scholarly journals Liver histopathological changes in Clarias gariepinus exposed to ethanol extract of Adenium obesum stem bark

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 022-028 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Abalaka ◽  
M. Fatihu ◽  
N. Ibrahim ◽  
S. Ambali
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Histopathological Effects

Abstract Introduction: Histopathological effects of ethanol extract of Adenium obesum stem bark on the liver of Clariasgariepinus was investigated over a 96-h exposure period as an effective organic piscicide. Materials and Methods: An acute static toxicity bioassay was performed after a preliminary concentration range finding test was conducted. Results: Exposed fish showed adaptation behavioural changes with those of respiratory distress and abnormal nervous signs of toxicity, which was concentration-dependent. Mortality was recorded in some of the exposed fish while a median lethal concentration of 7.15 mgL-1 was established for the extract in the exposed fish. Non-significant (p>0.05) changes were recorded in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities of the exposed ish. Moderate liver damage was observed in the exposed fish based on the degree of tissue change (DTC) grading where significant (p<0.05) differences were observed between the DTC of the exposed groups and the control. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of A. obesum stem bark was toxic to the exposed fish with evidence of hepatotoxicity and therefore, can be used to eradicate the hardy C.gariepinus from aquatic environments.

scholarly journals The Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf on Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Mandu A. Essien-Ibok
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Bioassay ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Gain Access ◽  
Safe Concentration

Acute toxicity effects of ethanol extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was investigated over a 96hr exposure period as a potential organic piscicide. A static toxicity bioassay was performed after preliminary trial tests (range-finding test) were conducted. Five hundred (500) post-fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were distributed randomly in duplicate concentrations. The test fishes were treated with concentrations of 1.31, 1.96, 2.97, 4.45 and 6.67 mg/1 of Alchornea cordifolia. Exposure to the plant toxicant caused visible behavioural changes which include erratic swimming, air gulping, discolouration, loss of body equilibrium, the settlement at the bottom and death. Mortality was recorded in some of the exposed fish while the LC50 lethal concentration of 2.138 mg/1 was established and safe concentration was established as 0.2138 mg/l. There were significant changes (p˃0.0.5) in the water quality parameters except for electrical conductivity, the unstable behaviour of the fish must have been as a result of irritation from the toxicant. Therefore, the use of A. cordifolia in fish harvesting should be regulated and not allowed to gain access unnecessarily into the aquatic ecosystem and regulatory bodies should maintain the safe concentration of 0.2138 mg/l.

scholarly journals Haemathological and histological evaluation of African catfish Clarias gariepinus following acute exposure to Methanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
Matouke Matouke Moise ◽  
Obadiah Audu Abui
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

Haematological and histopatholoical effects of methanolic extract of K. senegalensis leaves was investigated on Clarias gariepinus over a period of 96h exposure. The median lethal concentration of the extract was 199.69mg/L. The extract caused decreased in total erythrocytes (TEC) and Packed Cell volume (PCV) respectively and increased of total leukocytes (TLC). Histopathological lesions in the liver, cytoplasmic degeneration, less intracellular space, mild necrosis, sinusoidal blood congestion and marked blood congestion in hepathocytes were recorded. However the severity but not the type of lesions was concentration-dependent. Though, the degree of tissue change (DTC) varied with the methonolic extract used. There was significant association (P<0.05) between the DTC and K. senegalensis methanolic concentration. The cumulative DTC indicated a moderate damage in the liver. The extract was considered toxic to the exposed fish and therefore deleterious on the organs of C. gariepinus.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 475-482, December 2015

scholarly journals Gills and skin histopathological evaluation in African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to ethanol extract of Adenium obesum stem bark

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Eneojo Abalaka ◽  
Muhammad Yakasai Fatihu ◽  
Najume Doguwar Giginya Ibrahim ◽  
Suleiman Folorunsho Ambali
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Histopathological Evaluation ◽  
African Sharptooth Catfish

scholarly journals Haematological Studies of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Ethanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Ackee, Blighia sapida

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
M. U. Effiong ◽  
E. A. Sunday ◽  
F. A. Ella
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Haematological Profile ◽  
Blighia Sapida

The study evaluated effects of sub-lethal concentrations (0.00, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, 12.8 g/l) of ethanolic stem bark extracts of ackee, Blighia sapida on haematological profile of Clarias gariepinus (mean weight, 6.95± 1.02 g; total length 11.7±1.32 cm). Each concentration was treated in triplicate using a static bioassay system. The exposure period was 21 days. Physico-chemical parameters of water were monitored throughout the study period. Results revealed that haematocrit, red blood cell, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration counts were significantly (p<0.05) depleted with increase in extract concentration while white blood cell counts increased (p<0.05) linearly from 198.2, 198.5, 208.8, 219.4 and 241.53 x 103 cells/µl in 0.00, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8 g/l respectively. The levels of water temperature increased with extract concentrations while dissolved oxygen and pH contents decreased. The implications of these results showed that stem bark extract of ackee had negative effects on the blood of treated fish. This may further explain the decline in wild fishery resources in the locality where the plant parts were collected. In view of this, the direct use of this plant in harvesting fish by local fisher folks in Southern Nigeria should be discouraged until information that aid its application in a sustainable manner is made available through further studies.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND LARVICIDAL EFFECT EVALUATION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (L) LEAF EXTRACT ON DERMESTES MACULATUS (DE GEER, 1774) INFESTATION OF SMOKED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Sadam Sulaiman Indabo ◽  
Rufai Zakari
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Dermestes Maculatus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Initial Source

Dermestes maculatus is a major pest of stored fish in Nigeria, fish is preserved with highly persistent synthetic chemicals. There have been an increasing effort at developing plant-based toxicants that are environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica for phytochemical constituents. The efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of the plant against D. maculatus was also evaluated. The leaves of A. indica were obtained, processed and taken to laboratory for methanolic extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, triterpenes and carbohydrates using standard procedure.  Both clean and infested samples of smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Sabon Gari Market, Zaria. The infested samples were used as initial source of D. maculatus larvae. Range finding test was carried out prior to the bioassay. During the bioassay, clean un-infested fish samples were weighed and introduced into kilner jars and respective dosages of 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 0.8g of extract were added. Another set of fish samples without the extract were maintained as control. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Fifteen larvae of D. maculatus were introduced into both treated and control containers and covered. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Data obtained revealed an increase in mortality with increasing dose and time. Mortality ranged from 1.67 to 11.00. Therefore, leaf extract of A. indica should be incorporated in the development of larvicide against D. maculatus.   

scholarly journals Evaluation of Toxicity and Antioxidant Property of Cassia fistula Stem Bark Extracts in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Shreya Udaya ◽  
Nishith Babu ◽  
Dechamma Pandyanda Nanjappa ◽  
Krithika Kalladka ◽  
Gunimala Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Stress Models

Abstract Objective This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity and the antioxidant property of Cassia fistula stem bark extracts in zebrafish. Materials and Methods Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of C. fistula stem bark were obtained following a standard solvent-based extraction method. The toxicity of these extracts on zebrafish embryonic development was determined and the LC50 values were calculated. Finally, the antioxidant property of C. fistula stem bark extracts was determined in arsenic-induced oxidative stress models of zebrafish. Results The aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark showed a slightly larger LC50 value (213.6 ppm) compared with the ethanol extract (LC50 = 63.5 ppm), suggesting a lower toxicity of the aqueous extract. A significant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal was observed in arsenic-exposed embryos treated with the aqueous extract, but not the ethanol extract, indicating that the antioxidant activity is present only in the aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark. Conclusion Identification of antioxidants from natural sources is desirable because of increasing safety concerns associated with synthetic antioxidants. This study demonstrated that aqueous extract from C. fistula stem bark possesses antioxidant properties, which can be further characterized for mechanism of action and potential applications.

scholarly journals Hydro ethanol extract of Holarrhena floribunda stem bark exhibits anti-anaphylactic and anti-oedematogenic effects in murine models of acute inflammation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Antwi ◽  
Daniel Oduro-Mensah ◽  
David Darko Obiri ◽  
Newman Osafo ◽  
Aaron Opoku Antwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background: Holarrhena floribunda stem bark has anecdotal use in Ghanaian folk medicine for management of inflammatory conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the bark extract using models of acute inflammation in male Sprague Dawley rats, C57BL/6 mice and 36 ICR mice. Methods: A 70 % hydro-ethanol extract of the stem bark (HFE) was evaluated at doses of 5–500 mg/kg bw. Local anaphylaxis was modelled by the pinnal cutaneous anaphylactic test. Systemic anaphylaxis or sepsis were modeled by compound 48/80 or lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Clonidine-induced catalepsy was used to investigate effect on histamine signaling. Anti-oedematogenic effect was assessed by induction with carrageenan. Effects on mediators of biphasic acute inflammation were studied using histamine and serotonin (early phase) or prostaglandin E2 (late phase).Results: HFE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oedematogenic activity comparable to standard doses of aspirin and diclofenac (inhibitors of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2), chlorpheniramine (histamine H1-receptor antagonist), dexamethasone (glucocorticoid receptor agonist), granisetron (serotonin receptor antagonist) and sodium cromoglycate (inhibitor of mast cell degranulation). All observed HFE bioactivities increased with dose.Conclusions: The data provide evidence that the extract of H. floribunda stem bark has anti-anaphylactic and anti-oedematogenic effects; by interfering with signalling or metabolism of histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin E2 which mediate progression of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic activities of HFE may be relevant in the context of management of COVID-19.

scholarly journals IN-VIVO ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA GAERTN F. (SAPOTACEAE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Z. Abdullahi ◽  
A. A. Jimoh ◽  
B. E. Patrick ◽  
M. I. Yakubu ◽  
D. Mallam
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Different parts of Vitellaria paradoxa plant have many applications in ethno-medicine. Some of the uses of this plant include treatment of diarrhoea and other GIT disorders. In this study the antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa was evaluated using three experimental models: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; small intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) models in mice. Five groups of five mice were used for each model. Group one mice received 10 ml/kg of distilled water, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract orally respectively. Group 5 mice received Loperamide 5 mg/kg orally. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined using OECD (2008) Guideline 425. Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and there were no signs of mortality or visible signs of toxicity in all the mice treated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones glycosides. Extract showed a dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal activity by reducing stool frequency and consistency. The extract at the higher doses significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited GIT motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling, comparable to that of the reference control drug Loperamide. The study showed that ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa possess anti-diarrhoeal activity and thus justifies its ethno-medicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Chlorpyrifos on African Catfish, C. gariepinus and Ameliorative Potentials of Ackee Apple, blighia sapida Seed

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluyinka Iyiolai ◽  
A. A. Adeagbo ◽  
W. S. Weliange ◽  
S. I. Abdulkareem ◽  
Anifowoshe T. Abass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Histopathological Effects ◽  
Positive Controls

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a very toxic pesticide commonly used for controlling agriculturally important pests. The present study investigates DNA damaging effects of CPF on Clarias gariepinus was assessed using genetic assays. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of CPF (100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm) at 96 hours (acute exposure). LC50 of the pesticide was found to be 120ppm and one-tenth of the LC50 (12ppm) was taken for the chronic exposure. Distilled water and colchicine were used as negative and positive controls respectively. After 28 days of chronic exposure, fish were fed with inclusion of B. sapida seed (powder) for 14 days. Liver and gills of the fish were removed following 96h exposure, days 7, 14 and 28 of the chronic exposure as well as after the period of amelioration (14 days) for CA assay and histopathological analysis. The results of CA assay showed statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in CA in a dose-dependent manner for all the exposed groups after acute exposure and time dependent after chronic exposure. Also, this study showed that CPF can potentially induce genotoxic and histopathological changes in fish and other aquatic organisms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document