Acute toxicity of Jatropha curcas (barbados nut) latex extracts to Oreochromis niloticus juveniles

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
M Usman ◽  
J.A Umaru ◽  
A.A Kigbu

The effects of the latex extract of Jatropha curcas on mortality rate, opercular ventilation rate and some behavioural responses of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles were investigated under laboratory conditions over a 96 hours exposure period. Juveniles of Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas) were exposed in plastic aquaria to 0.00mg.l-1 (control), 10mg.l-1, 15mg.l-1, 20mg.l-1, 25mg.l-1 and 30mg.l-1. Their opercular beats per minute, tail fin beats per minute, mortality and probit kill were determined. Symptoms of toxicosis observed include agitated swimming, loss of equilibrium, air gulping, periods of quiescence and death. Within 24 hours the opercular ventilation beats and tail fin beats of the exposed fish were significantly higher than in control fish (p<0.05). At 72 hours and 96 hours the opercular and tailfin beats in the control fish were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the exposed fish. The 96 hours LC50 was determined as 5.23 ml/l. Include significance of this study to conclude abstract. Key words: acute toxicity, Jatropha curcas latex extract, Oreochromis niloticus, haematological parameters.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Nurhidayanti Nurhidayanti

ABSTRACT The study investigating acute toxicity test of Jatropha curcas L.  on Nile tilapia seeds (Oreochromis niloticus L.), had been conducted in May 2017, in Balai Riset Perikanan dan Perairan Umum (BRPPU) Mariana, Banyuasin. This study was aimed to determine the concentration of Jatropha curcas seed powder needed to cause 50% death of Nile tilapia seeds (LT50). This acute toxicity test used biological test with exposure time of 96 hours. The concentrations of Jatropha curcas tested were 0 (control), 240, 288, 346, 415, 498, 597, and 716 ppm which were applied for 96 hours. Data were analyzed using Spearman-Karber method with SPSS. Result showed LC50 of 24 hours was 551,271 ppm, LC50 of 48 hours was 466,513 ppm, and LC50 of 96 hours was 393,892 ppm. Meanwhile, LT50 for 597 ppm of Jatropha curcas was 1285, 166 minutes, and LT50 for 761 ppm was 784,121 minutes. The higher the concentration of Jatropha curcas seeds given the fastest time needed to cause the death of Nile tilapia seeds, Jatropha curcas seeds had moderate toxicity.     Keywords: Acute toxicity, Jatropha curcas L., Biological test, Oreochromis niloticus L


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamin Jamin ◽  
Erlangga Erlangga

Insektisida golongan organofosfat telah digunakan secara ekstensif dalam bidang pertanian untuk mengontrol hama dan meningkatkan hasil produksi pertanian guna memenuhi permintaan bahan pangan yang tinggi akibat pertumbuhan populasi penduduk yang cepat. Akan tetapi walaupun penggunaan pestisida golongan organofosfat secara nyata telah menigkatkan hasil produksi pertanian, penggunaannya yang tidak terkontrol dapat membahayakan berbagai organisme akuatik dan dapat mengakibatkan efek negatif jangka panjang terhadap lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi golongan organofosfat (0,0002 ml/L, 0,0004 ml/L dan 0,0005 ml/L Parathion 25%) terhadap kelangsungan hidup dan histologi jaringan hati dan insang benih ikan nila GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus, Bleeker). Benih ikan nila yang telah terpapar dengan berbagai konsentrasi pestisida tersebut menunjukkan beberapa gejala klinis diantaranya: kesulitan respirasi, perubahan warna tubuh menjadi lebih hitam, warna mata dan insang terlihat pucat, kehilangan keseimbangan dan berenang tidak beraturan sebelum kematian. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan semakin tinggi konsentrasi pestisida yang diberikan mengakibatkan semakin rendahnya kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila. Kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila yang dipapar dengan konsentrasi pestisida tertinggi (0,0005 ml/L) adalah 6,67%. Selama penelitian ini berlangsung, kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila yang digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif adalah 100%. Pengamatan histologi jaringan hati dan insang memperlihatkan beberapa kerusakan jaringan akibat paparan Parathion, diantaranya: hemoragi, vakuola, degenerasi sel, telangiaktasis, dan hiperplasia dan kongesti jaringan insang. Penelitian membuktikan bahwa pestisida organofosfat khususnya Parathion 25% memiliki efek negatif terhadap kelangsungan hidup dan mengakibatkan perubahan histologi jaringan hati dan insang benih ikan nila GIFT.Insecticides such as organophosphates, have been used extensively in agriculture to control pest and improve crop yield to meet the high demand for food needed by the fast growing population. However, even though the use of organophosphate pesticides has been substantially increased agriculture crops, indiscriminate use of this chemical substance may cause harmful effects on aquatic organisms and may contribute long-term effects in aquatic environment. The purpose of this current study was to evaluate the effects of commercial organophosphate pesticide (Parathion 25%) on the survival and histopathological changes of GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Bleeker) juveniles following exposure to varying concentrations of the toxicant (0.0002 ml/L, 0.0004 ml/L and 0.0005 ml/L, respectively). Following exposure to this pesticide, exposed fish were observed to exhibit some clinical signs including respiratory distress (such as gasping in air), darkened body color, opaque eyes and pale gills. Loss of balance and erratic swimming prior to death were also observed. As the concentration of pesticide increased, the survival rate of exposed fish reduced. This study found that at the highest concentration given (0.0005 ml/L) resulted in 6.67% survival of exposed fish. In the contrary, none of negative control fish were died during the period of this experiment. The histological observation of liver and gill tissues of exposed fish showed a deleterious effect of Parathion ranged from hemorrhage, vacuolization, cell degeneration, telangiectasia, hyperplasia and congestion of gills. This study provides more evidence that organophosphate pesticide, particularly Parathion 25%, has negative side effects on the survival and causes histological changes in liver and gills tissues of GIFT Nile tilapia juveniles.


2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma’dan Haikal Adhim ◽  
Ahmad Zainuddin ◽  
Trisnadi Widyaleksono Catur Putranto ◽  
Bambang Irawan ◽  
Agoes Soegianto

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sub-lethal lead concentrations on serum osmolality, Na+ and Cl− levels, and hematological parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different salinity levels. The serum osmolalities (SO) were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels in the control fish, while in Pb-exposed fish the SO increased with increasing salinity. The concentrations of serum Na+ and Cl− in both the control and Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity. The levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) in the control fish were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels. Meanwhile, the levels of RBC, Hb, and Ht in Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity levels. The levels of RBC (at 0 and 5 ppt) and Ht (at 0, 5 and 10 ppt) in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish. The levels of Hb in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish at all salinity levels. The levels of WBC in the control fish increased with increasing salinity, while its levels in the Pb-exposed fish decreased with increasing salinity. The levels of WBC in the Pb-exposed fish were higher than in the control fish at 0 and 5 ppt.


1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMED H. FAHMY ◽  
JACQUES J. DUFOUR

Reproductive performance and body weight were studied on 361 ewes, representing Finnsheep (F), DLS (a population of 1/2 Dorset, 1/4 Leicester, 1/4 Suffolk) and seven combinations ranging from 1/8 to 7/8 Finnsheep breeding. Conception rate in yearlings was 61.5% for DLS compared to 89.0% for F with the crosses being intermediate. Conception rate in older ewes was similar in the different genetic groups (avg. 94%). Ovulation rate and litter size at birth of DLS ewes were 1.72 and 1.44 lambs, which was less than half those of F ewes (3.51 and 2.86 lambs, respectively). Both traits increased progressively with an increase in F breeding in crosses and with advances in age. DLS ewes weaned 1.22 lambs compared to 2.03 lambs for F ewes and 1.84 lambs for 4/8 F ewes. The heaviest litters at weaning (31.7 kg) were raised by 4/8 F ewes, followed by 7/8 F (30.8 kg) while those raised by DLS ewes weighed 23.0 kg and F ewes 29.1 kg. Percentage of ova lost per ewe mated averaged 24% and ranged between 18% (DLS and 1/8 F) and 29% (6/8 F). About 3.6% of lambs were born dead and a further 13.8% died before weaning. Preweaning mortality rate was highest in F (22.9%) and lowest in 3/8 F (9.4%). Average kilograms of lambs weaned per ewe exposed was highest in 4/8 F (27.6 kg) followed by F (26.0 kg), whereas that of DLS was the lowest at 18.1 kg. The 4/8 F cross showed 25% heterosis in kg of lambs weaned per ewe exposed and 52.5% increase over DLS. Significant positive linear regressions were calculated for ovulation rate, litter size and preweaning mortality rate on proportion of Finnsheep breeding in crosses. The relation was quadratic for percent ova lost and lamb mortality at weaning. Yearling DLS females weighted 36 kg compared to 44 kg for F yearlings. However, at 5 yr of age DLS ewes weighed 62 kg, 5 kg heavier than F ewes. The heaviest ewes at all ages were the 4/8 F (45 kg at 1 yr, 65 kg at 5 yr). Key words: Reproduction, DLS sheep, Finnsheep, crossbreeding, heterosis, repeatabilities


2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 022-028 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Abalaka ◽  
M. Fatihu ◽  
N. Ibrahim ◽  
S. Ambali

Abstract Introduction: Histopathological effects of ethanol extract of Adenium obesum stem bark on the liver of Clariasgariepinus was investigated over a 96-h exposure period as an effective organic piscicide. Materials and Methods: An acute static toxicity bioassay was performed after a preliminary concentration range finding test was conducted. Results: Exposed fish showed adaptation behavioural changes with those of respiratory distress and abnormal nervous signs of toxicity, which was concentration-dependent. Mortality was recorded in some of the exposed fish while a median lethal concentration of 7.15 mgL-1 was established for the extract in the exposed fish. Non-significant (p>0.05) changes were recorded in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities of the exposed ish. Moderate liver damage was observed in the exposed fish based on the degree of tissue change (DTC) grading where significant (p<0.05) differences were observed between the DTC of the exposed groups and the control. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of A. obesum stem bark was toxic to the exposed fish with evidence of hepatotoxicity and therefore, can be used to eradicate the hardy C.gariepinus from aquatic environments.


2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Agus Irianto ◽  
Hernayanti Hernayanti ◽  
Ning Iriyanti

Objectives of this research was to know the effect of probiotic A3-51 supplementation on food to the total number of bacteria in kidney and mortality of Oreochromis niloticus after challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes. This research was consisted of two experiment, the first was to know the highest immunity level of fish based on the number of macrophage and its phagocytic activity. Meanwhile, the second was to know the immunity level of fish challenged with A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida achromogenes by intra-peritoneal injection. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design in triplicates. The result from the first experiment showed that the highest non spesific immune system response, by means number of macrophage, was found 21 days treatment. The second experiment showed that the highest total number of bacteria in kidney and mortality level were 20.23 x 108 cells/g and 46.67%, respectively, both was found in control fish injected intra-peritoneally with A. salmonicida achromogenes.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania F. Ismail ◽  
Norhan E. Saleh ◽  
Alaa El-Din H. Sayed

Abstract This study examines the potential defending effects of the diatom, Amphora coffeaeformis, as a feed additive against the deleterious effects (mainly on gonads) caused by microplastics (MPs) in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromes niloticus. Male tilapia groups were pre-fed diets with four different supplementation levels of A. coffeaeformis (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) for 70 days, then were exposed to 10 mg/L MPs for 15 days. The results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher numbers of erythrocytes, but significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the number of RBCs, Hb, Ht, platelets, and eosinophil percentages. Testicular histological degenerative changes and testis-ova were found in the MPs-exposed fish. Thus, A. coffeaeformis supplementation displayed ameliorative properties that detoxified the negative effects of MPs. This study provides a better understanding of the reproductive injuries caused by MPs and provides evidence for the use of A. coffeaeformis as a natural remedy in freshwater tilapia.


1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Hoffnagle ◽  
Albert J. Fivizzani

The separate influences of changes in water chemistry and flow rate on plasma thyroxine levels were assessed in a freshwater population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) undergoing smoltification. Fish subjected to a change in water source had plasma thyroxine levels significantly greater than those of controls on several sampling dates. Maximum levels were observed 10 d after water change. Conversely, plasma thyroxine levels in fish for which the flow rate was increased showed little change and were never significantly different from controls. Plasma thyroxine levels were greater in fish held under a natural rather than artificial photoperiod but the patterns of change were similar in the two groups. Control fish transported to a new hatchery and novel water source attained plasma thyroxine levels which were even greater than those of novel water-exposed fish at the original hatchery. The results indicated that altered water chemistry rather than increased flow rate was the stimulus for the elevation in plasma thyroxine levels associated with smoltification in these chinook salmon.


2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (sp1) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Juliet Selvarani Arulraj ◽  
Padmavathy Pandurengan ◽  
Srinivasan Arasan ◽  
Sugumar Gopalrajan ◽  
Jawahar Paulraj

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