scholarly journals ANATOMY DESCRIBED IN AYURVEDA AND MODERN SCIENCE: A REVIEW ARTICLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1861-1867
Author(s):  
Ishan Malhotra ◽  
Sakshi Sakshi ◽  
Jannu Manohar

Anatomy is broadly appreciated as being one of the cornerstones of medical education. If we go through the his- tory of human anatomy, it seems that the anatomy of modern times is well recognized from the days of the re- naissance that is from the 15th century. Medical Science was one area where surprising advances had been made in ancient times in India. Specifically, these advances were in the areas of human dissection, embryology, plastic surgery, extraction of cataracts, description of Asthi, Sandhi, Peshi, Snayu, Marma And Pramana Sharira etc. These do not just claim. There is documentary evidence to prove the existence of these practices. Acharya Sushruta has paid great should start his surgical carrier unless he is well aware of human anatomy. Acharya Charaka also studied the anatomy of the human body and various organs. He also described the number of mus- cles joints etc., in the human body. The object of the present study is to trace out the most significant and valua- ble hidden treasures of anatomy practised in the past by Acharya and its review in Modern science. Keywords: Asthi, Sandhi, Plastic surgery, Snayu Marma

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2453
Author(s):  
Sırrı Tiryaki

The first inventions made by the first humans on earth to survive started the beginning of first scientific activities. The first instruments made of bone and stone are a product of this philosophy. The fact that human beings begin to lead a life based on settled life means the world science develops rapidly. Because the settled life enabled the establishment of villages and cities for world civilization and the commencement of trade. Along with all these things, concepts such as writing, books, literature, library, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry and physics began to enter into human life. The discovery of mining revealed the facts like armed soldiers, armies and states. Along with the concept of the state, scientific activities have become more systematic and more widespread. Because it is known that states supported scientific activities within their borders. For example, the creation of the writing by the Sumerian civilization, the preparation of textbooks, the development of the calendar, the development of medical science in Egypt, the invention of the compass by the Chinese civilization, the opening of the museum in Alexandria in the Hellenistic Age and the starting of the studies about anatomy in this museum, the opening of a three different educational institutions in Rome, were all happening as a result of the encouragement and support of the respective states. In this study, we tried to put forth that all the scientific activities in the Old Era the basis of the modern science as well.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetYeryüzündeki ilk insanların hayata kalabilmek için yaptıkları ilk icatlar aynı zamanda ilk bilimsel faaliyetleri başlamaktadır. Kemik ve taştan yapılan ilk aletler bu felsefenin bir ürünüdür. İnsanoğlunun yerleşik yaşama dayalı bir hayat sürdürmeye başlaması ise dünya biliminin hızla gelişmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Çünkü yerleşik yaşam dünya uygarlığı için köylerin ve kentlerin kurulması ve ticaretin başlaması demekti. Bütün bunların yanı sıra yerleşik yaşamla birlikte yazı, kitap, edebiyat, kütüphane, astronomi, matematik, kimya ve fizik gibi kavramlar insan hayatına girmeye başladı. Madenciliğin keşfi ise silahlı askerler, ordular ve devletler gibi olguları ortaya çıkardı. Devlet kavramıyla birlikte bilimsel faaliyetler daha sistematik hâle geldi ve daha da yaygınlaştı. Çünkü devletlerin kendi sınırları içerisinde bilimsel aktiviteleri teşvikleri söz konusuydu. Örneğin yazının Sümer uygarlığı tarafından icat edilmesi, ders kitaplarının hazırlanması, takvimin geliştirilmesi, Mısır’da tıp biliminin oldukça gelişmesi, pusulanın Çin uygarlığı tarafından icat edilmesi, Helenistik Çağ’da İskenderiye kentinde müzenin açılması ve bu müzede anatomi alanında çalışmaların başlatılması ile Roma’da üç farklı eğitim kurumunun açılması gibi konuların tamamı dönemin söz konusu devletlerinin teşvik ve destekleri sonucunda gerçekleşen olgulardı. Çalışmamızda Eski Çağdaki bütün bu bilimsel faaliyetlerin aynı zamanda modern bilimin temelini oluşturduğunu ortaya koymaya çalıştık.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Syeda Kharshiya Saher ◽  
Mohd. Zulkifle ◽  
Wasim Ahmad

Unani system of medicine is known for its potential since ancient times. Elite Unani philosophers are credited for proposing consolidated theories and unleashing medical science from the domain of deities and demons. They have set the goal of medicine as prevention as well as cure of disease. Both the health and the disease are described in its own way in respect of functions. Unani philosophers contemplated that human body is composed of three basic components; solid (body organs), liquid (humours), gaseous (pneuma). The liquid substances of the body are collectively called as Akhlāṭ (humours). Every humour serves some specific and general functions. Basically, these are approximate principle for nutrition of organs. Black bile is one among the humours responsible for the health and the disease in the body. A right proportion of black bile keeps the body healthy, but disproportion of it causes deadly diseases. It is a fact that everything in the body is directly, or indirectly related with the four humours. In present study, a comprehensive explanation of black bile is given. Much emphasis is given on the genesis of normal and abnormal black bile. All factors responsible for alteration in black bile are enumerated thoroughly in the study. It is believed that the present work would help the reader in better understanding of the concept of black bile and their effect on the human health. Methodology: Relevant literary material is collected from classical books of Unani system of medicine. Present work is an attempt to analyse and systematize collected relevant literary information regarding the concept of black bile and their effect on the human health. Interpretation and conclusion: From the contents of literature; it is clear that black bile is the sediment of normal blood. It is the last to arise and receives the coarse, most meagre share of nutrients and has a retentive virtue, a cooling, drying, astringing, precipitating, condensing, solidifying effect on the metabolism necessary for building the bones, teeth and all dense, solid structures of the body. The black bile is an essential humour that keeps the body healthy. Therefore; an optimal level of black bile plays an important role in maintenance of health as other three humours. An imbalance in quality and quantity of black bile is responsible for the diseases. Key words: Akhlāṭ Arba‘a (humours); Sawdāʼ (black bile); health; disease.


Author(s):  
Yaryna Pohoretska ◽  
◽  
Iryna Kovalchuk ◽  
Iryna Muzyka ◽  
Iryna Stryiska ◽  
...  

Given the rapid progress of modern science, integrative physiology holds a key place in medical education, as it studies patterns of human body functioning in terms of individual characteristics, epigenetic factors and endogenous effects on cellular mechanisms. Drawing on five years of experience in teaching physiology at Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, we highlight the importance of implementing applied integrative physiology in the training of future doctors. We present interpretation of physiological phenomena, adaptive mechanisms and compensation resources in the human body. The introduction of methods for assessing human functions in real time based on high-precision registration of individual functional characteristics and adaptive physiological mechanisms with high diagnostic value, allows future doctors to develop clinical competencies in modern principles of medical science, personalized medicine, and preventive healthcare strategies


Author(s):  
B.E. Owumi ◽  
V.I. Kolo ◽  
A.A. Obemeata ◽  
B.M. Adesokan

Traditional Medicine (TM) is the indigenous system by which different societies provide health care for her members. It developed based on the cultural conception of health and illness, and therapeutic materials that abound in the physical environment of a people. TM involves preventive, diagnostic and curative approaches that do not necessarily align with the methods of modern science. With a pre-historic origin, TM has culminated in its present form through various evolutionary processes including innovation and invention. The system has continued to thrive in modern-day Nigeria, in spite of modernization and advances in western medical science and technology. This is not without modification and adjustments in the bid to adapt to the challenges of modern times. This paper presents theoretical views on observable changes and continuity in the practice of traditional medicine in Nigeria. Guided by the general systems theory (GST), this paper implicates TM’s inherent capacity to adapt to the challenges of each epoch of human development, while aligning with societal constructions about health, illness and healing. Recommendations emanating from the paper will advance strategies for leveraging on the current state of affairs of TM, towards improved access to healthcare for the benefit of the generality of Nigerians.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 125-145
Author(s):  
L. A. Bobrov ◽  
K. S. Khaidakov

Purpose. We describe an original saber discovered in Samarkand in 1969 during construction work in an old building. Presently, the saber is stored in a private collection. We determine the attribution and the time period for this sample of a long-blade weapon based on its features and available examples. Results. The saber features a sharp-triangle blade made of welded bulat “damask” and a bronze handle with a short C-style guard crowned with images of “dragons” and pommels in the form of the head of a bird of prey (possibly a falcon). The full length of the saber measures 91.0 cm with the length of the blade measuring 79.5 cm; width/thickness at the handle is 32.5 / 7.8 mm, in the middle – 28.8 / 5.6 mm, at 10 mm from the point – 10.0 / 2.6 mm; the hilt length – 14.3 cm (handle length – 11.5). The surface of the handle is adorned with three circles grouped as a triangle. The hilt weighs 350 g, the total weight of the saber being 1015 g. Conclusion. Most likely, the saber was made in Middle Asia between 15th – 17th centuries. The so called “Timur’s tamga” (three circles grouped as a triangle) could have been added either in the 15th century, or later (in the latter case, with the purpose of increasing its commercial value). It is less probable that the saber or its handle were produced in the Indian domains of the Babourides, who were descendants of Amir Timur, during the 16th – 17th centuries. The saber is a sufficiently rare example of a certain South-Asian influence on the array of arms used by warriors of Mā warāʼ an-Nahr during the late Middle Ages or early modern times. Due to few authentic samples of long-blade weapons from this period available to scientists, this specimen has a high scientific value.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gashamoglu ◽  

The Article briefly discusses the need for generation of the Science of Ahangyol, and this science’s scientific basis, object and subject, category system, scientific research methods and application options. Ahangyol is a universal science and may be useful in any sphere. It may assist in problem solving in peacemaking process and in many areas such as ecology, economics, politics, culture, management and etc. This science stipulates that any activity and any decision made in the life may only and solely be successful when they comply with harmony principles more, which are the principles of existence and activity of the world. A right strategic approach of the Eastern Philosophy and the Middle Age Islamic Philosophy and scientific thought has an important potential. This strategic approach creates opportunities to also consider irrational factors in addition to rational ones comprehensively in scientific researches. The modern scientific thought contributes to implementation of these opportunities. Ahangyol is a science of determination of ways to achieve harmony in any sphere and of creation of special methods to make progress in these ways through assistance of the modern science. Methods of the System Theory, Mathematics, IT, Astronomy, Physics, Biology, Sociology, Statistics and etc. are more extensively applied. Information is given on some of these methods. Moreover, the Science of Ahangyol, which is a new philosophical worldview and a new paradigm contributes to clarification of metaphysic views considerably and discovery of the scientific potential of religious books.


Author(s):  
Rohit Rastogi ◽  
Mamta Saxena ◽  
Mayank Gupta ◽  
Akshit Rajan Rastogi ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
...  

From ancient times, humans are striving for being healthy and to live with mental peace with family and society. In the previous centuries also, some manmade and mostly natural disasters have disturbed the pace of human life. There have been times when the whole human race has been in terror, danger, and utmost worry. The electrical gadgets also have made the human life comfortable, but also machines have dominated its consciousness. The stress, aggression, depression, and many more issues are also showing presence in all our lives. The chapter is a trial to establish the effect of yagna and mantra science over human calmness and its effect on human health irrespective to gender and age. The article also elaborates the effect of Sanskrit sound and mantra chanting on emission of radiations from electronic gadgets. It also presents the effect of spiritual practices on the human body and soul after the terror, stress, grief created due to COVID-19.


2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-193
Author(s):  
Jung Lee

In pre-modern Korea, paper was renowned for its white glossy surface and cloth-like strength, becoming an important item in both tributary exchanges and private trade. The unique material of the tak tree and related technical innovations, including toch’im, the repeated beating of just-produced paper that provides sizing and fulling effects, were crucial to this fame. However, the scholar-officials who integrated papermaking into the state production system in order to meet administrative and tributary needs initially made toch’im corvée and then penal labor, thereby dismissing it as simple toil. They were not alone, though, in denigrating a form of manual labor. Historiographies of modern science and technology are generally silent about such work, focusing instead on how we invented the human out of drudgery. However, papermakers in late Chosŏn Korea (the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) chose to identify their artisanship with toch’im and eventually succeeded in securing recognition for that technique as a highly paid specialty. By examining this skilling of toch’im, this paper seeks to change the historiographical silence about toil. It overcomes the archival silence that accompanies manual skills by tracing toch’im’s contours through its changing locations and associations in society’s changing social and material networks, revealing paper artisans’ social techniques, or everyday politics that eventually dignified their laborious technique. Paper artisans’ changing relationships with tak barks, tools and facilities, central and local authorities, farmers, merchants, and scholar-officials reveal how such social skilling was made in late Chosŏn Korea, where papermaking became a most successful industry. This tracing of toch’im re-situates creative toil and everyday politics of artisanal hands in the interconnected transformation of social relations, craft, and knowledge practices.


Author(s):  
Roberto Pistilli ◽  
Lorenzo Bonifazi ◽  
Carlo Barausse ◽  
Alessandra Ruggeri ◽  
Michele Covelli ◽  
...  

Human body dissection was a ubiquitous practice in the past, to better understand anatomy and to develop medicine. Today, its role could still be important to answer everyday clinical queries and help surgeons. The example of the possible lack of anesthesia during symphysis surgeries can emphasize the usefulness of dissection. The mandibular symphysis usually receives innervation from inferior alveolar nerve terminations, but, in some rare cases, a particular anastomosis involves the lingual nerve and the nerve to the mylohyoid. The anatomical knowledge resulting from body dissections could help oral surgeons to understand the reason why the patient could feel pain during the surgery, and ensure performance of the right lingual nerve block to obtain complete anesthesia. This clinical situation shows the educational role of an ancient, yet still valid, practice, human dissection, and the importance of anatomical studies to improve surgical skills, to provide better treatment for the patient.


2009 ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Ülo Kaevats

Oma algses mitmetähenduslikkuses on see F. Baconi aforism kõige tihendatum tõdemus, mis tõmbab olemusliku eraldusjoone ühelt poolt antiikse ja keskaegse ning teisalt uusaegse arusaama vahele teadusest ja teadusteadmisest. Artiklis püüab autor anda võimaluste piires tervikpildi uusaja teaduse industriaalselt (tehnoloogiliselt) orienteeritud teadmistüübi tekkimisest. Uusaja teaduse kujunemiseks vajaliku pöörde maailmavaateliste eeldustena tuleb käsitleda: (1) põhimõtteliselt uut subjekti ja objekti käsitust; (2) täiesti uut väärtusruumi, uut teaduse ideoloogiat (ilmalikkus, kriitiline vaim, tõesus ja praktiline kasulikkus); (3) tunnetuslaadi muutust — kontemplatsioonilt interventsioonile, kvaliteedi kirjeldamiselt kvantiteedi uurimisele; (4) looduse käsitlemist Kosmose asemel seaduspäraselt korrastatud objektide “väljana”. Uue tunnetusstiili — empiirilise ja teoreetilise tunnetuse kokkuviimine, hüpoteetilis-deduktiivse metodoloogia kujundamine Galilei poolt, abstraktse ja sünteetilis-tekstilise loomuga spekulatsiooni asendumine uurimisobjekti ehituse, korrapära ja põhjuslikkuse objektiivse analüüsiga, universaalsete loodusseaduste doktriini kujunemine jms—kujunemine konstitueeris uut tüüpi teadmise. Teadmise kui nähtava maailma piltkoopia asemele luuakse teadmine kui loodusobjektide seaduspära analüütiline rekonstruktsioon. See on vormiltmatemaatiline, päritolult eksperimentaalne ning loodusobjektide kontrollimisele ja ümbertegemisele suunatud nn valdamisteadmine.This F. Bacon's aphorism in its original ambiguity is the most condensed belief that draws a distinctive essential line between ancient and medieval understanding of science and scientific knowledge on one hand and modern understanding on the other. The author aims at providing, as far as possible, an integral overview of emerging of the industrially (technologically) orientated type of knowledge of modern times. Ideological/philosophical preconditions of the change necessary for emerging of modern science are: (1) a fundamentally new approach to the subject and object; (2) a completely new system of values, a new ideology of science (secularity, critical spirit, trueness and utilitarianism); (3) a change in manner of cognizance - from contemplation to intervention, from describing quality to studying quantity; (4) treating nature as a naturally organised "field" of objects instead of the Cosmos. Emerging of a new style of cognizance - bringing together of empirical and theoretical cognition, the devise of the hypothetical-deductive method by Galilei, replacement of speculations abstract and synthetic-textual in nature with objective study of the structure, regularity and causality of the object of study, establishment of the doctrine of universal natural laws etc - constituted a new type of knowledge. Knowledge as a copy of the visible world is replaced by knowledge as an analytical reconstruction of the regularity of natural objects. It is so-called dispositive knowledge, morphologically mathematical, originally experimental and aimed at control and alteration of natural objects.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document