Ontogeny of belly nosing in pigs weaned at 14 days of age: A study from weaning to 13 weeks of age

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Bench ◽  
H W Gonyou
Keyword(s):  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Tail Biting ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Belly Nosing

As weaning age decreases, belly nosing tends to increase, and can have lasting effects on growth, as well as the frequency of nosing and chewing penmates into the grow-finish phase of development. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of belly nosing and sucking in early-weaned pigs as these behaviours relate to other oral-nasal behaviours, such as tail biting. Piglets sired by Duroc (n = 120) and Large White (n = 122) boars were weaned at 14 d of age and observed at 18, 23, 28, 50, 63 and 91 d of age for nosing and sucking behaviours during nursery and grow-finish. Continuous observations at 21 and 35 d of age were used to determine mean belly nosing and sucking bout lengths. Belly nosing commenced within 4 d of weaning, peaked in incidence at 23-28 d of age and gradually decreased thereafter (P < 0.001). Belly sucking gradually increased with age (P < 0.001). Belly nosing and sucking bout durations also increased with age (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), with belly nosing bouts lasting an average of 17.5 (21 d) to 27.3 (35 d) s compared with mean belly sucking bouts of 22.6 (21 d) to 58.1 (35 d) ss. The results suggest that vices associated with belly nosing continue to present a welfare concern in latter stages of developmentKey words: Behaviour, ontogeny, pigs, belly nosing, early weaned

Interactions between weaning age, weaning weight, sex, and enzyme supplementation on growth performance of pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
D. K. Kerton ◽  
P. D. Cranwell ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Daily Gain

Digestive capacity of early-weaned pigs may be insufficient to fully digest many ingredients currently used in weaner diets. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether an exogenous enzyme preparation with broad carbohydrase activity could benefit pigs that developmentally might be immature at weaning, especially with regard to gastrointestinal development. Eighty Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the factors being: weaning age (14 or 24 days), weaning weight (heavy or light), sex (boar or gilt), and dietary Biofeed Plus CT (0 or 500 μg/g) which contained fungal xylanases, pentosanases and β-glucanases. Pigs were housed individually and given a wheat-based (550 g/kg) diet containing 15.0 MJ DE and 15.9 g lysine/kg on an ad libitum basis for 21 days. The diet also contained 50 g/kg of soybean meal and 50 g/kg of lupin (Lupinus�angustifolius) kernels. The liveweights of heavy (H) pigs weaned at 24 or 14 days and light pigs (L) weaned at 24 or 14 days were 7.9 and 5.3 and 5.2 and 3.9 kg, respectively. Pigs weaned at 14 days grew slower (157 v. 345 g/day) than those weaned at 24 days, although there was a suggestion of an interaction between age and weight at weaning (P = 0.081). Thus, H and L pigs weaned at 14 days grew at 148 and 166 g/day, whereas H and L pigs weaned at 24 days grew at 374 and 315 g/day, respectively. Although there was no main effect of enzymes on daily gain (248 v. 254 g/day, P = 0.80), feed intake (278 v. 284 g/day, P = 0.79), or feed conversion ratio (1.19 v. 1.25, P�=�0.35), there were interactions with weaning age on daily gain (P = 0.050) and feed intake (P = 0.060). Pigs weaned at 14 days grew slower (176 v. 138 g/day) and ate less (206 v. 174 g/day), whereas pigs weaned at 24 days grew faster (321 v. 369 g/day) and ate more (351 v. 394 g/day), when supplemented with enzymes. During the third week after weaning there were interactions between dietary enzymes and sex (P = 0.060) and dietary enzymes and age (P = 0.023) on daily gain. Thus, pigs weaned at 24 days and supplemented with Biofeed Plus CT grew more quickly during the third week (559 v. 460 g/day), whereas the converse was true for pigs weaned at 14 days (286 v. 334 g/day). Also, enzyme-supplemented boars grew better over this period (457 v. 371 g/day), whereas the converse was true for gilts (388 v. 423 g/day). In conclusion, these data clearly indicate that the greatest determinant of post-weaning performance under the present conditions was the age of the pigs at weaning. Dietary enzyme supplementation appeared most efficacious in boars weaned at an older age, although benefits did not become apparent until 2 weeks after weaning.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO FULL-FAT SOYBEAN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
A. O. FANIMO
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Weaned Pig ◽  
Almost All

24 Large White X Landrace pigs weaned at 28 about 10% of the total feed is said to offer days with initial liveweight of 5.27±0.23 kg were valuable additional micro-nutrients such as fed four animal protein concentrates (fish meal However, almost all the fish (FM), Chicken offal meal (COM), fresh blood meal (FBM) and parboiled blood meal (PBM) diets based on full-fat soybean (FFSB) for 8 prices weeks to test different animal protein sources of protein and for early weaned pig. The diets contained 23% crude protein and 3100 Kcal ME/kg diet. Blood meal slightly reduced weight gain and feed intake but compared favourably with fish meal and chicken offal meal in efficiency of feed utilization. Parboiling of the blood slightly (P>0.05) depressed the performance of the pigs;even when the pigs had the same feed intake.. Fish meal increased (P<0.05) serum total protein and serum albumin levels.This study indicated that early weaned pigs fed soybean based diets supplemented with chicken offal meal and blood meal gave similar performance to those fed diet supplemented with fish meal.

scholarly journals Performance and nutrient digestibility of crossbred weaned pigs fed raw pride of barbados (Caesalpina pulcherrima) seed meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
A. A. Ogunbode ◽  
A. F. Baderinwa ◽  
I. O. Gbemisola
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Final Body Weight

Deficit of conventional feed resources in meeting increased demand has led to hike in their prices culminating in soaring cost of livestock feed. This has necessitated the search for cheap and easily available alternatives. Pride of barbados seed which constitute a waste has potential of becoming a cheap and easily available feed resource. Performance and nutrient digestibility of dietary inclusion of raw pride of barbados seed meal was evaluated in an eight week feeding trial. Atotal of sixteen crossbred (Large White x Landrace) weaned pigs of eight weeks of age were weighed and allotted to four dietary treatments with four pigs each being a replicate in a completely randomized design. Diet 1 (control) was without raw pride of barbados seed meal while 5%, 10% and 15% of virgin raw pride of barbados were included in diets 2,3 and 4 respectively. Weekly weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and nutrient digestibility of raw pride of barbados seed meal was also determined. Results revealed a significant average final body weight of 16.75kg (diet 3) to 24.50kg (diet 4).The pigs fed 15% raw pride of barbados had the highest feed intake of 137.20kg in diet 4 while the lowest feed intake was obtained in pigs fed 10% (diet 3) inclusion level of raw pride of barbados. Pigs maintained on the control diet had the best feed conversion (7.60kg) while the pigs fed diet 3 had the lowest feed conversion ratio (8.93kg). Crude protein, ether extract and dry matter digestibility was highest at T4 (84.15%, 80.21% and 86.70%) respectively while the least values (68.71%, 65.75% and 71.10% was obtained in T2 and T3 respectively. This study concluded that 15% inclusion of raw pride of barbados in the diets of crossbred weaned pigs had no deleterious effect on performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs.

Influence of early weaning on the behavioural patterns and growth performance in large white Yorkshire (LWY) piglets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sravanthi ◽  
D. Suresh Babu ◽  
A. Anitha ◽  
P. Asha Latha
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Group 1

The behavioural pattern and growth performance of three groups of LWY piglets weaned at different ages was studied for six months. The first, second and third groups were weaned at 25, 40 and 56 days, respectively. The playing and huddling behavior was more in group 1 piglets. While fighting, standing, locomotion and tail biting behavior was more in group 2 piglets. Whereas the lying behavior was more in group 3 piglets. There was a significant difference (P is less than 0.01) among the three groups of piglets for all behavioral patterns. The post weaning weight (kg) gains reached 56.63 ± 0.41, 65.03 ± 0.36 and 63.09 ± 0.38 Kg for group 1, group 2 and group 3 respectively, at the end of study period. A significant difference (P is less than 0.01) was observed among the three groups for all the fortnightly interval body weights. The mean average daily gain for group 1, 2 and 3 was 0.33, 0.38 and 0.36 respectively. Significant difference (P is less than 0.01) had been observed between the groups for average daily gain. The present study had suggested that early weaning at 40days age was more advantageous than 25 days age and conventional 56days weaning age.

scholarly journals Effects of weaning age on post-weaning belly nosing behavior and umbilical lesions

2002 ◽  
pp. 78-80
Author(s):  
R G Main ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
Jim L Nelssen ◽  
Steven S Dritz
Keyword(s):  
Weaning Age ◽  
Belly Nosing

scholarly journals Impact of increasing weaning age on pig performance and belly nosing prevalence in a commercial multisite production system

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamil E G Faccin ◽  
Fernanda Laskoski ◽  
Luciana F Hernig ◽  
Rafael Kummer ◽  
Gustavo F R Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Belly Nosing ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Trial

Abstract The effects of increasing weaning age in a commercial production system on nursery and finishing performance were evaluated. A total of 1,176 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 14 and 10 replications/weaning age on the nursery and finishing phases, respectively. Treatments included weaning litters at 19, 22, 25, or 28 d of age. In the nursery, as weaning age increased, initial (5.04, 5.70, 6.52, and 7.26 kg) and final body weight (BW) (18.2, 19.8, 23.0, and 25.1 kg) increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001). Increasing the weaning age reduced (linear, P &lt; 0.001) the prevalence of pigs exhibiting belly nosing (27.6%, 15.0%, 6.5%, and 1.4%) during the first 3 wk. The percentage of pigs losing weight during the first week after weaning (35.1%, 28.7%, 12.4%, and 9.2%) decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as weaning age increased. Average daily gain (ADG; 295, 320, 374, 406 g/d) and average daily feed intake (493, 534, 619, 661 g/d) increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001), while feed efficiency (G:F) (596, 599, 604, and 615) tended to increase (linear, P = 0.081) with weaning age. Removal rate (8.01%, 3.79%, 2.29%, and 1.65%) declined (linear, P = 0.001) as weaning age increased, while there was no evidence of difference (P = 0.463) in mortality rate (0.71%, 0.36%, 0.96%, 1.04%). In the finishing period, BW at 136 d post-weaning (114.9, 117.8, 124.7, and 126.5 kg) and ADG (1.02, 1.04, 1.08, and 1.07 kg/d) improved (linear, P &lt; 0.001). There was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.24) in removal (1.5%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.0%) or mortality rates (0.9%, 1.0%, 1.0%, and 1.4%) with changes in weaning age. When performance was analyzed at a common day of life (164 d of age), no effects of weaning age (P &gt; 0.25) were found for BW (125.2, 124.4, 128.0, and 126.5 kg) and lifetime ADG (growth rate from birth to market) (754, 751, 774, and 762 g/d). The BW sold per pig weaned increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) with weaning age. Even though the slope indicated a linear response, the magnitude of improvement was high until 25 d, before exhibiting diminishing returns from 25 to 28 d. Thus, the study suggests that increasing the weaning age can be an effective strategy to improve the overall performance in a commercial system. Although lifetime performance was not affected by the weaning age range studied, the consistent effect in the nursery and the increment in the number of pigs reaching the market facilitated by the improvement in the removal rate in the nursery phase imply that 25 d is the optimal weaning age.

Lifetime and post-weaning determinants of performance indices of pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
D. K. Kerton ◽  
P. D. Cranwell ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Ad Libitum

The present study was designed to determine the interrelationships between sex, weaning age, and weaning weight on subsequent growth performance. Ninety-six Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being: age at weaning (14 or 28 days), weight at weaning (heavy or light), and sex (boar or gilt). Eighty pigs were offered a high quality pelleted weaner diet ad libitum while the remaining 16 pigs (2 pigs from each treatment group) were removed from the sow and fasted for 24 h before being euthanased for determination of gut histology and enzymology. The remaining pigs were weaned into individual pens and given an ad libitum diet containing 15.5 MJ DE/kg and 0.95 g available lysine/MJ DE. On Day 6 and 13 after weaning, 2 pigs from each group at each time had their feed removed and, 24 h later, were euthanased. From 3 weeks post-weaning, the remaining pigs were group-penned with contemporary pigs and fed commercial rations until slaughter at 23 weeks of age. In the first week after weaning, the heavy pigs and those weaned at 28 days ate more feed and grew faster, and gilts ate more and grew faster than boars over the same time. Pigs that were heavier at weaning were also heavier at every subsequent age. At slaughter, heavy boars weighed more than heavy gilts (110.5 v. 103.7 kg, P = 0.027), whereas this was not the case for light boars and gilts (94.1 v. 94.4 kg, P = 0.96). Whereas there were no effects of sex or weight at weaning on P2 backfat depth, pigs weaned at 14 days had more backfat at 23 weeks than pigs weaned at 28 days (13.1 v. 10.9 mm, P = 0.009). In conclusion, these data clearly indicate that the greatest determinants of immediate post-weaning performance under the present conditions were the age and weight of the pigs at weaning. However, the key determinant of lifetime growth rate appeared to be weight of pigs at weaning or, by inference, birth. Although age at weaning had no effect on lifetime growth rate, early-weaned pigs were fatter at slaughter.

The influence of a barrier on the behaviour and growth of early-weaned piglets

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 140-140
Author(s):  
N.K. Waran ◽  
D.M. Broom
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Large White ◽  
Floor Space ◽  
Belly Nosing ◽  
High Level

The Codes of Recommendation for the Welfare of Livestock : Pigs (1991) suggest that the minimum total floor space for pigs growing to 20 kg should be 0.15 m2 per pig. This space allowance should be adequate for sleeping, feeding, dunging and exercise. However, no allowance has been made for the space the pig needs to signal submission during an aggressive interaction, and it may be that this is one of the reasons why weaning is associated with such a high level of aggression and a reduction in growth rate. The objective of this experiment was to try to reduce aggression and belly-nosing and to improve weight gain by building a hide area (using a barrier) into conventional weaner pens. The steel-framed barriers that were used took up very little space in the pens. Three trials involving 120 Large White X Landrace piglets were carried out. In each trial, piglets were weaned at 24 days and were assigned at random to one of four treatments; straw pen with a barrier, straw pen with no barrier, flatdeck cage with a barrier, flatdeck cage with no barrier, each group contained ten piglets.

Effect of weight and age based split weaning on growth performances and welfare of Large White Yorkshire piglets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulvinder Singh Sandhu ◽  
Dalpat Singh Malik ◽  
Chandrahas . ◽  
Sarada Prasanna Sahoo ◽  
Amrit Lal Saini
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
Growth Performances ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Kg Medium ◽  
Normal Reference Value

With an objective to minimize the weaning stress and to maximize the welfare, early weaning was combined with split weaning in 41 piglets of Large White Yorkshire (LWY). Weaning method was either “Weight Based Early or Split Weaning” i.e. TES or “Conventional Weaning” i.e. TC and treated as control. The weaning age in TC was 56 days. In TES, heavier (> 1.5 kg) medium weighing (1.0-1.5 kg) and lighter (> 1.0 kg) piglets were weaned at 30 (TESH), 37 days (TESM) and 42 days (TESL), respectively. Different records pertaining to body weight, feed consumption, haematological profiles etc. were collected up to 120 days. At the end of the study period, body weight of piglets was almost equal in both groups. The overall ADG at the end of study period was almost equal in all three sub-groups and in control. FCR of piglets under split and conventional weaning groups was significantly better (P>0.05) in TESH than Tc group, both during pre- and post-weaning period. The PCV (%) and TLC value under different sub-groups of split-weaned piglets were almost similar to different sub-groups of conventionally weaned piglets and were within normal range. There were significant differences among haemoglobin level among different sub-group of TES and Tc and it was within the range of normal reference value. From the present study it can be concluded that split weaned piglets performed almost equally to conventionally weaned piglets.

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