Performance of Cold Chains for Chesapeake Bay Farmed Oysters and Modeled Growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

ABSTRACT Temperature-controlled supply chains (cold chains) require an unbroken chain of refrigeration to maintain product quality and safety. This study investigated cold chains for farmed oysters raised in the Chesapeake Bay, one of the largest shellfish-growing regions in the United States, and sold live to the half-shell market in surrounding states. Temperature sensors were used in boxes of oysters from February to September 2017, which generated 5,250 h of temperature data. Thirty-nine businesses participated in the temperature sensor study, and 26 of those businesses participated in interviews to further understand how cold chains function. Internal oyster temperatures were measured above 50°F (10°C) for over 1 h in 19% (7 of 36) of shipments, which is a temperature that exceeds National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria. The highest internal oyster temperature recorded in any shipment was 54.5°F (12.5°C). Some parts of the cold chain had difficulty maintaining storage temperatures below 45°F (7.2°C) in warmer months when Vibrio control plans were in effect. We modeled the effects of temperature on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The model predicted moderate bacterial growth before oysters were under temperature control, but cold chains prevented further bacterial growth and provided a moderate drop-off in V. parahaemolyticus abundance.

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VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS–ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND ECOLOGY1

Journal of Milk and Food Technology ◽

10.4315/0022-2747-36.4.202 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 202-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. R. Colwell ◽

T. E. Lovelace ◽

L. Wan ◽

T. Kaneko ◽

T. Staley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chesapeake Bay ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

The United States ◽

Dna Base Composition ◽

Dna Base ◽

Dna Reassociation ◽

Cape Hatteras

Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from samples of water, sediment, blue crabs, oysters, and clams collected in several areas of Chesapeake Bay. Numerical taxonomy was used to identify and classify the bacterial isolates. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition, serology, isozyme, gas chromatography, bacteriophage sensitivity, and DNA/DNA reassociation analyses confirmed the identification and classification of V. parahaemolyticus and permitted establishment of genetic relationships of the Chesapeake Bay strains with isolates from victims of food poisoning in Japan and from samples taken in geographically diverse areas of the United States. Isolates implicated in recent outbreaks of food poisoning, the first fully documented cases of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the United States, were shown by DNA/DNA reassociation measurements to be closely related to the Japanese and other isolates collected in the United States. Fatty acid profiles of cell derivatives prepared using GLC were useful in diagnosing Vibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae. Bacteriophages isolated from ocean sediments collected off Cape Hatteras were found to be active against V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Distribution of V. parahaemolyticus appears to be restricted to coastal and estuarine regions. V. parahaemolyticus has been shown to be closely associated with zooplankton and a life cycle for V. parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay is proposed.

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A unified degree day model describes survivorship of Copitarsia corruda Pogue & Simmons (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different constant temperatures

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485308006111 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 65-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.N. Gómez ◽

R.C. Venette ◽

J.R. Gould ◽

D.F. Winograd

Keyword(s):

Survival Curve ◽

The United States ◽

Physiological Age ◽

Alien Invasive Species ◽

Temperature Threshold ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Survival Curves ◽

Degree Day ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractPredictions of survivorship are critical to quantify the probability of establishment by an alien invasive species, but survival curves rarely distinguish between the effects of temperature on development versus senescence. We report chronological and physiological age-based survival curves for a potentially invasive noctuid, recently described as Copitarsia corruda Pogue & Simmons, collected from Peru and reared on asparagus at six constant temperatures between 9.7 and 34.5°C. Copitarsia spp. are not known to occur in the United States but are routinely intercepted at ports of entry. Chronological age survival curves differ significantly among temperatures. Survivorship at early age after hatch is greatest at lower temperatures and declines as temperature increases. Mean longevity was 220 (±13 SEM) days at 9.7°C. Physiological age survival curves constructed with developmental base temperature (7.2°C) did not correspond to those constructed with a senescence base temperature (5.9°C). A single degree day survival curve with an appropriate temperature threshold based on senescence adequately describes survivorship under non-stress temperature conditions (5.9–24.9°C).

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Effect of Temperature and Moisture Period on Infection of Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’ by Phytophthora ramorum

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-99-9-1045 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 99 (9) ◽

pp. 1045-1052 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Paul W. Tooley ◽

Marsha Browning ◽

Kerrie L. Kyde ◽

Dana Berner

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Phytophthora Ramorum ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Optimum Temperature ◽

Detached Leaf ◽

Wide Range ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Gradient Plate ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Moisture Conditions

We investigated the temperature and moisture conditions that allow Phytophthora ramorum to infect Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’. Most experiments were performed with a single P. ramorum isolate from the NA1 clonal lineage. For whole plants incubated in dew chambers at 10 to 31°C, the greatest proportion of diseased leaves, 77.5%, occurred at the optimum temperature of 20.5°C. Disease occurred over the entire range of temperatures tested, although amounts of disease were minor at the temperature extremes. For whole plants exposed to varying dew periods at 20°C and then incubated at 20°C for 7 days, a dew period as short as 1 h resulted in a small amount of disease; however, at least 4 h of dew were required for >10% of the leaves to become diseased. Moisture periods of 24 and 48 h resulted in the greatest number of diseased leaves. In detached-leaf, temperature-gradient-plate experiments, incubation at 22°C resulted in the greatest disease severity, followed by 18°C and then 14°C. In detached-leaf, moisture-tent experiments, a 1-h moisture period was sufficient to cause disease on 67 to 73% of leaves incubated for 7 days at 20°C. A statistical model for disease development that combined the effects of temperature and moisture period was generated using nonlinear regression. Our results define temperature and moisture conditions which allow infection by P. ramorum on Cunningham's White rhododendron, and show that P. ramorum is able to infect this host over a wide range of temperatures and moisture levels. The results indicate that P. ramorum has the potential to become established in parts of the United States that are outside its current range.

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Modulation of Responses of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 to pH and Temperature Stresses by Growth at Different Salt Concentrations

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00474-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (14) ◽

pp. 4720-4729 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

W. Brian Whitaker ◽

Michelle A. Parent ◽

Lynn M. Naughton ◽

Gary P. Richards ◽

Seth L. Blumerman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Acid Stress ◽

The United States ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Moderate Halophile ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Absolute Requirement ◽

Acid Acid ◽

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus inhabits marine, brackish, and estuarine waters worldwide, where fluctuations in salinity pose a constant challenge to the osmotic stress response of the organism. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a moderate halophile, having an absolute requirement for salt for survival, and is capable of growth at 1 to 9% NaCl. It is the leading cause of seafood-related bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and much of Asia. We determined whether growth in differing NaCl concentrations alters the susceptibility of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 to other environmental stresses. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was grown at a 1% or 3% NaCl concentration, and the growth and survival of the organism were examined under acid or temperature stress conditions. Growth of V. parahaemolyticus in 3% NaCl versus that in 1% NaCl increased survival under both inorganic (HCl) and organic (acetic acid) acid conditions. In addition, at 42°C and −20°C, 1% NaCl had a detrimental effect on growth. The expression of lysine decarboxylase (encoded by cadA), the organism's main acid stress response system, was induced by both NaCl and acid conditions. To begin to address the mechanism of regulation of the stress response, we constructed a knockout mutation in rpoS, which encodes the alternative stress sigma factor, and in toxRS, a two-component regulator common to many Vibrio species. Both mutant strains had significantly reduced survival under acid stress conditions. The effect of V. parahaemolyticus growth in 1% or 3% NaCl was examined using a cytotoxicity assay, and we found that V. parahaemolyticus grown in 1% NaCl was significantly more toxic than that grown in 3% NaCl.

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The Preservation of Chesapeake Bay Watercraft

10.5957/csys-1977-004 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

William A. Baker

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chesapeake Bay ◽

The United States ◽

Naval Architecture ◽

The Past ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Sailing Yacht ◽

The Difference ◽

Naval Service ◽

Maritime Heritage

The logo for this Third Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, the profile of a rakish sailing log canoe superimposed on that of a modern racing sloop, vividly illustrates the difference between the past and the present. Some might say good riddance to the past but there are many good reasons for trying to preserve something of our maritime heritage, not only the larger vessels such as the whaler Charles w. Morgan and the U. S. Corvette Constellation, but the smaller working watercraft as well. Although the Constellation was built in the Bay region, she was designed as a normal ocean-going ship for naval service; she has none of the unique features of Bay naval architecture hence is outside of the scope of this paper. In the days of our grandfathers the Chesapeake Bay region was the home of a multitude of watercraft employed for a wide variety of pursuits from general freighting to crabbing. There were rams, pungies, schooners, sloops, bugeyes, brogans, canoes, bateaux, skiffs, and scows. Of the skiffs alone, it is said that fourteen different designs were recognized on the Bay. While large numbers of these working boats and vessels have disappeared, it is only on Chesapeake Bay, of all the waters of the United States, that a fair variety of local watercraft can be found. Here there is still a chance of preserving for posterity more than isolated examples.

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Wintering Sea Duck Distribution Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States

Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management ◽

10.3996/122012-jfwm-107 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 178-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

E. D. Silverman ◽

D. T. Saalfeld ◽

J. B. Leirness ◽

M. D. Koneff

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chesapeake Bay ◽

Atlantic Coast ◽

The United States ◽

Common Eider ◽

Cape Cod ◽

Sea Ducks ◽

Surf Scoter ◽

Sea Duck ◽

The U.S

Abstract Although monitoring data for sea ducks (Tribe Mergini) are limited, current evidence suggests that four of the most common species wintering along the eastern coast of the United States—long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis, white-winged scoter Melanitta fusca, surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata, and black scoter Melanitta americana—may be declining, while the status of American common eider Somateria mollissima dresseri is uncertain. The apparent negative trends, combined with the fact that sea duck life histories are among the most poorly documented of North American waterfowl, have led to concerns for these species and questions about the impacts of human activities, such as hunting, as well as catastrophic events and environmental change. During winter, thousands of sea ducks are found along the U.S. Atlantic coast, where they may be affected by proposed wind-power development, changes to marine traffic, aquaculture practices, sand mining, and other coastal development. Possible impacts are difficult to quantify because traditional winter waterfowl surveys do not cover many of the marine habitats used by sea ducks. Thus, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted an experimental survey of sea ducks from 2008 to 2011 to characterize their winter distributions along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Each year, data were collected on 11 species of sea ducks on >200 transects, stretching from Maine to Florida. In this paper, we describe distribution of common eider, long-tailed duck, white-winged scoter, surf scoter, and black scoter. Densities of the two species with the most northerly distribution, white-winged scoter and common eider, were highest near Cape Cod and Nantucket. Long-tailed duck was most abundant around Cape Cod, Nantucket Shoals, and in Chesapeake Bay. Surf scoter also concentrated within Chesapeake Bay; however, they were additionally found in high densities in Delaware Bay, and along the Maryland–Delaware outer coast. Black scoter, the most widely distributed species, occurred at high densities along the South Carolina coast and the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Spatial patterns of high-density transects were consistent among years for all species except black scoter, which exhibited the most interannual variation in distribution. The distance from land, depth, and bottom slope where flocks were observed varied among species and regions, with a median distance of 3.8 km from land along the coastal transects and 75% of flocks observed over depths of <16 m. Common eider and long-tailed duck were observed closer to shore and over steeper ocean bottoms than were the three scoter species. Our results represent the first large-scale quantitative description of winter sea duck distribution along the U.S. Atlantic coast, and should guide the development of sea duck monitoring programs and aid the assessment of potential impacts of ongoing and proposed offshore development.

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Effect of storage temperature on volatile marker compounds in cured loins fermented with Staphylococcus carnosus by brine injection

European Food Research and Technology ◽

10.1007/s00217-020-03621-w ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ramona Bosse ◽

Melanie Wirth ◽

Jochen Weiss ◽

Monika Gibis

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Staphylococcus Carnosus ◽

C Storage ◽

Marker Compounds ◽

Brine Injection ◽

Storage Temperatures

Abstract In this study, the influence of low (5 °C), intermediate (15 °C) and high (25 °C) storage temperatures on the profile of volatile compounds of North European cured loins fermented with Staphylococcus carnosus strains was investigated. In this context, proteolytic activity, bacterial growth, key volatile compounds and sensory attributes were studied. In conclusion, storage temperature significantly affected the volatile marker compounds. A multiple regression indicated significant effects of seven volatile compounds (acetophenone, benzaldehyde, butanone, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-ol, nonanal and pentanone) on the overall odor (R2 = 95.9%) and overall flavor (R2 = 81.1%). The sum of the marker volatiles aldehydes, ketones and alcohol increased with rising temperatures and the highest amounts of the odor active 3-methylbutanal up to 155 and 166 ng/g meat were detected in high temperature-stored loins. Moreover, the addition of S. carnosus strain LTH 3838 showed maximum effect at 5 °C-storage temperature in comparison to the control.

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Performance of cold chains and modeled growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus for farmed oysters distributed in the United States and internationally

International Journal of Food Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108378 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 313 ◽

pp. 108378 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David C. Love ◽

Lillian M. Kuehl ◽

Robert M. Lane ◽

Jillian P. Fry ◽

Jamie Harding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

The United States

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Feasibility and Validation of Viral Respiratory Disease Surveillance in a Combat Theater Using the Filmarray Respiratory Panel

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx163.874 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S360-S360

Author(s):

Ryan Maves ◽

Derek Larson ◽

Michael Dempsey ◽

Benjamin Connors ◽

James Baldwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Surveillance ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Salt Lake ◽

The United States ◽

Cold Chain ◽

Medical Laboratory ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Laboratory Staff ◽

Viral Respiratory

Abstract Background Viral respiratory infections are a significant threat to deployed military units. Pathogen-based surveillance may be hampered by limitations in trained personnel in theater, difficulty with specimen shipment, and technical issues with equipment maintenance. In this project, we evaluated the performance of the FilmArray respiratory panel at military clinics in Afghanistan and compare results to testing performed in the United States. Methods Participants were recruited after presenting at military clinics at Bagram Airfield (BAF), Afghanistan, in 2013–2014 with fever (≥38° C) and respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and/or sore throat). General medical laboratory staff at BAF were trained to operate the FilmArray; nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained and tested in-theater using the FilmArray respiratory panel (Biofire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT). Samples were then shipped to the USAFSAM Applied Technology Center in 50% RNALater (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) without dry ice and then retested using the same panel. Selected influenza isolates then underwent sequencing to evaluate for potential novel circulating strains. Results 29 specimens underwent testing. A virus was identified on FilmArray in 22/29 specimens at BAF and 24/29 specimens at USAFSAM, of whom 17/29 had influenza A. Positive results between BAF and USAFSAM were concordant in all cases; 2 of the negative results at BAF were identified as having influenza A and rhinovirus, respectively. Among those with influenza A, all but one had undergone seasonal influenza vaccination. 5 influenza isolates then underwent sequencing; 2 were A(H1N1pdm09) consistent with the predominant 2012–2013 strain, while 3 were A(H3N2) viruses with HA mutations that differed from those in the 2013–2014 vaccine strain. No resistance-associated neuraminidase mutations were identified. Conclusion Surveillance using the FilmArray system is effective and feasible in theater by general laboratory staff. H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses predominated in this sample of acute respiratory infections in a deployed military setting despite high vaccination rates. The use of the RNALater preservative is an effective method for specimen transport without requiring a cold chain and may facilitate biosurveillance in remote settings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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