scholarly journals „ПОСЛАТЕЛНИКЪТ“ НА НЕОФИТ БОЗВЕЛИ И ЕМАНУИЛ ВАСКИДОВИЧ И ТЕХНИТЕ ВЪЗРОЖДЕНСКИ ПОСЛАНИЯ

2021 ◽  
Vol XXХII A (1) ◽  
pp. 32-53
Author(s):  
Диана Иванова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses „Poslatelnikat“, the sixth part of the famous encyclopedic edition of „Slavenobolgarskoe Detevodstvo“ by Neofit Bozveli and Emanuil Vaskidovich (Kragujevac, 1835). The study focuses on the views of the two prominent Revival figures, conceptualised in the context of the second quarter of the 19th century - a time of controversy and choices regarding the type of education, upbringing of the younger generation, the nature of literary language and other important issues, which are on the agenda of the Bulgarian intellectuals, associated with the ideas of the European Enlightenment.

scholarly journals «GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Usatenko ◽  
Galyna Usatenko ◽  
Myroslava Marushchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

scholarly journals Ensimmäisten suomenkielisten murretutkimusten metakieli

Virittäjä ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aila Mielikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Paradigmatic Change ◽  
The 19Th Century

Suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen alku sijoittuu 1800-luvulla ajankohtaan, jolloin tieteellistä suomen kieltä ei vielä ollut olemassa. Kielestäkin oli kirjoitettu suomeksi vähän, ja kieliopit olivat suurimmaksi osaksi muunkielisiä. Suomenkielisistä kieliopeista saatu terminologia ei riittänyt murteiden äänneopin käsittelyyn, eli suomeksi kirjoittavilta tutkijoilta puuttuivat sopivat metakielen mallit. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, miten eri murteiden tyypillisiä piirteitä nimettiin ja kuvailtiin murteentutkimuksen ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä. Aineistona ovat 1860‒1890-luvuilla julkaistut tutkimukset, jotka edustavat vertailevaa, deskriptiivistä tutkimussuuntaa. Euroopassa 1870-luvulla tapahtunut paradigman muutos deskriptiivisestä historioivaan tutkimukseen (nuorgrammaattinen tutkimussuunta) saavutti suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen vasta 1890-luvulla. Sitä ennen murteita verrattiin kieliopeissa esitettyyn kirjakieleen. Tutkijat tunsivat hyvin suomen kielen rakenteen, mutta he pystyivät jossain määrin selittämään myös murrevarianttien taustoja ja syntyä. Analyysit eivät siten ole niin synkronisia kuin käytetyn metodin perusteella voisi olettaa. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan metakieltä myös tutkimusajankohdan kielellisessä kontekstissa. 1800-luvun kielenuudistuksessa oli yhtenä tavoitteena uudissanaston oma­peräisyys, ja tieteellisille termeillekin pyrittiin luomaan suomenkieliset vastineet. Murre­tutkimusten terminologia sisältää sekä vierasperäistä että omaa sanastoa, ja osa siitä on säilynyt dialektologiassa nykypäivään asti. Ennestään tutuille sanoille annettiin kieli­tieteellisessä kontekstissa uusi merkitys, ja lisäksi luotiin tarpeen mukaan uusia johdoksia. Sananvalinnat saattavat joskus kuulostaa kansanomaisilta ja muistuttaa jopa nykyistä kansanlingvististä metakieltä. On kuitenkin otettava huomioon, että sanojen tyylisävyt ovat muuttuneet ja että nykykielen ekspressiivisillä ja affektiivisilla sanoilla on voinut olla 1800-luvulla neutraalimpi merkitys. The metalanguage of the first Finnish-language studies in dialectology The roots of Finnish dialectology go back to a point in the 19th century when scholarly Finnish did not yet exist. Little had been written on linguistics in Finnish, and grammars were often in languages other than Finnish. The terminology gleaned from grammars written in Finnish for the treatment of dialectal phonology was insufficient, i.e., scholars writing in Finnish lacked suitable metalinguistic models. The present article examines the terminology used to describe typical features of a variety of dialects during the first decades of dialectology. The primary corpus of data consists of studies, published from 1860 until the 1890s and which represent a comparative descriptive approach. The paradigmatic change from descriptive to historical dialectology in Europe (during the 1870s) did not reach Finland until two decades later. Prior to this, dialects were compared to the literary language presented in grammars. While scholars were well acquainted with the structure of the Finnish language, they could also explain, to some degree, the background and birth of dialectal variations. For this reason, analyses are not as synchronic as the method used might suggest. The article also studies metalanguage in the linguistic context of the specific point of time in question. One of the aims of the language reforms of the 19th century was a Finnish-language-based collection of neologisms, an attempt to create Finnish equivalents for scholarly terms. Dialectological terminology employs both foreign and Finnish vocabulary, and some of these terms persist to this day. Familiar words were given a new meaning in a linguistic context, and new derivatives were created. The choice of words was sometimes popular in tone, occasionally reminiscent of a modern folk linguistic metalanguage. It is, nevertheless, to be noted, that the stylistics of words has changed, and that the stylistic values of expressive and affective words could have had a more neutral shade during the 19th century.

scholarly journals The Traditional Lexical Layer Of The Works Of Avaz Otar

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 442-445
Author(s):  
Sarvinoz Sharipova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with the lexical features of Avaz Otar's works of the 19th century. Literary language and living colloquial words in the works are selected and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the ways in which words of different dialects enter the Uzbek literary language.

scholarly journals Особенности калмыцкого письменного языка XIX в. (на материале калмыцких писем И. Я. Шмидта (1800–1810 гг.))

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-659
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Bembeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Traditional Indicator

Introduction. The article examines some phonetic and morphological features of the Kalmyk language traced in written monuments published by the famous Mongolists John Krueger and Robert Service in the ‘Kalmyk Old-Manuscript Documents of Isaac Jacob Schmidt’ (2002). The book presents facsimiles, transcriptions and translations of epistolary documents into English, which cover the period from 1800 to 1810. Most of the letters — 54 out of 80 — reflect correspondence with the Baga Dorbet Princes Tundutovs, including 18 from Erdeni Taisha, 27 from Tsebek, and 9 more from Jamba Taisha. These written monuments are kept in the archives of the Moravian Brothers Community in Herrnhut (Unitas Fratrum, Eng. ‘United Brothers’) in folder R.15.R.IIa No. 5. Goals. The paper aims at investigating some phonetic and morphological features of the then Kalmyk language discovered in the published letters. Results. The language of I. H. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage in the development of the Kalmyk language in the late 18th – early 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of the phonetic and grammatical norms inherent to the written literary language and living folk speech. The materials of the texts show that the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a process of transition of the combinations -ou and -öü into the long vowels [u:] and [ü:], respectively. It is also noted that in words where the diphthong -iu is historically (traditionally) used, e.g., in the word alčiur — in letters it is transmitted as alčuur, which meets the requirements of live pronunciation. In the language of letters of I. J. Schmidt, when it comes to construct the imperative form of the 2nd person plural, several cases of using the colloquial formant -tan are recorded, instead of the traditional indicator -qtün / -qtun. The past participle, which is historically formed with -qsan / -qsen affixes, also approaches colloquial forms, therefore, there are frequent cases of using -san / -sen forms, which are closer to modern Kalmyk (e.g., xara torγon irsen bolxuna ‘if the black silk arrives’). Linguistic processes associated with the reduction of short vowels of non-first syllables of a word, reduction of morphological formants, etc., are reflected to a greater or lesser extent in the text of the studied monument. Conclusions. Thus, the language of I. Ya. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage of development of the Kalmyk language at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of phonetic and grammatical norms of the written literary language and living folk speech.

scholarly journals Nowe stronice (nie)znanej historii

2019 ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Mariola Walczak-Mikołajczakowa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the book by Diana Ivanova История на новобългарския книжовен език – a new textbook on the history of literary Bulgarian language. Starting from a discussion of terminology related to concepts the Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian language, first presents the history of the scientific discipline as the history of the New Bulgarian literary language (NBKE), and then the textbooks used so far in the university didactics. It is necessary to indicate a new content of the discussed monograph, in which a significant novum is the different perception of the beginnings of NBKE and chapters on the activities of the literary society from Brasov and biblical translations into a language understandable to the reader in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Prepositional phrases with verba dicendi from Dalmatin's translation of the Bible (1584) in relation to foreign language translations

Linguistica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Irena Orel
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The 19Th Century

In a diachronic perspective from the 16th century to the present, this article inves­ tigates translated interlinguistic agreement and difference in the use of the temporally marked Slovenian prepositional phrases that appeared in the semantic group of verba dicendi in the first two books of the Old Testament and the New Testament of the old­ est Slovenian translation of the Bible, from 1584, and that were replaced in the mod­ em literary language in the 19th century by the introduction of prepositionless or other prepositional patterns. A comparison is made on the basis of Internet publications of parallel sections of six foreign language translations (Latin, German, two English [17th century and modem], French and Russian), and the extent to which these preposition­ al phrases are covered by older or modem literary Slovenian syntactic patterns is deter­ mined .

scholarly journals Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten – the First Croatian Phraseological Dictionary

Kalbotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
Barbara Kovačević ◽  
Barbara Štebih Golub
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Selection Principles ◽  
Contemporary Practice ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first Croatian phraseological dictionary, compiled in German under the title Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was published as a part of the conversational manual accompanying the last published grammar of the Kajkavian literary language, Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Its author, Ignac Kristijanović, had accomplished this pioneering undertaking against the contemporary practice, listing the idioms as separate phraseological units in form of a small phraseological dictionary, and not within the dictionary entries of the general dictionary. The paper deals with the macro- and microstructure of Kristijanović’s dictionary within the theoretical framework of the so-called Zagreb School of Phraseology (Menac, Fink-Arsovski).On the macrostructural level, the analysis focuses on the selection principles of the included units and their order in the dictionary. Special attention is paid to the question which material is included, ie. whether the dictionary contains only idioms defined in accordance with today’s phraseological theory and whether the author makes a distinction between idioms and other fixed multi-word expressions (collocations, proverbs).On the microstructural level, it is being examined which form of a idiom is taken as a lemma and how the Kajkavian idioms are translated on the German side of the dictionary (an equivalent German idiom; a German idiom and the explanation of its meaning; the description of the situation in which the idiom is being used). In addition, the question of dealing with synonymous idioms is discussed.In spite of a sporadically non-systematic treatment of structurally similar idioms as dictionary units, and taking into consideration that the Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was compiled in the first half of the 19th century, Kristijanović’s dictionary can be viewed as an interesting and valuable contribution to Croatian and Slavic phraseology and phraseography.

scholarly journals The Historical Memory of the 1812 War in Lithuania in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: A Complex Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-97
Author(s):  
Virgilijus Pugačiauskas ◽  
Olga Mastianica-Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Discourse ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

In historiography, significant attention to the memory culture of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe focuses on issues relating to the memory culture of the Franco-Russian War of 1812; however, the case of Lithuania is not commonly analysed separately, thus this article discusses how assessments of the 1812 war were maintained in the historical memory in Lithuania. The Russian government offered the population in the lands of the former GDL its official version of the historical memory of the 1812 war (of a heroic battle against an invader), which contradicted the version this population considered as ‘its own’, experienced as their support for Napoleon and the new political and social prospects they believed he would bring. The Russian government’s censorship of written literature suppressed the spread of the people’s ‘own’ local historical memory, yet it did not prove to be so effective due to the population’s very limited opportunities to use the printed word. Communicative memory dominated in the land in the first half of the 19th century, becoming the main source testifying to and passing on to subsequent generations the actual multifaceted experiences of the 1812 war, including the chance of liberation from the yoke of the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, representatives of local Russian imperial government structures and the local Russian intelligentsia, responding to the 1812 war as a Polish struggle for freedom and a symbol of political independence, explained in academic, educational and popular literature that the hopes of the Poles related to Napoleon were actually unfounded: the French emperor had no intentions of restoring the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within its historical boundaries, but simply wanted to fill his army units with Polish forces. It was highlighted that this expression of Polish support for Napoleon stopped the Russian imperial government’s potential plans to restore the Poles’ former statehood. This so-called regional narrative which appeared in history textbooks and was used by exacting emotional and visual impact in order to influence the political and cultural provisions of the younger generation had a dual purpose. First, to justify the discriminatory policies against individuals of ‘Polish origins’. Second, to ‘block’ the path for using the 1812 war as a historical argument testifying not just to the common historical past and struggle of Poles and Lithuanians but also their possible political future, which was openly expressed in the Polish national discourse of the early 20th century. Over the course of a hundred years, despite the government’s actions, Poles managed to uphold ‘their own’ historical memory about the 1812 war; its meanings were spread in various forms of media such as fictional literature, museum exhibitions and history textbooks, and were used to shape the political and cultural position of the younger generation. In the Lithuanian national discourse on the other hand, the 1812 war, along with the 1830–1831 and 1863–1864 uprisings, was viewed as a matter concerning the Poles and the Polonised nobility, and it was thus a foreign place of historical memory. The 1812 war and assessments of its potential importance to Lithuanians in the Lithuanian national discourse of the early 20th century were one-off cases and fragmented, while their spread among broader layers of society was limited.

scholarly journals Eduard Ahrensi ettepanekud eesti kirjakeele parandamiseks

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Annika Kilgi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

19. sajandi üks väljapaistvamaid eesti keele uurijaid pastor Eduard Ahrens pidas oma keelelise tegevuse peaeesmärgiks uuendada eesti kirjakeelt. Ta püüdis kirikukogu koosolekutel oma ametivendi reformi möödapääsmatuses korduvalt veenda ning avaldas mitu senist kirjakeelt arvustavat trükist, millest kõige põhjalikum on „Sprachfehler der Ehstnischen Bibel”, mida siinses artiklis analüüsitaksegi. Kõigepealt antakse ülevaade sellest, millist tüüpi vigade kohta tõi Ahrens kõige rohkem näiteid. Seejärel vaadeldakse, kuivõrd vastas tema keeleideaalile järgmiste piibliredaktsioonide sõnastus, s.t kas seal oli kritiseeritud kohti tõlgitud vastavalt Ahrensi soovitusele või mitte. Veanäidete arvust lähtudes osutusid Ahrensi arvates probleemseimateks valdkondadeks morfeemivalik ja sihitise kääne. Järgmised Piibli revideerijad otsustasid mõnes valdkonnas Ahrensist erinevalt (näiteks määruse ja öeldise vormistus, sõnavalik), mõnikord temaga sarnaselt (näiteks käändsõna vormimoodustus, täiendi kasutus). Niisiis muutus eesti kirjakeel tõepoolest nii mõneski küsimuses just selliseks, nagu Ahrens oli soovinud.Eduard Ahrens’ suggestions for improving the Estonian literary language. One of the most outstanding researchers of Estonian in the 19th century, pastor Eduard Ahrens considered the main goal of his language-related work to be reforming the Estonian literary language. In this article, the most thorough writing among those, “The language mistakes in the Estonian Bible” is analysed. At first, an overview is given about the types of mistakes that Ahrens illustrated with the most examples. Next, it is analysed to which extent the wording of the following Bible versions corresponded to his ideal, i.e. whether the criticised places were translated according to Ahrens’s suggestion or not. Taking into account the number of given examples, Ahrens was most worried about the choise of morphemes and the case of the object. The editors of next Bible versions made their decisions differently from him in some areas (e.g. usage of adverbials and predicates, choice of words) and quite similarly to him in others (e.g. noun morphology, attribute usage). Thus, Estonian literary language transformed exactly in a way Ahrens had wanted to in several areas.

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