No Evidence of O’nyong-Nyong Viremia among Children with Febrile Illness in Kenya (2015–2018)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa M. Shah ◽  
Bryson A. Ndenga ◽  
Francis M. Mutuku ◽  
Victoria Okuta ◽  
Charles O. Ronga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Febrile Child ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Large Outbreak

O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a little-known arbovirus causing intermittent, yet explosive, outbreaks in Africa. It is closely related to chikungunya virus, an emerging infectious disease. O’nyong-nyong virus causes a self-limited illness characterized by bilateral polyarthritis, rash, low-grade fever, and lymphadenopathy. In 1959, an extensive outbreak of ONNV occurred in East Africa, and decades later, another large outbreak was documented in Uganda in 1996. Limited evidence for interepidemic transmission is available, although serologic studies indicate a high prevalence of exposure; 1,045 febrile child participants in western and coastal Kenya were tested for the presence of ONNV using a multiplexed real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR assay. More than half of the participants had malaria parasitemia, and there was no evidence of active ONNV viremia in these participants. Further work is required to better understand the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and to reconcile evidence of high serologic exposure to ONNV among individuals in East Africa.

scholarly journals Tracking epidemic Chikungunya virus into the Indian Ocean from East Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 2754-2760 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kariuki Njenga ◽  
L. Nderitu ◽  
J. P. Ledermann ◽  
A. Ndirangu ◽  
C. H. Logue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
East African ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
New Variant ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
African Clade

The largest documented outbreak of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) disease occurred in the Indian Ocean islands and India during 2004–2007. The magnitude of this outbreak led to speculation that a new variant of the virus had emerged that was either more virulent or more easily transmitted by mosquito vectors. To study this assertion, it is important to know the origin of the virus and how the particular strain circulating during the outbreak is related to other known strains. This study genetically characterized isolates of CHIKV obtained from Mombasa and Lamu Island, Kenya, during 2004, as well as strains from the 2005 outbreak recorded in Comoros. The results of these analyses demonstrated that the virus responsible for the epidemic that spread through the Indian Ocean originated in coastal Kenya during 2004 and that the closest known ancestors are members of the Central/East African clade. Genetic elements that may be responsible for the scope of the outbreak were also identified.

scholarly journals Zika Virus Circulates at Low Levels in Western and Coastal Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-852
Author(s):  
Theodore A Gobillot ◽  
Caroline Kikawa ◽  
Dara A Lehman ◽  
John Kinuthia ◽  
Alison L Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered over 70 years ago in East Africa, but little is known about its circulation and pathogenesis there. Methods We screened 327 plasma samples collected 2–12 months after febrile illness in Western and coastal Kenya (1993–2016) for binding and neutralizing antibodies to distinguish ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) responses, which we found were common in coastal Kenya. Results Two cases had durable ZIKV-specific antibodies and 2 cases had ZIKV antibodies at similar levels as DENV antibodies. Conclusions This suggests low-level ZIKV circulation in Kenya over 2 decades and sets a baseline for future surveillance efforts in East Africa.

scholarly journals A35 The first laboratory confirmation of chikungunya outbreak in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin Mengesha Tsegaye ◽  
Aadamu Tayachew ◽  
Desalegn Belay ◽  
Abebe Alemu ◽  
Berhane Beyene
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Serum Samples

Abstract Chikungunya is a viral disease (genus Alphavirus) which is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes—including Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus. An outbreak of febrile illness, suspected to have been caused by chikungunya, was reported in June 2016 from Dolloado district, Suuf Kebele, in the Somalia regional state of Ethiopia that borders the Mandera county of Kenya where a confirmed chikungunya outbreak was ongoing. Laboratory investigation was carried out to confirm if the outbreak in Ethiopia was caused by Chikungunya virus. Ten serum samples were collected from suspected patients visiting a health center in Suuf Kebel, who were then sent to the Nation laboratory in Ethiopian Public Health Institute. RNA was extracted from the serum samples using QIAgene RNA Mini kit, and PCR detection of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus nucleic acid was done using Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay following the protocol from the Center for Disease Control (CDC). The Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR assay, for detection and differentiation of RNA from dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, was provided by CDC as part of the zika emergency preparedness effort. Of the nine samples tested, eight (88.88%) were found to be positive for chikungunya virus nucleic acid but negative for dengue and Zika virus nucleic acids. The median age of the affected sampled patients was 40 years, and males appear to be more affected (66.6% of sampled patients). The laboratory investigation confirmed that the outbreak was caused by chikungunya virus. Even though further molecular characterization of the positive isolates will provide more information as to the circulating genotypes and elucidate the origin of the outbreak virus, it is also possible to assume that the outbreak was an extension of the outbreak in neighboring countries in Kenya and, therefore, warrants that cross-border integration efforts to control chikungunya should be implemented by the concerned countries.

scholarly journals Inactivation and Removal of Chikungunya Virus and Mayaro Virus from Plasma-derived Medicinal Products

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Yue ◽  
Sebastian Teitz ◽  
Tomoyuki Miyabashi ◽  
Klaus Boller ◽  
Lia Lewis-Ximenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Viral Inactivation ◽  
Detergent Treatment ◽  
Mayaro Virus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Product Industry

Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) are closely related members of the Semliki Forest complex within the genus alphavirus and are transmitted by arthropods, causing acute febrile illness in humans. CHIKV has spread to almost all continents, whereas autochthonous MAYV infections have been reported in South America and in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, there was concern about potential spread of MAYV to other regions similar to CHIKV in the past. The risk for transmission of emerging viruses by blood transfusion and the safety of plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs) are constant concerns. The manufacturing processes of PDMPs include procedures to inactivate/remove viruses. Methods: In this study, we investigated the reduction of MAYV and CHIKV by heat inactivation in various matrices, solvent/detergent treatment and nanofiltration. Results: Unexpectedly, MAYV was significantly more resistant to heat and solvent/detergent treatment compared to CHIKV. However, being similar in size, both MAYV and CHIKV were removed below the detection limit by 35 nm virus filters. Conclusions: The inactivation profiles of different alphavirus members vary considerably, even within the Semliki Forest Complex. However, robust dedicated viral inactivation/removal procedures commonly used in the plasma product industry are effective in inactivating or removing MAYV and CHIKV.

scholarly journals Chikungunya: epidemiology

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyle R. Petersen ◽  
Ann M. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Temperate Climates

Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes fever and debilitating joint pains in humans. Joint pains may last months or years. It is vectored primarily by the tropical and sub-tropical mosquito, Aedes aegypti, but is also found to be transmitted by Aedes albopictus, a mosquito species that can also be found in more temperate climates. In recent years, the virus has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health menace affecting millions of persons throughout the tropical and sub-tropical world and, as such, has also become a frequent cause of travel-associated febrile illness. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the biological and sociological underpinnings of its emergence and its future global outlook.

Is There an Increased Risk of Haemophilus influenzae Septicemia in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-931
Author(s):  
Darleen Powars ◽  
Gary Overturf ◽  
Ernest Turner
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Febrile Child ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The risk of Haemophilus influenzae septicemia/meningitis to children who have sickle cell anemia (SS) has been determined to be greater than that seen among normal infants. Of ten bacteriologically proven cases, eight episodes of infection were observed among 234 children with sickle cell anemia (645 person-years), who were less than 5 years of age. There was one case per 69 infants with sickle cell anemia who were less than 18 months old and one case per 36 children with sickle cell anemia between 19 and 59 months of age. Unexpectedly, two infections occurred among 224 children (824 person-years), aged 5 to 9 years; both died. Contrary to the rapid clinical course of pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell anemia H influenzae septicemia was regularly heralded by a greater than 24-hour prodrome of upper respiratory tract infection, low-grade fever, and otitis media. Three (30%) preventable deaths occurred. Antibiotic therapy for the febrile child with sickle cell anemia must be predicated on the known 400-fold increased risk of pneumococcal septicemia in those less than 5 years old and the fourfold risk of H influenzae septicemia in those less than 9 years of age.

Prone ventilation in a pregnant patient with scrub typhus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e242870
Author(s):  
Meenupriya Arasu ◽  
Nagalakshmi Swaminathan ◽  
Anusha Cherian ◽  
Magesh Parthiban
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Pregnant Patient ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Oxygenation Indices

A 23-year-old primigravida at 20 weeks of gestation presented to our hospital with undifferentiated febrile illness and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. She was intubated in the emergency department and transferred to the intensive care unit. Initial treatment included ventilatory care, vasopressor support and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Based on a positive PCR assay for scrub typhus, she was treated with intravenous doxycycline and azithromycin. Despite reduction in fever, her oxygenation further declined. Following a risk–benefits assessment, we decided to ventilate her in prone position for 8 hours a day for three consecutive days using a checklist-based protocol. Her oxygenation indices and lung compliance markedly improved over this period, and she was extubated a day later. She was eventually discharged home after 1 week.

Investigation of the sequence profile of the Plasmodium falciparum 18SrRNA diagnostic target in isolates from naturally infected children with uncomplicated malaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
S.I. Oyedeji ◽  
I.M. Odoh ◽  
A.O. Ojerinde ◽  
H.O. Awobode
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Sequence Profile ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Field Isolates

The gold standard for malaria diagnosis is evidence of parasitological confirmation but the traditional method by light microscopy and the routinely used rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have limitations. Molecular assays are known to have higher sensitivity and specificity but there are indications that they may also be compromised by genetic variability of the target sequence. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate the DNA sequence profile of the diagnostic target of the P. falciparum 18S rRNA PCR assay in field isolates from North-Central Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 324 children presenting with acute febrile illness suspected to be uncomplicated malaria. Light microscopy and 18S rRNA PCR assay were employed to determine the presence of P. falciparum parasites. Sequence profile of the diagnostic target was evaluated by Sanger sequencing of the PCR products on ABI PRISM® 3100 DNA sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems). Of the 324 children enrolled into this study, 134 (41.4%) were positive for P. falciparum by microscopy while 218 (67.3%) were positive by PCR. The sensitivity of microscopy was 61.47%(95% CI= 57.88% - 69.64%) using the PCR assay as reference standard. The degree of agreement between microscopy and PCR as measured by Cohen's kappa was  moderate (κ = 0.502, 95% CI = 0.463 - 0.715).Sequence analysis showed that the DNA target of the P. falciparum 18S rRNA PCR from the field isolates were highly conserved. Only one A>T single nucleotide polymorphism was found within the target sequence  among the isolates in this study. This study showed that the DNA target sequence of the18S rRNA PCR assay is highly conserved in field isolates in the study region suggesting little or no impact of selective pressure acting on the locus and has implications for the enhanced sensitivity of the molecular assay.

High prevalence of chronic hepatitis C in injecting drug users in Tanzania, East Africa: a neglected burden of disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. S416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mohamed ◽  
J. Mbwambo ◽  
J. Rwegasha ◽  
Y. Shimakawa ◽  
S. Bhagani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis C ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
High Prevalence

scholarly journals High prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 66 in low-grade cervical lesions of Mexican women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Juárez-González ◽  
Vladimir Paredes-Cervantes ◽  
Silvia Gordillo-Rodríguez ◽  
Saúl González-Guzmán ◽  
Xochilt Moncayo-Valencia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Hpv 16 ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hpv Types ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

AbstractBackgroundHPV-16 infections constitute the highest risk for developing uterine cervix cancer. However, the role of other high-risk types is still controversial.ObjectiveTo analyze HR-HPV prevalence and its possible associations between HPV and risk factors related to cervical lesions among Mexican women.MethodsCross sectional study using 362 cervical samples collected between 2016 and 2017. Fourteen HR-HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68) were detected by highly sensitive PCR amplification followed by reverse hybridization. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between HPV types and risk factors among lesions.ResultsMost samples were HR-HPV positive (83.43%). HPV-16 was the most prevalent infection among negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (78.6%), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (50%), and cervical cancer (58.2%). HPV-66 showed an unexpected high prevalence in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (50%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial (45.7%), and only found in 3.6% of cervical cancers. HPV-16 was significantly prevalent among women between 30-39 years, whereas types 66 and 52 were significantly associated when previously sexually transmitted disease had occurred (p< 0.05).ConclusionsHPV-66 either in single or co-infection with other HR-HPV types (excluding 16 and 18) might be indicative of non-progressive cancer lesions. HPV-66 prevalence was unusually high in low-grade cervical lesions, predominantly in co-infection with HPV-51, and very low among cervical cancer. This should be addressed to interpret results obtained by methods that group type 66 with other HR-types.

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