scholarly journals Sample Preparation: The Forgotten Beginning

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1774-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
BYRON BREHM-STECHER ◽  
CHARLES YOUNG ◽  
LEE-ANN JAYKUS ◽  
MARY LOU TORTORELLO
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Food Microbiology ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Functional Components

Advances in molecular technologies and automated instrumentation have provided many opportunities for improved detection and identification of microorganisms; however, the upstream sample preparation steps needed to apply these advances to foods have not been adequately researched or developed. Thus, the extent to which these advances have improved food microbiology has been limited. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of sample preparation, to identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for improvement, and to recognize the need to support greater research and development efforts on preparative methods in food microbiology. The discussion focuses on the need to push technological developments toward methods that do not rely on enrichment culture. Among the four functional components of microbiological analysis (i.e., sampling, separation, concentration, detection), the separation and concentration components need to be researched more extensively to achieve rapid, direct, and quantitative methods. The usefulness of borrowing concepts of separation and concentration from other disciplines and the need to regard the microorganism as a physicochemical analyte that may be directly extracted from the food matrix are discussed. The development of next-generation systems that holistically integrate sample preparation with rapid, automated detection will require interdisciplinary collaboration and substantially increased funding.

Recent applications of TEM to the study of interfaces

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-309
Author(s):  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Diffuse Scattering ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Current State ◽  
Actual Nature ◽  
High Resolution Images

This paper will review the current state of understanding of interface structure and highlight some of the future needs and problems which must be overcome. The study of this subject can be separated into three different topics: 1) the fundamental electron microscopy aspects, 2) material-specific features of the study and 3) the characteristics of the particular interfaces. The two topics which are relevant to most studies are the choice of imaging techniques and sample preparation. The techniques used to study interfaces in the TEM include high-resolution imaging, conventional diffraction-contrast imaging, and phase-contrast imaging (Fresnel fringe images, diffuse scattering). The material studied affects not only the characteristics of the interfaces (through changes in bonding, etc.) but also the method used for sample preparation which may in turn have a significant affect on the resulting image. Finally, the actual nature and geometry of the interface must be considered. For example, it has become increasingly clear that the plane of the interface is particularly important whenever at least one of the adjoining grains is crystalline.A particularly productive approach to the study of interfaces is to combine different imaging techniques as illustrated in the study of grain boundaries in alumina. In this case, the conventional imaging approach showed that most grain boundaries in ion-thinned samples are grooved at the grain boundary although the extent of this grooving clearly depends on the crystallography of the surface. The use of diffuse scattering (from amorphous regions) gives invaluable information here since it can be used to confirm directly that surface grooving does occur and that the grooves can fill with amorphous material during sample preparation (see Fig. 1). Extensive use of image simulation has shown that, although information concerning the interface can be obtained from Fresnel-fringe images, the introduction of artifacts through sample preparation cannot be lightly ignored. The Fresnel-fringe simulation has been carried out using a commercial multislice program (TEMPAS) which was intended for simulation of high-resolution images.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality in Orthopedic Surgery Is Emerging from Proof of Concept Towards Clinical Studies: a Literature Review Explaining the Technology and Current State of the Art

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio A. Casari ◽  
Nassir Navab ◽  
Laura A. Hruby ◽  
Philipp Kriechling ◽  
Ricardo Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Clinical Procedures ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Orthopedic Oncology ◽  
Technological Developments

Abstract Purpose of Review Augmented reality (AR) is becoming increasingly popular in modern-day medicine. Computer-driven tools are progressively integrated into clinical and surgical procedures. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the current technology and its challenges based on recent literature mainly focusing on clinical, cadaver, and innovative sawbone studies in the field of orthopedic surgery. The most relevant literature was selected according to clinical and innovational relevance and is summarized. Recent Findings Augmented reality applications in orthopedic surgery are increasingly reported. In this review, we summarize basic principles of AR including data preparation, visualization, and registration/tracking and present recently published clinical applications in the area of spine, osteotomies, arthroplasty, trauma, and orthopedic oncology. Higher accuracy in surgical execution, reduction of radiation exposure, and decreased surgery time are major findings presented in the literature. Summary In light of the tremendous progress of technological developments in modern-day medicine and emerging numbers of research groups working on the implementation of AR in routine clinical procedures, we expect the AR technology soon to be implemented as standard devices in orthopedic surgery.

RADIOCARBON IN MEXICO: FROM PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS TO AMS

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Corina Solís ◽  
Efraín Chávez ◽  
Arcadio Huerta ◽  
María Esther Ortiz ◽  
Alberto Alcántara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
National Council ◽  
University Of Arizona ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
High Voltage Engineering ◽  
The University

ABSTRACT Augusto Moreno is credited with establishing the first radiocarbon (14C) laboratory in Mexico in the 1950s, however, 14C measurement with the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique was not achieved in our country until 2003. Douglas Donahue from the University of Arizona, a pioneer in using AMS for 14C dating, participated in that experiment; then, the idea of establishing a 14C AMS laboratory evolved into a feasible project. This was finally reached in 2013, thanks to the technological developments in AMS and sample preparation with automated equipment, and the backing and support of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the National Council for Science and Technology. The Mexican AMS Laboratory, LEMA, with a compact 1 MV system from High Voltage Engineering Europa, and its sample preparation laboratories with IonPlus automated graphitization equipment, is now a reality.

scholarly journals Overview of Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods to Analysis Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Waters Matrices

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Cristina M. M. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Impact

In the environment, pharmaceutical residues are a field of particular interest due to the adverse effects to either human health or aquatic and soil environment. Because of the diversity of these compounds, at least 3000 substances were identified and categorized into 49 different therapeutic classes, and several actions are urgently required at multiple steps, the main ones: (i) occurrence studies of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the water cycle; (ii) the analysis of the potential impact of their introduction into the aquatic environment; (iii) the removal/degradation of the pharmaceutical compounds; and, (iv) the development of more sensible and selective analytical methods to their monitorization. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art sample preparation methods and chromatographic analysis applied to the study of PhACs in water matrices by pinpointing their advantages and drawbacks. Because it is almost impossible to be comprehensive in all PhACs, instruments, extraction techniques, and applications, this overview focuses on works that were published in the last ten years, mainly those applicable to water matrices.

A Normative Framework for Sharing Information Online

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Sullivan ◽  
Mark Alfano
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
Current State ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Share Information

People have always shared information through chains and networks of testimony. It is arguably part of what makes us human and enables us to live in cooperative communities with populations greater than 150 or so. The invention of the internet and the rise of social media have turbocharged our ability to share information. This chapter develops a normative epistemic framework for sharing information online. This framework takes into account both ethical and epistemic considerations that are intertwined in typical cases of online testimony. The authors argue that, while the current state of affairs is not entirely novel, recent technological developments call for a rethinking of the norms of testimony, as well as the articulation of a set of virtuous dispositions that people would do well to cultivate in their capacity as conduits (not just sources or receivers) of information.

scholarly journals Sport Events for Sport Participation: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Teare ◽  
Marijke Taks
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Database Search ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Study Context

Research on sport participation impacts from sport events has been sporadic. This scoping review assesses the current state of literature that addresses impacts, legacies, and leveraging of sport events for sport participation outcomes and the gaps in terms of study context and research designs. Two systematic approaches of article identification were performed: a traditional database search and a systematic manual search. Studies on sport participation outcomes from events mainly focused on mega sport events and adult populations, with the majority employing cross-sectional data and quantitative methods. The use theoretical of frameworks is limited and inconsistent. There is a need for longitudinal investigations, as well as more focus on youth populations, participant events, and smaller-sized events to advance the research agenda for sport participation outcomes from sport events.

scholarly journals Model-Based Fault Detection and Identification for Prognostics of Electromechanical Actuators Using Genetic Algorithms

Aerospace ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo D. L. Dalla Vedova ◽  
Alfio Germanà ◽  
Pier Carlo Berri ◽  
Paolo Maggiore
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Fault Detection And Isolation ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Fault Detection And Identification ◽  
Functional Components

Traditional hydraulic servomechanisms for aircraft control surfaces are being gradually replaced by newer technologies, such as Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMAs). Since field data about reliability of EMAs are not available due to their recent adoption, their failure modes are not fully understood yet; therefore, an effective prognostic tool could help detect incipient failures of the flight control system, in order to properly schedule maintenance interventions and replacement of the actuators. A twofold benefit would be achieved: Safety would be improved by avoiding the aircraft to fly with damaged components, and replacement of still functional components would be prevented, reducing maintenance costs. However, EMA prognostic presents a challenge due to the complexity and to the multi-disciplinary nature of the monitored systems. We propose a model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) method, employing a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to identify failure precursors before the performance of the system starts being compromised. Four different failure modes are considered: dry friction, backlash, partial coil short circuit, and controller gain drift. The method presented in this work is able to deal with the challenge leveraging the system design knowledge in a more effective way than data-driven strategies, and requires less experimental data. To test the proposed tool, a simulated test rig was developed. Two numerical models of the EMA were implemented with different level of detail: A high fidelity model provided the data of the faulty actuator to be analyzed, while a simpler one, computationally lighter but accurate enough to simulate the considered fault modes, was executed iteratively by the GA. The results showed good robustness and precision, allowing the early identification of a system malfunctioning with few false positives or missed failures.

scholarly journals Italian social psychiatry research: What gets published in peer reviewed journals?

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Maria Galeazzi ◽  
Stefan Priebe
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Community Mental Health Services ◽  
Social Psychiatry ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current State ◽  
Psychiatric Issue ◽  
Intervention Trials

SummaryAims– To explore the current state of Italian social psychiatry research as evidenced by original papers published in peer-reviewed journals 2004-2006.Methods– Electronic databases and hand searches of leading peer-reviewed journals were used to identify original research papers published in 2004-2006, addressing a social psychiatric issue, having at least one Italian author, and reporting data from Italian samples.Results– A total of 174 papers were identified. A substantial proportion reported findings of international collaborative research. Quantitative methods dominated, with 86 papers on cross-sectional surveys. Only 18 papers showed results of intervention trials with pre and post measures. Most common target group were psychiatric patients in community mental health services which featured in 93 papers.Conclusions– There is a critical mass of Italian social psychiatry research, dominated by a few research centres and with considerable amount of international collaboration. The findings of this survey might reflect the relative shortage of national funding for social psychiatry research.Declaration of Interest: None.

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