Frequency of concentrate supplementation for cattle fed barley straw. 2. Ruminal dilution rates, pH and metabolite concentrations

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Tellier ◽  
G. W. Mathison ◽  
E. K. Okine ◽  
D. McCartney ◽  
R. Soofi-Siawash
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Protein Feeding

Five ruminally cannulated crossbred steers (474 ± 30 kg) were fed diets containing 70% barley straw and 30% concentrate in an unbalanced 5 × 5 Latin square design experiment to in vestigate the effects of frequency of feeding concentrate (daily, alternate days or every third day) with different dietary protein concentrations (7.9 and 11.5%) on ruminal liquid and particulate dilution rates, pH and metabolite concentrations. Dilution rates of cobalt-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (Co- EDTA) and chromium-mordanted fibre did not differ when low- and high-protein concentrates were fed. Supplemental protein increased (P < 0.05) mean ruminal ammonia concentrations (3.3 vs. 1.6 mM), but had no influence on ruminal concentrations of organic acids. Frequency of concentrate feeding had no influence on dilution rate of digesta markers, pH or on mean ruminal concentrations of ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid. Mean concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid and butyric acid were, however, reduced (P < 0.05) when steers were fed concentrates on alternate days. The reduced (P < 0.01) ruminal acetic:propionic acid ratios observed in steers fed concentrates on alternate days were consistent with reduced heat productions. Positive relationships (P < 0.05) were obtained between heat production of steers and ruminal concentrations of isobutyric and valeric acids. It was concluded that the low-protein diet did not provide sufficient protein to meet microbial requirements and that under controlled feeding conditions cattle can be fed concentrate on alternate days or every third day without the occurrence of lactic acidosis. Additional research is warranted to examine the relationships between reduced heat production of steers fed concentrates on alternate days and ruminal concentration and production of organic acids. Key words: Cattle, straw, protein, feeding frequency, rumen metabolites, lactic acid

IN SITU DEGRADABILITY OF BARLEY STRAW IN CATTLE FED A BARLEY STRAW AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH ISOBUTYRIC ACID

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. MIR ◽  
Z. MIR
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Molar Percent

A feeding trial was conducted using a 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of isobutyric acid (IBA) supplementation of a diet containing 60% barley straw and 37% crested wheatgrass hay, on voluntary intake, rate of passage of solids from the rumen and in situ degradability of barley straw. IBA supplementation at 0, 2 and 4% of dietary dry matter (DM) resulted in voluntary intakes of 6.6, 7.1 and 7.6 kg d−1. Although the rate of passage of solids from the rumen of the diet supplemented with IBA at 4% of DM was 2.82% h−1 and was 1.89 and 1.97 times that of the other two diets, it was not statistically different (P > 0.05). Effective in situ degradability of either DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF) of barley straw was not affected by IBA supplementation. However, potentially digestible DM, NDF and ADF were increased at the 4% level of IBA supplementation. Rumen ammonia levels were similar across all treatments and ranged from 5.33 to 5.93 mg dL−1. Supplementation with IBA did not affect molar percent of the rumen volatile fatty acids other than acetic acid and IBA. Although not significant, supplementation of the diet with 4% of dietary DM with IBA resulted in a 13.7% increase in intake. Key words: Cattle, barley straw, in situ degradability, isobutyric acid

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Metabolism of propane-1:2-diol infused into the rumen of sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Clapperton ◽  
J. W. Czerkawski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Total Volatile

1. Propane-1:2-diol (loog/d) was infused through a cannula into the rumen of sheep receiving a ration of hay and dried grass. The concentration of volatile fatty acids, propanediol, lactic acid and of added polyethylene glycol, and the pH of the rumen contents were measured. The energy metabolism of the sheep was also determined.2. Most of the propanediol disappeared from the rumen within 4 h of its infusion. The infusion of propanediol resulted in a 10% decrease in the concentration of total volatile acids; the concentration of acetic acid decreased by about 30%, that of propionic acid increased by up to 60% and there was no change in the concentration of butyric acid.3. The methane production of the sheep decreased by about 9% after the infusion of propanediol and there were increases in the oxgyen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heat production of the animals; each of these increases was equivalent to about 40% of the theoretical value for the complete metabolism of 100 g propanediol.4. It is concluded that, when propanediol is introduced into the rumen, a proportion is metabolized in the rumen and a large proportion is absorbed directly. Our thanks are due to Dr J. H. Moore for helpful discussions, to Mr D. R. Paterson, Mr J. R. McDill and Mr C. E. Park for looking after the animals and to Miss K. M. Graham, Miss A. T. McKay and Mrs C. E. Ramage for performing the analyses.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

The influence of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage offered in combination with three levels of concentrate supplementation on performance of lactating dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Smith ◽  
A. R. Henderson ◽  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
D. A. Whitaker ◽  
K. Aitchison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation

AbstractThree silages were prepared from the primary growth of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward (dry matter (DM) 175 g/kg; crude protein 142 g/kg DM; water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) 243 g/kg DM). Herbage was wilted for 24 h and then treated with either an inoculant/enzyme preparation (Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici), formic acid applied at 4·2 lit (Add F, BP Chemicals) or no additive. Time series analysis of laboratory silages revealed that different patterns of fermentation had been achieved: formic acid treatment resulted in high levels of residual WSC and low levels of lactic acid, indicative of an inhibited fermentation, whilst treatment with the inoculant/enzyme preparation resulted in high levels of lactic acid with a low level of residual sugars, as expected with an enhanced fermentation. Analysis of the material ‘as fed’ showed that losses in the WSC content of the formic acid-treated silage had occurred in the clamp. Secondary fermentation of lactic to acetic acid was apparent in the untreated silage, but not in the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage. Digestibility, as determined using Greyface wether lambs, was marginally higher for both additive treatments when compared with the untreated silage. An evaluation of the silages for milk production was carried out at three levels of concentrate supplementation using 18 Ayrshire × British Friesian cows in a replicated 3×3 Latin-square design experiment. Treatment with formic acid resulted in significantly higher DM intakes, but this was not reflected in milk energy output. Cows offered the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage partitioned energy away from milk production toward body tissue deposition (average milk yields 19·9, 19·9 and 15·2 kg/day, and weight gain 0·26, 0·38 and 0·81 kg/day for the untreated, formic acid and inoculant/enzyme-treated silages respectively). The reason for this is not clear, but it is postulated that microbial capture of degraded nitrogen may have been impaired with the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage, resulting in an imbalance in metabolizable protein: metabolizable energy.

scholarly journals QUALITY OF ALFALFA SENAGE WITH THE«GREENGRASSE 3×3» BIOPRESERVATIVE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Nikolai Mironov ◽  
Anna Karamayeva ◽  
Sergei Karamayev ◽  
Larisa Bakayeva
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of the research is to improve the quality and nutritional value of the alfalfa haylage applying the «Green-grass 3×3» biopreservative with herbage. Current biological preparations contain live cultures of specially selected lactic, propionic acids, and sporogenous bacillus, a complex of amino acids, enzymes, vitamins and minor nutrient elements. Preparation use with herbage during haylage leads to intensification the lactic acid fermentation, im-provement of ratio of organic acids, increase the content of nutrients and ensuring their reliable safety during stor-age. The research was carried out at the milk production complex of «Radna» LLC in the Samara region. The re-search was provided involving Holstein and Ayrshire breeds. The haylage was fed to cows in the amount of 24 kg as part of a balanced feed mixture in accordance with the casein diet. As a result of applying a bio-preservative with herbage, the content of organic acids in the ready made feeds increased by 0.54%, including lactic acid – by 0.80%. The dry weight increased by 4.6%, available energy – by 37.4%, energy feed units – by 9.1%, digestible protein – by 13.8%, crude fiber – by 0.9%. Feeding the cows haylage with a bioconservative increased the meta-bolic processes in the tripe of animals. Ciliata weight in the ruminal fluid of Holstein cows increased by 29.0%, Ayr-shire – by 25.8%, number of bacteria, respectively, by 26.5 and 27.5%. As a result, the content of total nitrogen in-creased by 15.0-15.1%, protein nitrogen – by 40.4-42.9%, and ammonia, on the contrary, decreased by 40.0-40.6%. The content of volatile fatty acids decreased by 12.6-16.2%, while the proportion of acetic acid increased by 7.73-8.71%. All this had a positive effect on the digestibility of nutrients by the animals of the experimental groups. The digestibility of the dry weight of the feed increased, respectively, by 4.14-4.57%, and its components – by 4.23-6.97%.

Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barrios-Urdanetat ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractThe effect of carbohydrate supplementation on rumen utilization of ammonia-treated straw was studied in four rumen-cannulated ewes (42•0 (s.e. 2•80) kg live weight) in a Latin-square design. Diets were a 50: 50 mixture of ammoniated barley straw and a concentrate made up with different ratios of barley grain and citrus pulp, namely M1 (100: 0), M2 (66: 33), M3 (33: 66) and M4 (0: 100). Concentrates also included soya-bean meal and urea to make diets isonitrogenous. Diets were given in one meal in the morning at 0•8 kg/day. There were no significant differences among treatments in daily weighted means of rumen pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids. Acetate, propionate and butyrate molar proportions were not different among treatments, but proportions of isobutyrate (P < 0•05) and isovalerate (P < 0•10) were higher for M1 and M2. Ammonia concentration immediately before feeding was lower (P < 0•05) for M3 and M4 (72•1 and 51•3 mg/l) than for M1 and M2 (97•0 and 107•9 mg/ l). Total rumen bacterial concentration was higher (P < 0•05) with the highest barley proportion, whereas enzymatic activity against structural carbohydrates of particle-associated bacteria did not differ significantly among treatments. Digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre increased (P < 0•05) with the increase in the proportion of citrus pulp in the concentrate (0•647, 0•674, 0•684 and 0•693 for M1, M2, M3 and M4; s.e. = 0•0086). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased linearly (P < 0•05) as the proportion of citrus pulp in the diet increased, while faecal excretion of purine bases was not significantly affected by dietary treatments.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE ON THE DIGESTION OF BROMEGRASS CONSTITUENTS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. FRANKLIN ◽  
J. E. WINCH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Wall Components

A nylon bag technique was used to study the effect of concentrate feeding on the rate and extent of digestion of bromegrass constituents in eight fistulated sheep fed rations at or slightly above maintenance, at concentrate to bromegrass ratios of 3:97, 22:78, 44:56 and 66:34. The eight sheep were arranged in a double 4 × 4 latin square design with nylon bag incubation times of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Rations containing 44 and 66% concentrate depressed rumen digestion of bromegrass dry matter at both 24- and 48-h incubation times. The extent of digestion depression varied among sheep and was related to the animal's ability to buffer increases in rumen acidity. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose followed trends similar to that of dry matter. Rumen osmolality, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels appeared to have little relationship to bromegrass dry matter digestion. The apparent or total gut digestibility of cell wall components was not depressed. This suggested that additional digestion took place in the ileum, cecum and colon and that the proportion of concentrate supplementation may affect ruminal but not the total gut utilization of roughage at maintenance levels of intake.

A comparison of supplementary sources of nitrogen and energy for increasing the voluntary intake and utilization of barley straw by sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
P. D. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Ground Wheat

SUMMARYChopped barley straw was fed ad libitum to penned Romney wether sheep. Supplements of urea, ground wheat grain + urea, lucerne hay and autumn saved pasture (ASP) were given for five periods each of 3 weeks using a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The latter three supplements supplied similar amounts of nitrogen and approximately 20% of the energy required for maintenance.The concentration of ammonia in the rumen fluid of sheep fed the basal straw diet was low and was increased by all the supplements. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid was unaffected by supplementation with urea, but was increased by the three supplements of nitrogen and energy. Differences in VFA molar proportions between treatments were small.Sheep offered straw alone had a digestible energy (DE) intake of 69% of maintenance and showed a weight loss of 121 g/day. Supplementation with urea had no effect upon apparent energy digestibility (42%) or voluntary intake, but significantly reduced the rate of live-weight loss. The lucerne hay and ASP supplements also had no effect upon straw consumption, but increased total DE intake to 87% of maintenance due to the additional energy provided by the supplements, and reduced live-weight loss. Supplementation with wheat + urea increased the estimated amount of digestible organic matter derived from straw by 8·5%, increasing DE intake to 94% of maintenance and reducing live-weight loss to 18 g/day.Averaged over all five groups of animals, straw intake increased by 9% in the second period of feeding and then gradually decreased with time, reaching a value in period 5 which was similar to period 1.

Effect of feeding organic acids on gastrointestinal digesta measurements at various times postweaning in pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Risley ◽  
E. T. Kornegay ◽  
M. D. Lindemann ◽  
C. M. Wood ◽  
W. N. Eigel
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

In Study 1, pigs (n = 54) weaned at 21 ± 2 d were fed a 20% CP corn-soybean meal based diet only (control) or with 1.5% fumaric or 1.5% citric acid. One half of the pigs on each treatment were orally challenged on days 3, 7 or 14 postweaning with 1010E. coli (0157:K88+) to observe the effects on scouring and on intestinal digesta pH, Cl− concentration, VFA and non-volatile acid profiles, and microflora concentrations in the stomach, jejunum, cecum and lower colon when pigs were necropsied 5, 9 or 16 d postweaning. The E. coli challenge increased (P < 0.05) the severity of scouring. Organic acids had no appreciable effects on severity of scouring and intestinal measurements except for fumaric and succinic acid concentrations which were greater in the stomach (P < 0.001) and jejunum (P < 0.05) of pigs fed fumaric acid. The E. coli challenge had no significant effect on pH, Cl− concentration, and lactobacillus or E. coli concentrations, but did increase (P < 0.05) the concentration of lactic acid in the jejunum, and total VFA in the lower colon. From days 5 to 16 postweaning, pH decreased (P < 0.002) in the cecum, Cl− concentration increased (P < 0.03) in the jejunum, lactobacillus counts decreased (P < 0.001) in the jejunum and increased (P < 0.004) in the lower colon, and E. coli counts decreased in the jejunum (P < 0.07), cecum (P < 0.02) and lower colon (P < 0.001). In Study 2, pigs (n = 96) weaned at 21 ± 2 d were similarly fed organic acids as in Study 1 and half of the animals in each treatment were orally challenged with E. coli on day 3 postweaning. During the 15-d experiment, E. coli challenge decreased (P < 0.05) ADG by 20% and increased F:G 19% from 7 to 15 d postweaning and increased (P < 0.001) the severity of scouring between days 4 and 11 postweaning. Feeding organic acids had no measurable effect on growth performance or scouring and did not modify the effects of the postweaning E. coli challenge. Key words: Pigs, pH, organic acids, volatile fatty acids, lactobacillus, Escherichia coli

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