BORON DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY IN CROPS GROWN ON SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MacKay ◽  
W. M. Langille ◽  
E. W. Chipman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments

Eight crops were grown in greenhouse experiments on limed and fertilized sphagnum peat soil treated with various rates of borax. All crops, including beans and potatoes which have low requirements, gave marked response to borax when none was present in the chemicals used for correcting soil acidity. Commercial lime apparently provided sufficient boron as an impurity to reduce the response considerably.Boron levels accumulating from successive applications were toxic to sensitive crops like oats and beans, only when heavy rates had been applied. With cabbage, a tolerant crop, the heaviest rate of 600 pounds/acre, applied over a 4-year period, gave no indication of toxicity.Boron deficiency was alleviated and maximum crop yields were obtained at water-soluble soil boron concentrations ranging from 1.5 p.p.m. for beans to 2.8 p.p.m. for lettuce. Toxicity symptoms were apparent at soil levels extending from 4.8 p.p.m. for oats to > 11 p.p.m. for cabbage.Minimum sufficiency concentrations in the plant tissue varied from 12 p.p.m. in beans and potatoes to 32 p.p.m. in spinach. The lowest values associated with toxicity extended from 105 p.p.m. in oats to > 200 p.p.m. in cabbage.

EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM APPLICATIONS ON PLANT MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATION AND CROP YIELDS ON SPHAGNUM PEAT SOILS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
P. V. LEBLANC ◽  
E. W. CHIPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Molybdenum Concentration ◽  
Clover Plant

Studies were conducted on peat soils to determine the effect of Mo application on crop yields and plant tissue Mo concentrations. In a greenhouse experiment Mo applications resulted in highest crop yield increases for cauliflower with lesser increases for onions and red clover. Plant tissue Mo levels of less than 0.06, 0.04, and 0.03 mg kg−1 in onions, cauliflower, and red clover, respectively were in the deficiency range. Sufficiency levels for Mo were 0.1 mg kg−1 for onions, 0.07 mg kg−1 for cauliflower, and 0.27 mg kg−1 for red clover. No response to Mo was found on carrots even at plant tissue Mo concentrations as low as 0.04 and 0.15 mg kg−1 under greenhouse and field experiments, respectively. In the field study liming and Mo both increased carrot leaf Mo concentrations but only liming increased carrot yields. Key words: Molybdenum concentration, vegetables, red clover, sphagnum peat, liming

EFFECTS OF SOIL ACIDITY ON RHIZOBIA NUMBERS, NODULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION BY ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. RICE ◽  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments

The effects of soil acidity on nitrogen fixation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were investigated in field experiments at 28 locations, and in greenhouse experiments using soils from these locations. The pH of the soils (limed and unlimed) varied from 4.5 to 7.2. Rhizobia populations in the soil, nodulation, and relative forage yields (yield without N/yield with N) were measured in both the field and greenhouse experiments. Rhizobium meliloti numbers, nodulation scores, and relative yields of alfalfa decreased sharply as the pH of the soils decreased below 6.0. For soils with pH 6.0 or greater, there was very little effect of pH on any of the above factors for alfalfa. Soil pH in the range studied had no effect on nodulation scores and relative yields of red clover. However, R. trifolii numbers were reduced when the pH of the soil was less than 4.9. These results demonstrate that hydrogen ion concentration is an important factor limiting alfalfa growth on acid soils of Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, but it is less important for red clover. This supports the continued use of measurements of soil pH, as well as plant-available Al and Mn for predicting crop response to lime.

scholarly journals Effects of exogenous silicon on maize seed germination and seedling growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yankun Sun ◽  
Jiaqi Xu ◽  
Xiangyang Miao ◽  
Xuesong Lin ◽  
Wanzhen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System

AbstractAs the global population continues to increase, global food production needs to double by 2050 to meet the demand. Given the current status of the not expansion of cultivated land area, agronomic seedlings are complete, well-formed and strong, which is the basis of high crop yields. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of seed germination and seedling growth in response to silicon (from water-soluble Si fertilizer). The effects of Si on the maize germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll contents, osmoprotectant contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant contents and stomatal characteristics were studied by soaking Xianyu 335 in solutions of different concentrations of Si (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g·L−1). In this study, Si treatments significantly increased the seed germination and per-plant dry weight of seedlings (P < 0.05), and the optimal concentration was 15 g·L−1. As a result of the Si treatment of the seeds, the chlorophyll content, osmotic material accumulation and antioxidant defence system activity increased, reducing membrane system damage, reactive oxygen species contents, and stomatal aperture. The results suggested that 15 g·L−1 Si significantly stimulated seed germination and promoted the growth of maize seedlings, laying a solid foundation for subsequent maize growth.

Effects of processing on peat moss microflora

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvon Cormier ◽  
Anne Mériaux ◽  
Gilles Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Large Numbers

We studied the microflora of Quebec sphagnum peat moss samples taken from five different locations in a peat moss processing plant: soil, drying stacks, sedimented dust (walls and floor), and in bagged peat moss. Large numbers of microorganisms were found; the predominant ones were of the genus Monocillium (up to 112 × 106 colonies/g of dry peat) and the genus Penicillium (320 × 104 colonies/g dry weight). These moulds were more abundant in the processed peat moss than in the peat soil (e.g., Monocillium: soil, 138 × 103; processed peat, 112 × 106). Aspergillus spp. were absent in all five sample sites. We conclude that Quebec peat moss contains large quantities of microorganisms and that moulds become more concentrated during the processing of the peat from the soil to the final product.

Long-term effects of lime application on soil acidity and crop yields on a red soil in Central Zhejiang

2004 ◽  
Vol 265 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Cifu ◽  
Lu Xiaonan ◽  
Cao Zhihong ◽  
Hu Zhengyi ◽  
Ma Wanzhu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Red Soil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lime Application

Wood Ash Improved Soil Properties and Crop Yield for Nine Years and Saved Fertilizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabal S. Gill ◽  
Sukhdev S. Malhi ◽  
Newton Z. Lupwayi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Contribution Margin ◽  
Seed Yields

<p>Wood ash may be used to mitigate soil acidity and improve crop production. We compared effects of wood ash and recommended fertilizers on soil properties of a Gray Luivsol, crop yields and contribution margins in southeast Peace, Alberta, Canada. The CHK (no fertilizer, inoculation or wood ash), FRT (recommended fertilizers or inoculation), ASH (wood ash rate to supply amounts of phosphorus equivalent to the FRT treatment); and ASH+N (same as ASH + N fertilizer or inoculation) treatments were applied in 2006 and 2007. Their effects were studied from 2006 to 2014. Wood ash had all the essential plant nutrients, except nitrogen. Soil samples collected in 2007, 2008 and 2013 had or tended to have higher pH, P, K, Ca, Ca:Mg ratio, S, Cu, Zn and B levels for the ASH and ASH+N treatments than the CHK and FRT treatments. In the 2006 and 2007, the seed yields were ASH+N &gt; FRT &gt; ASH &gt; CHK. The seed yields in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 were greater from both the wood ash treatments than other treatments. Extra contribution margin from the ASH+N over the FRT treatment was $751/ha, i.e. $97 Mg<sup>-1</sup> of applied wood ash. Overall, wood ash reduced fertilizer expenditure and improved seed yield, contribution margin and soil properties, with residual effects observed up to seven years and likely for few more years.</p>

scholarly journals Alleviating soil acidity through plant organic compounds

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson R. Meda ◽  
Marcelo E. Cassiolato ◽  
Marcos A. Pavan ◽  
Mário Miyazawa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Oil Seed

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water soluble plant extracts on soil acidity. The plant materials were: black oat, oil seed radish, white and blue lupin, gray and dwarf mucuna, Crotalaria spectabilis and C. breviflora, millet, pigeon pea, star grass, mato grosso grass, coffee leaves, sugar cane leaves, rice straw, and wheat straw. Plant extracts were added on soil surface in a PVC soil column at a rate of 1.0 ml min-1. Both soil and drainage water were analyzed for pH, Ca, Al, and K. Plant extracts applied on the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca ex and Kex and decreased Al ex. Oil seed radish, black oat, and blue lupin were the best and millet the worst materials to alleviate soil acidity. Oil seed radish markedly increased Al in the drainage water. Chemical changes were associated with the concentrations of basic cations in the plant extract: the higher the concentration the greater the effects in alleviating soil acidity.

scholarly journals Assessing protopectin transformation potential of plant tissue using a zoned criterion space

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kondratenko ◽  
Tatyana Kondratenko ◽  
Andrey Petrov ◽  
Georgy Belozerov
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Criterion Space ◽  
Transformation Potential ◽  
Fragmentation Potential ◽  
Pectin Substances

Introduction. The existing diversity of plant raw materials and products predetermine the prospects of studying their potential as sources of pectin substances. However all current classifications are either fragmented or inconsistent. Study objects and methods. Our theoretical ivestigation aimed to develop an adequate classification for all taxa of plant origin, as well as their tissues and derivatives as pectin-containing materials. We developed criteria for assessing transformation potential of the protopectin complex based on the mass fractions of biologically active non-uronide components, native water-soluble pectin, the protopectin complex, and pectin substances. Individual boundary conditions were based on individual pectin potential, protopectin fragmentation potential, and pectin isolation potential. Results and discussion. Based on the boundary conditions, we defined an universal criterion space that included a set of points M in the coordinates expressed by three main criteria. According to individual boundary conditions, the criterion space was divided, or zoned, into four domains corresponding to protopectin fragmentation potential. They were characterized by: 1) lack of pectin potential, 2) ineffective protopectin fragmentation, 3) ineffective isolation of fragmentation products, and 4) effective isolation. Finally, we developed a generalized algorithm to determine the location of points M[μ1, μ2 , μ3 ] in the zoned criterion space, characterizing the plant tissue. Conclusion. Our approach can be used to assess any plant tissue for its protopectin transformation potential, which determines the technological influence on its pectin potential. This approach is universal, i.e., applicable to both plant tissue and its derivatives.

THE EFFECT OF CROPPING ON SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Townsend ◽  
D. C. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Chemical analysis, including a conventional scheme of proximate analysis as well as pre-treatment with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, were used to assess changes occurring in the chemical properties of a strongly acid sphagnum peat when it was limed, fertilized and cropped for 3- and 5-year periods. Pre-treatment was necessary to remove the large quantities of added fertilizer and limestone which were found to neutralize substantial amounts of the hydrochloric acid required for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose.In comparison with raw peat the percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose and the carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased in the cropped peat. The situation was reversed in the case of bitumen, the lignin-humic substances complex and cation-exchange capacity. The results indicated further that with cropping the composition of the peat tended towards the composition of an adjacent muck.

Effect of parent material, natural available soil boron, and applied boron and lime on the growth and chemical composition of lucerne on some acidic soils of the Central Tablelands of New South Wales

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (117) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Haddad ◽  
CJ Kaldor
Keyword(s):  
Boron Content ◽  
Boron Concentration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
South Wales

Fifteen acidic soils (0-1 5 cm), three from each of the five main parent materials in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, were collected for a glasshouse experiment. The hot water soluble boron content of these soils and some other related soil properties were measured. Boron at nil and 1.5 �g/g air-dried soil and lime at nil and 670 �g/g air-dried soil in a factorial combination were applied to the soils. The effects of the treatments on the performance of lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River) grown on these soils were studied. Boron application tended to increase the production of lucerne dry matter on sandstone, shale and slate, and granitic soils, but not on basaltic or alluvial soils. Also, it increased the boron concentration in the leaves of lucerne grown in all soils and consequently, reduced the calcium to boron ratio. The boron levels that produced 90% of the maximum yield and below which boron deficiency symptoms were manifested by the plants, were 0.34 �g/g in air-dried soil and 25 �g/g in oven-dried leaves. There was a linear correlation (r = 0.98) between the hot water soluble boron content of the untreated soils and the boron concentration in the leaves. The hot water soluble boron content of the soils derived from sandstone, shale and slate, and granite was much lower than the basaltic or alluvial soils and were nearly equal to or below the determined critical level. Although liming had the tendency to induce the symptoms of boron deficiency, the effect of lime was greater than boron in increasing the yield. The role of lime in eliminating the problems of these acidic soils and hence promoting the yield of lucerne is discussed.

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