Total Fat

ObjectiveTestosterone therapy increases lean body mass and decreases total fat mass in aging men with low normal testosterone levels. The major challenge is, however, to determine whether the metabolic consequences of testosterone therapy are overall positive. We have previously reported that 6-month testosterone therapy did not improve insulin sensitivity. We investigated the effect of testosterone therapy on regional body fat distribution and on the levels of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin, in aging men with low normal bioavailable testosterone levels.DesignA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 6-month testosterone treatment (gel) in 38 men, aged 60–78 years, with bioavailable testosterone <7.3 nmol/l, and a waist circumference >94 cm.MethodsCentral fat mass (CFM) and lower extremity fat mass (LEFM) were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and thigh subcutaneous fat area (TFA) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Adiponectin levels were measured using an in-house immunofluorometric assay. Coefficients (b) represent the placebo-controlled mean effect of intervention.ResultsLEFM was decreased (b=−0.47 kg, P=0.07) while CFM did not change significantly (b=−0.66 kg, P=0.10) during testosterone therapy. SAT (b=−3.0%, P=0.018) and TFA (b=−3.0%, P<0.001) decreased, while VAT (b=1.0%, P=0.54) remained unchanged. Adiponectin levels decreased during testosterone therapy (b=−1.3 mg/l, P=0.001).ConclusionTestosterone therapy decreased subcutaneous fat on the abdomen and lower extremities, but visceral fat was unchanged. Moreover, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased during testosterone therapy.

Influence of Free Fatty Acid Concentrations and Weight Loss on Adipose Tissue Direct Free Fatty Acid Storage Rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyi Jia ◽  
B Gisella Carranza Leon ◽  
Michael D Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Abstract Context The factors that determine the recycling of free fatty acids (FFA) back into different adipose tissue depots via the direct storage pathway are not completely understood. Objective To assess the interactions between adipocyte factors and plasma FFA concentrations that determine regional FFA storage rates. Design We measured direct adipose tissue FFA storage rates before and after weight loss under high FFA (intravenous somatostatin and epinephrine) and low (intravenous insulin and glucose) FFA concentrations. Setting Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Unit. Patients Sixteen premenopausal women, BMI 30 - 37 kg/m 2. Intervention Comprehensive lifestyle weight loss program. Main Outcome Measure Direct FFA storage rates in upper and lower body subcutaneous fat. Results Over the entire range of FFA and under isolated conditions of elevated FFA concentrations the storage rates of FFA into upper and lower body subcutaneous fat per unit lipid were associated with concentrations, not adipocyte fatty acid storage factors. Under low FFA conditions, direct FFA storage rates were related to adipocyte CD36 content, not tissue level content of fatty acid storage factors. Weight loss did not change these relationships. Conclusions The regulation of direct FFA storage under low FFA concentration conditions appears to be at the level of the cell/adipocyte content of CD36, whereas under high FFA concentration conditions direct FFA storage at the tissue level is predicted by plasma FFA concentrations, independent of adipocyte size or fatty acid storage factors. These observations offer novel insights into how adipose tissue regulates direct FFA storage in humans.

scholarly journals Visceral obesity: A new risk factor for stone disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilker Akarken ◽  
Hüseyin Tarhan ◽  
Rahmi Gökhan Ekin ◽  
Özgür Çakmak ◽  
Gökhan Koç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Stone Disease ◽  
Flank Pain ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Introduction: We examined the relationship between stone disease and the amount of visceral adipose tissue measured with unenhanced computed tomography (CT).Methods: We included 149 patients with complaints of flank pain and kidney stones detected by CT, from August 2012 to April 2013. In addition, as the control group we included 139 healthy individuals, with flank pain within the same time period, with no previous history of urological disease and no current kidney stones identified by CT. Patients were analyzed for age, gender, body mass index, amount of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and serum level of low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride.Results: There were no differences between groups in terms of gender and age (p = 0.27 and 0.06, respectively). Respective measurements for the stone and control groups for body mass index were 29.1 and 27.6 kg/m2; for visceral fat measurement 186.0 and 120.2 cm2; and for subcutaneous fat measurements 275.9 and 261.9 cm2 (p = 0.01; 0.01 and 0.36, respectively). Using multivariate analysis, the following factors were identified as increasing the risk of kidney stone formation: hyperlipidemia (p = 0.003), hypertension (p = 0.001), and ratio of visceral fat tissue to subcutaneous fat tissue (p = 0.01). Our study has its limitations, including its retrospective nature, its small sample size, possible selection bias, and missing data. The lack of stone composition data is another major limitation of our study.Conclusion: The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue, in addition to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, was identified as an emerging factor in the formation of kidney stones.

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