Knowledge by acquaintance and description

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fumerton
Keyword(s):  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Object A ◽  
The World ◽  
Direct Awareness ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Knowledge By Acquaintance

The attempt to distinguish knowledge by acquaintance from knowledge by description is most closely associated with Bertrand Russell. The distinction is also crucial to one way of trying to develop a plausible foundationalist theory of justification and knowledge. According to Russell one can distinguish the two kinds of knowledge in terms of their respective objects. Put crudely, one has knowledge by acquaintance of things, and one has knowledge by description of propositions (representations of reality that are either true or false). But this crude characterization of the two kinds of knowledge is misleading. Russell also seemed to believe that one can have knowledge by acquaintance of properties and even facts (where a fact is a complex consisting of a thing’s exemplifying a quality or standing in a relation to another thing). The distinction, then, might be better put in terms of a kind of knowledge which has as its object something that is neither true nor false (knowledge by acquaintance) and a kind of knowledge which has as its object a bearer of truth value (knowledge by description). According to Russell, all knowledge of truths ultimately rests on knowledge by acquaintance. The traditional foundationalist in epistemology holds that although I can know one truth by inferring it from something else I know, not everything I know can be inferred in this way. We can avoid a regress of knowledge by holding that at least some truths are known as a result of direct awareness of or acquaintance with those aspects of the world that make the corresponding propositions true.

scholarly journals MUKJIZAT NARATOLOGIS: STUDI ANDRAGOGI ATAS KISAH MUSA-KHIDR DALAM SURAH AL-KAHFI 60-82

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Nurul Azizeh
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Adult Education ◽  
Adult Learning ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Object A ◽  
Narrative Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

This study wants to explore the story of Prophet Moses and Khidr as figures of adult education in the perspective of Islamic education. The main issue of this study is how the concept of adult education in the perspective of Islamic education is able to increase the spectrum space of andragogical education. By using content analysis and narrative approaches that are primarily sourced QS. al-Kahfi: 60-82, this study seeks to show the values of Islamic education that are based on the theory of andragogical education. The characterization of Moses and Khidr as a figure of andragogical education is: Moses is present as the subject of andragogical education which has a sense of curiosity and Khidr as an object, a figure who has ladunni knowledge and high spiritual abilities. Through the method of lecture, discussion and demonstration, Musa-Khidr's narrative dialogue shows adult learning that contains the values of Islamic education, namely the moral value between teacher and student and morality in learning. The implication of this paper is an effort to contribute to scientific repertoire in the world of education as one of the dimensions of the naratological miracles of the Qoran.

The Event Universe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leemon B. McHenry
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Alfred North Whitehead ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Linguistic Methods

What kinds of things are events? Battles, explosions, accidents, crashes, rock concerts would be typical examples of events and these would be reinforced in the way we speak about the world. Events or actions function linguistically as verbs and adverbs. Philosophers following Aristotle have claimed that events are dependent on substances such as physical objects and persons. But with the advances of modern physics, some philosophers and physicists have argued that events are the basic entities of reality and what we perceive as physical bodies are just very long events spread out in space-time. In other words, everything turns out to be events. This view, no doubt, radically revises our ordinary common sense view of reality, but as our event theorists argue common sense is out of touch with advancing science. In The Event Universe: The Revisionary Metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead, Leemon McHenry argues that Whitehead's metaphysics provides a more adequate basis for achieving a unification of physical theory than a traditional substance metaphysics. He investigates the influence of Maxwell's electromagnetic field, Einstein's theory of relativity and quantum mechanics on the development of the ontology of events and compares Whitehead’s theory to his contemporaries, C. D. Broad and Bertrand Russell, as well as another key proponent of this theory, W. V. Quine. In this manner, McHenry defends the naturalized and speculative approach to metaphysics as opposed to analytical and linguistic methods that arose in the 20th century.

scholarly journals The absence of the caffeine synthase gene is involved in the naturally decaffeinated status of Coffea humblotiana, a wild species from Comoro archipelago

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Raharimalala ◽  
Stephane Rombauts ◽  
Andrew McCarthy ◽  
Andréa Garavito ◽  
Simon Orozco-Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Illegitimate Recombination ◽  
Recombination Mechanism ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Caffeine Synthase ◽  
The World ◽  
Decaffeinated Coffee ◽  
Chromosome Level

AbstractCaffeine is the most consumed alkaloid stimulant in the world. It is synthesized through the activity of three known N-methyltransferase proteins. Here we are reporting on the 422-Mb chromosome-level assembly of the Coffea humblotiana genome, a wild and endangered, naturally caffeine-free, species from the Comoro archipelago. We predicted 32,874 genes and anchored 88.7% of the sequence onto the 11 chromosomes. Comparative analyses with the African Robusta coffee genome (C. canephora) revealed an extensive genome conservation, despite an estimated 11 million years of divergence and a broad diversity of genome sizes within the Coffea genus. In this genome, the absence of caffeine is likely due to the absence of the caffeine synthase gene which converts theobromine into caffeine through an illegitimate recombination mechanism. These findings pave the way for further characterization of caffeine-free species in the Coffea genus and will guide research towards naturally-decaffeinated coffee drinks for consumers.

scholarly journals On Russell’s 1927 Book The Analysis of Matter

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Said Mikki
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
Foundations Of Physics ◽  
The World ◽  
Ordinal Space ◽  
Historical Fact

The goal of this article is to bring into wider attention the often neglected important work by Bertrand Russell on the philosophy of nature and the foundations of physics, published in the year 1927. It is suggested that the idea of what could be named Russell space, introduced in Part III of that book, may be viewed as more fundamental than many other types of spaces since the highly abstract nature of the topological ordinal space proposed by Russell there would incorporate into its very fabric the emergent nature of spacetime by deploying event assemblages, but not spacetime or particles, as the fundamental building blocks of the world. We also point out the curious historical fact that the book The Analysis of Matter can be chronologically considered the earliest book-length generic attempt to reflect on the relation between quantum mechanics, just emerging by that time, and general relativity.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Empirical Characterization of Water as a Factor: Examples and Related Issues with the World Trade Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Ignacio Cazcarro ◽  
Albert E. Steenge
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Water Research ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Model ◽  
Selection Of

This article originates from the theoretical and empirical characterization of factors in the World Trade Model (WTM). It first illustrates the usefulness of this type of model for water research to address policy questions related to virtual water trade, water constraints and water scarcity. It also illustrates the importance of certain key decisions regarding the heterogeneity of water and its relation to the technologies being employed and the prices obtained. With regard to WTM, the global economic input–output model in which multiple technologies can produce a “homogeneous output”, it was recently shown that two different mechanisms should be distinguished by which multiple technologies can arise, i.e., from “technology-specific” or from “shared” factors, which implies a mechanism-specific set of prices, quantities and rents. We discuss and extend these characterizations, notably in relation to the real-world characterization of water as a factor (for which we use the terms technology specific, fully shared and “mixed”). We propose that the presence of these separate mechanisms results in the models being sensitive to relatively small variations in specific numerical values. To address this sensitivity, we suggest a specific role for specific (sub)models or key choices to counter unrealistic model outcomes. To support our proposal we present a selection of simulations for aggregated world regions, and show how key results concerning quantities, prices and rents can be subject to considerable change depending on the precise definitions of resource endowments and the technology-specificity of the factors. For instance, depending on the adopted water heterogeneity level, outcomes can vary from relatively low-cost solutions to higher cost ones and can even reach infeasibility. In the main model discussed here (WTM) factor prices are exogenous, which also contributes to the overall numerical sensitivity of the model. All this affects to a large extent our interpretation of the water challenges, which preferably need to be assessed in integrated frameworks, to account for the main socioeconomic variables, technologies and resources.

Area Studies and Desire: Towards a Genealogy

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Hye-Joon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Area Studies ◽  
Western Area ◽  
The World ◽  
38Th Parallel ◽  
The One

Area studies, as a newly fashionable field of academic research, needs to recognize its less likely precedents if it is going to secure for itself a fresh start. The question of “desire” is relevant here because it indicates the less value-free aspects in its genealogy. As shown in Emma Bovary's embellished representation of Paris at her provincial home, an understanding of an area often reflects the particular needs and desires of the one who understands that area. Such restricted and restricting views of an area repeats itself outside the world of literary fictions, as is shown by the example of Guizot's picture of Europe in which his own country is given a privileged place as the very center of Western civilization itself. An instructive case showing the thin line between the projected desire of one who strives to know a geographical area and the scientific purity of the labor itself is further offered by Napoleon Bonaparte's heavy reliance on Orientalist scholarship in his invasion of Egypt. Moving further east from Egypt to China, we witness the denigrating remarks on China made by the great German thinkers of the past century, Hegel and Weber. Although their characterization of Chinese culture could find echoes in unbiased empirical research, they reveal all the same the trace of Europeans' desire to affirm their superiority over the supposedly inferior and false civilization of the East. Similarly, the Americans who divided the Korean peninsular at the 38th Parallel, with unquestioning confidence in their knowledge of the area and in the justice of their action, rightfully deserve their place in the tradition of Western area studies of serving the needs to dominate, control and exploit an objectified overseas territory. He assumed that words had kept their meaning, that desires still pointed in a single direction, and that ideas retained their logic; and he ignored the fact that the world of speech and desires has known invasions, struggles, plundering, disguises, ploys. From these elements, however, genealogy retrieves an indispensable restraint: it must record the singularity of events outside of any monotonous finality; it must seek them in the most unpromising places, in what we tend to feel is without history—in sentiments, love, conscience, instincts; it must be sensitive to their recurrence, not in order to trace the gradual curve of their evolution, but to isolate the different scenes where they engaged in different roles. — Michel Foucault, “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” (Foucault 139–40).

scholarly journals Characterization of three soybean landraces resistant to Asian soybean rust disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Nobuhiro Aoyagi ◽  
Yukie Muraki ◽  
Naoki Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
The World ◽  
Trait Locus

Abstract Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an obligatory biotrophic fungus that causes Asian soybean rust (ASR) disease. ASR control primarily involves chemical control and the use of resistant soybean cultivars carrying an Rpp (resistance to P. pachyrhizi) gene. This study aimed to characterize the ASR resistance of three soybean Asian landraces. By screening the world core collection (WC) of soybean, which consists of 80 varieties, three landraces were identified in Southeast Asia as resistant to ASR. Genetic mapping using the F2 population derived from a cross with an ASR-susceptible variety, BRS 184, indicated that KS 1034 (WC2) has ASR resistance conferred by a single dominant resistance gene, mapped on chromosome 18, in the same region where Rpp1 was mapped previously. The BRS 184 × WC61 (COL/THAI/1986/THAI-80) F2 population, on the other hand, showed an ASR resistance locus mapped by quantitative trait locus analysis on chromosome 6, in the region where the resistance conferred by PI 416764 Rpp3 resides, with a logarithm of the odds score peak at the same position as the marker, Satt079, while the BRS 184 × WC51 (HM 39) population showed the resistance to ASR allocated between Satt079 and Sat_263 markers, also in the region where Rpp3 was mapped previously. Both WC51 and WC61 have the same infection profile as FT-2 and PI 462312 when tested against the same ASR isolate panel. These three WCs can be used in MAS programs for introgression of Rpp1 and Rpp3 and the development of ASR-resistant cultivars in the breeding program.

scholarly journals The crisis of content verbality in Internet discourse

2021 ◽  
pp. 224-228
Author(s):  
Марина Михайловна Молчанова ◽  
Патимат Абдулаевна Лекова
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Active Visualization ◽  
First Time

Исследуется кризис вербальности контента в интернет-дискурсе, его активная визуализация, связанная с новыми открытиями в области компьютерных технологий. Цель работы - дать полиаспектную характеристику этому явлению и обозначить перспективы его влияния на речемыслительную деятельность подрастающего поколения, составляющего большую часть пользователей социальных сетей. Актуальность данной проблематики обусловлена обеспокоенностью филологической общественностью тем, что мир становится все менее лингвистическим. Новизна заключается в том, что впервые интернет-дискурс рассматривается в контексте кризиса вербальности контента. При таких темпах визуализации медиатекстов вполне вероятно обострение кризиса вербальности, последствия которого могут негативно сказаться на мыслетворческой деятельности у подрастающего поколения, которая возможна только при высокой языковой компетенции. The paper examines the crisis of content verbality in the Internet discourse, its active visualization associated with new discoveries in the field of computer technology. The aim of the work is to give a multi-aspect characterization of this phenomenon and outline the prospects of its influence on the speech-thinking activity of the younger generation, which makes up the majority of users of social networks. The relevance of this issue is due to the concern of the philological community that the world is becoming less and less linguistic. The novelty lies in the fact that for the first time Internet discourse is considered in the context of the crisis of content verbality. At such a rate of visualization of media texts, it is likely that the crisis of verbality will aggravate, the consequences of which can negatively affect the thinking activity of the younger generation, which is possible only with high linguistic competence.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of the MDR Efflux Pump Gene-Carrying Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strains Isolated in Warsaw, Poland

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Olga M. Zając ◽  
Stefan Tyski ◽  
Agnieszka E. Laudy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
The World ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Resistance Nodulation Division ◽  
Sequence Types

An increase of nosocomial infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains has recently been observed all over the world. The isolation of these bacteria from the blood is of particular concern. In this study we performed the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of 94 S. maltophilia isolates, including isolates from patients hospitalized in a tertiary Warsaw hospital (n = 79) and from outpatients (n = 15). All isolates were found to be susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and minocycline, while 44/94 isolates demonstrated a reduction in susceptibility to levofloxacin. A large genetic variation was observed among the isolates tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A clonal relationship with 100% similarity was observed between isolates within two sub-pulsotypes: the first included nine bloodstream isolates and the second involved six. Multilocus sequence typing showed two new sequence types (ST498 and ST499) deposited in public databases for molecular typing. Moreover, the presence of genes encoding ten different efflux pumps from the resistance-nodulation-division family and the ATP-binding cassette family was shown in the majority of the 94 isolates. The obtained knowledge about the prevalence of efflux pump genes in clinical S. maltophilia strains makes it possible to predict the scale of the risk of resistance emergence in strains as a result of gene overexpression.

scholarly journals Characterization of a profilin-like protein from Fasciola hepatica

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10503
Author(s):  
Jessica Wilkie ◽  
Timothy C. Cameron ◽  
Travis Beddoe
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Recombinant Expression ◽  
Tegument Proteins ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
The World ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
First Time ◽  
Important Disease

Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, an important disease of humans and livestock around the world. There is an urgent requirement for novel treatments for F. hepatica due to increasing reports of drug resistance appearing around the world. The outer body covering of F. hepatica is referred to as the tegument membrane which is of crucial importance for the modulation of the host response and parasite survival; therefore, tegument proteins may represent novel drug or vaccine targets. Previous studies have identified a profilin-like protein in the tegument of F. hepatica. Profilin is a regulatory component of the actin cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells, and in some protozoan parasites, profilin has been shown to drive a potent IL-12 response. This study characterized the identified profilin form F. hepatica (termed FhProfilin) for the first time. Recombinant expression of FhProfilin resulted in a protein approximately 14 kDa in size which was determined to be dimeric like other profilins isolated from a range of eukaryotic organisms. FhProfilin was shown to bind poly-L-proline (pLp) and sequester actin monomers which is characteristic of the profilin family; however, there was no binding of FhProfilin to phosphatidylinositol lipids. Despite FhProfilin being a component of the tegument, it was shown not to generate an immune response in experimentally infected sheep or cattle.

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