Utilization of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) Larvae as a Protein Source for Fish Feed: A Review

Aquaculture plays a major role in curbing malnutrition and food insecurity. Nonetheless, aquaculture sustainability is threatened by expensive fish feeds due to the overreliance on fish meal (FM) as the main source of protein. Fish meal is not only expensive but also scarce due to declining capture fisheries and competition from other animal feed producers. This has prompted research on potential FM replacers, amongst them the black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens). The BSF larvae can effectively convert organic wastes into a potential valuable feed source, and its high nutritional content (crude protein of up to 64% dry matter) is vital for fish feed formulation. Nevertheless, there are no documented studies on the complete replacement of FM in the diets of fish using BSF larvae. Therefore, the current study reviewed 107 research publications related to BSF larvae vis-a-visfish feeds production to build capacity for existing theories, identify gaps, and suggest new and further research directions, based on the previous studies available in the area of larvae production and utilization in aquaculture nutrition. The study results are expected to help farmers make an informed decision on how to reduce the cost of fish production, increase yields, thus promoting food security, livelihoods, and ecological balance.

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Potential the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in Feed Formulation for Growth of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Research Journal of Life Science ◽

10.21776/ub.rjls.2020.007.03.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 154-161

Author(s):

Ayu Azkiyah Azizah ◽

Arning Wilujeng Ekawati ◽

Happy Nursyam

Keyword(s):

Organic Waste ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Growth Media ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The utilization of maggot as larvae from black soldier fly is an alternative substitution of fish meal as the primary protein source in fish feed. Maggot is cultivated in 3 different cultivation, the medium used is organic waste, tofu waste, and wheat pollard. The method that used in this research is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replication. This study aims to determine the effect of various types of maggot growth media, 1) with maggot biomass parameters, containers, and growing media conditions maggot, 2) then, exact proximate composition, total amino acids content of the prepupae samples were determined. Based on the results of the analysis, each dose of treatment (media) has an influence on the different maggot biomass. The best media treatment results are pollard flour. The proximate analysis showed that BSF larvae had a protein content of 50,88% and also fat content of 15%.

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Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as an Alternative Protein Source for Animal Feed

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.14334/wartazoa.v26i2.1327 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 069 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

April Hari Wardhana

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Source ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Alternative Protein ◽

Amino Acid Requirements

Increasing demand of protein source for animal feed, particularly fish meal and soybean meal has led to a problem in the future. It is a need to look for an alternative protein source, in order to meet amino acid requirements maintaining livestock production level. Insects possesing high quality, efficient dan rich protein content at all life stages such as Black Soldier Fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) could be used as one of the alternatives. The flies grow and reproduce easily, have high feed efficiency and can be reared on bio-waste streams. These are neither pests nor vectors of diseases. Insect meal generally possesses levels of chemical contaminants which are below recommended maximum concentrations. The larvae have antibacterial (Escherichia coli O15:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis) and antiviral (enterovirus and adenovirus ) properties. Larvae of BSF could be scaled up easily and possess 40-50% protein content, including some essential amino acids that can be used to replace both fish meal and soybean meal in feed.

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Seaweed-fed black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as feed for salmon aquaculture: assessing the risks of pathogen transfer

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2017.0067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 15-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. Swinscoe ◽

D.M. Oliver ◽

A.S. Gilburn ◽

B. Lunestad ◽

E.-J. Lock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Critical Control Points ◽

Low Levels ◽

Hermetia Illucens Larvae

Sustainable ingredients for animal feed are becoming scarcer. Insects have emerged as a promising protein and lipid ingredient for fish feed, and black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae in particular have great potential to efficiently convert organic matter into high value protein and fat. Seaweeds are a sustainable source of organic matter and complex carbohydrates, but can also provide marine long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for fly larvae, and therefore could offer a commercially attractive alternative to traditional aquafeeds. However, pathogenic bacteria and faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) readily attach to seaweeds, therefore before this novel BSF larvae feed ingredient is advocated, microbiological risk assessments are warranted to ensure animal and public health protection from farm-to-fork. In this study, screening of raw materials and finished products during formulation of experimental insect meal fish feed was undertaken to evaluate the potential for the introduction of selected bacterial pathogens and FIOs via seaweed substrate to BSF larvae, and subsequent survival during multiple manufacturing processing stages. Processed seaweed powder was found to be a microbiologically safe feed substrate for BSF larvae. Low levels of FIOs were associated with larvae at the point of harvest, although larvae meal and extracted lipids were free of FIOs immediately after processing. During handling, distribution and storage the larvae meal and other externally sourced raw feed ingredients for larvae rearing and feed pellet formation became contaminated with FIOs and Listeria spp. FIOs were also present, albeit at very low levels, in the finished feed pellets. Processing treatments provided effective decontamination, and FIO and pathogen concentrations in finished products never exceeded microbiological quality standards for insect processed animal proteins. Microbiological contamination of raw materials and finished products during packaging and distribution, or originating from production environments, were identified as critical control points, requiring assessment to ensure good hygiene practices.

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Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed – a review

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2016.0055 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 105-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

K.B. Barragan-Fonseca ◽

M. Dicke ◽

J.J.A. van Loon

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Background Information ◽

Larval Body ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Complete Replacement

The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been studied for its capability to convert organic waste to high quality protein, control certain harmful bacteria and insect pests, provide potential chemical precursors to produce biodiesel and for its use as feed for a variety of animals. Nutritional value of BSF larvae is discussed, as well as the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on both larval body composition and performance. Although BSF larvae contain high protein levels (from 37 to 63% dry matter; DM), and other macro- and micronutrients important for animal feed, the available studies on including BSF larvae in feed rations for poultry, pigs and fish suggest that it could only partially replace traditional feedstuff, because high or complete replacement resulted in reduced performance. This is due to factors such as high fat content (from 7 to 39% DM), ash (from 9 to 28% DM), and consequences of processing. Therefore, further studies are needed on nutrient composition, digestibility and availability for target species and on improved methods to process larvae, among other aspects. Additionally, it is clear that factors including quantity and quality of food, temperature, substrate moisture and/or larval crowding can affect BSF performance. However, the biology of BSF, in particular of the adult stage, has not been studied in detail. This review provides background information on the nutritional value of BSF larvae, its suitability as animal feed, biotic and abiotic conditions that affect its performance, and identifies which knowledge is required to ensure more dependable yields of BSF-mass rearing and development of economically feasible methods to take advantage of this species as animal feed.

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Valorisation of Organic Waste By-Products Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a Bio-Convertor

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8345

Author(s):

Kieran Magee ◽

Joe Halstead ◽

Richard Small ◽

Iain Young

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

High Quality Protein ◽

The Face ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

By Products ◽

Hermetia Illucens Larvae

One third of food produced globally is wasted. Disposal of this waste is costly and is an example of poor resource management in the face of elevated environmental concerns and increasing food demand. Providing this waste as feedstock for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) has the potential for bio-conversion and valorisation by production of useful feed materials and fertilisers. We raised BSFL under optimal conditions (28 °C and 70% relative humidity) on seven UK pre-consumer food waste-stream materials: fish trimmings, sugar-beet pulp, bakery waste, fruit and vegetable waste, cheese waste, fish feed waste and brewer’s grains and yeast. The nutritional quality of the resulting BSFL meals and frass fertiliser were then analysed. In all cases, the volume of waste was reduced (37–79%) and meals containing high quality protein and lipid sources (44.1 ± 4.57% and 35.4 ± 4.12%, respectively) and frass with an NPK of 4.9-2.6-1.7 were produced. This shows the potential value of BSFL as a bio-convertor for the effective management of food waste.

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Technical basis for the small-scale production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), meal as fish feed in Benin

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research ◽

10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 100153

Author(s):

Armel Gougbedji ◽

Pamphile Agbohessou ◽

Philippe A. Lalèyè ◽

Frédéric Francis ◽

Rudy Caparros Megido

Keyword(s):

Small Scale ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Scale Production ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Technical Basis

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A high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.)

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1093/g3journal/jkab085 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomas N Generalovic ◽

Shane A McCarthy ◽

Ian A Warren ◽

Jonathan M D Wood ◽

James Torrance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Assembly ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Repetitive Sequences ◽

Genomic Variation ◽

Runs Of Homozygosity ◽

High Quality ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Chromosome Conformation ◽

Important Species

Abstract Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is an increasingly important species for bioconversion of organic material into animal feed. We generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of the BSF using Pacific Bioscience, 10X Genomics linked read and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture sequencing technology. Scaffolding the final assembly with Hi-C data produced a highly contiguous 1.01 Gb genome with 99.75% of scaffolds assembled into pseudochromosomes representing seven chromosomes with 16.01 Mb contig and 180.46 Mb scaffold N50 values. The highly complete genome obtained a BUSCO completeness of 98.6%. We masked 67.32% of the genome as repetitive sequences and annotated a total of 16,478 protein-coding genes using the BRAKER2 pipeline. We analysed an established lab population to investigate the genomic variation and architecture of the BSF revealing six autosomes and an X chromosome. Additionally, we estimated the inbreeding coefficient (1.9%) of a lab population by assessing runs of homozygosity. This provided evidence for inbreeding events including long runs of homozygosity on chromosome five. Release of this novel chromosome-scale BSF genome assembly will provide an improved resource for further genomic studies, functional characterisation of genes of interest and genetic modification of this economically important species.

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Impact of age, size, and sex on adult black soldier fly [Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)] thermal preference

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2021.0076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

N.F. Addeo ◽

C. Li ◽

T.W. Rusch ◽

A.J. Dickerson ◽

A.M. Tarone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Thermal Gradient ◽

Life History Traits ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Thermal Preference ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Surface Temperatures ◽

The Impact

Population growth and rapid urbanisation have increased the global demand for animal feed and protein sources. Therefore, traditional animal feed production should be increased through the use of alternative nutrient sources. Insects as feed are beginning to fill this need. One such insect is the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). However, to more effectively mass produce the black soldier fly, a better understanding of its thermal biology is needed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of age, size, and sex on adult black soldier fly thermal preference. The thermal preference of adult black soldier flies was determined by exposing flies to a thermal gradient with a range of surface temperatures and monitoring their positions over time. An aluminium plate was used to create a linear thermal gradient where surface temperatures ranged from ~15-60 °C. Flies were distinguished by age (1-d-post-emergence vs 7-d-post-emergence), size (large vs small) and sex (male vs female) to assess whether thermal preference differed by specific life-history traits. Thermal preference for 7-d-post-emergence adults was significantly lower (19.2 °C) than 1-d-post-emergence adults (28.7 °C), respectively. Similarly, small adults selected significantly cooler (21.1 °C) temperatures than large adults (26.9 °C). No significant differences in thermal preferences were found between sex, regardless of age or size. In fact, males and females had similar thermal preference of 23.8 and 24.2 °C, respectively. This study reveals that multiple life-history traits of adult black soldier fly affect their thermal preference, and thus should be taken into consideration by mass rearing facilities to optimize production.

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TEPUNG DAUN SINGKONG (Monihot utilissima) TUA SEBAGAI SUMBER PROTEIN ALTERNATIF DALAM FORMULA PAKAN IKAN LELE (Clarias gariepinus)

Jurnal Akuakultur Sungai dan Danau ◽

10.33087/akuakultur.v1i1.7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Syahrizal Syahrizal ◽

Muarofah Ghofur ◽

. Safratilofa ◽

Rahmat Sam

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

African Catfish ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Protein Substitute ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

Cassava Leaves ◽

Alternative Protein

AbstractThe feed as a source of energy for the growth of fish is a component of the most important costs 40-89% and the quality should be good. The solution is through research. Research in the form of meal cassava leaves (Monihot utilissima) parents as a source of alternative protein substitute for fish meal in feed formulation catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The design used Complete Random Design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The results showed that for the growth and the survival between treatments were not significant (P <0.5), meaning that all treatments were no differences can be categorized and feed ingredients of flour cassava leaves can replace most of the presence of meal fish in fish feed formulas African catfish. Growth of the best catfish are on treatment A (55% meal cassava leaf: 00% fish meal) with daily growth of 8.27 grams was 2.61% and the B (40%% meal cassava leaves: 15% meal fish) 5.28 gram with daily growth is 1.86%, followed by C (15%% meal cassava leaves: 15% meal fish ) 1:51% and D (0% meal cassava leaves : 55% meal fish ) 1:33%. Catfish survival rate was not significant (P <0.5), and relatively equally well A (96.17%), B (94.77) and C (95.92) and the best in treatment for D (96.37 ). As users are advised to wear formulations in treatment B (40% meal fish and 15% meal cassava leaves old). Keywords: Catfish, Ffeed, Meal fish, Meal cassava leaves AbstrakPakan sebagai sumber energi bagi pertumbuhan ikan merupakan komponen biaya yang paling besar 40-89% dan kualitasnya harus baik. Solusinya melalui penelitian. Penelitian berupa tepung daun singkong (Monihot utilissima) tua sebagai sumber protein alternatif penganti tepung ikan dalam formulasi pakan ikan lele (Clarias gariepinus). Rancangan digunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa untuk pertumbuhan dan kelulusan hidup antar perlakuan tidak signifikan (P < 0,5), artinya semua perlakuan tidak ada perbedaan dan dapat dikatagorikan bahan pakan dari tepung daun singkong dapat mengantikan sebagian keberadaan tepung ikan dalam formula pakan ikan lele dumbo. Pertumbuhan ikan lele terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan A (55% tepung daun singkong : 00% tepung ikan) 8,27 gram dengan pertumbuhan harian adalah 2.61% dan pada B (40% % tepung daun singkong : 15% tepung ikan) 5,28 gram dengan pertumbuhan harian adalah 1.86%, diikuti C (15% % tepung daun singkong :15% tepung ikan) 1.51% dan D (0 % tepung daun singkong : 55% tepung ikan) 1.33%. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan lele tidak signifikan (P < 0,5), dan relatif sama baiknya A (96,17%), B (94,77) dan C (95,92) dan terbaik pada perlakuan untuk D (96,37). Sebagai pengguna disarankan memakai formulasi pada perlakuan B (40% Tepung ikan dan 15% tepung daun singkong tua). Kata kunci: Ikan lele, Pakan, Tepung ikan, Tepung Daun Singkong Tua

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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR FISH FEED FORMULATION OF MYSTUS NEMURUS SP. CATFISH: OPTIMIZING GROWTH AND NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENTS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v80.12488 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 80 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Aidya Hanum Aizam ◽

Rabiatul Adawiyah Ibrahim ◽

Raphael Lee Kuok Lung ◽

Pang Yen Ling ◽

Aidilla Mubarak

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Future Research ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Research Directions ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

The Cost ◽

The Mathematical Model ◽

Mystus Nemurus

This study integrates mathematical model in the plan of producing a fish feed formulation by reducing the total cost without neglecting the nutrient requirements. This study focuses on producing the perfect combination of fish feed for Mystus nemurus sp. catfish in different stages of life. The mathematical model developed will consider their required nutrients in each stage, the cost of each ingredient and the amount of nutrients to be consumed (nutrient composition of fish feed ingredients). This research employs AIMMS mathematical software to assist with the computation. The results from this study obtain a much better combination of different ingredients compared to available commercial pellets in terms of nutrient composition and production cost. The combinations yield much cheaper costs yet boosts up the nutrient consumptions, which is an eye-opener for independent local fish farmers. Thorough discussion on utilizing the results with future research directions will also be included.

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