scholarly journals Russian Polar expedition and geopolitical interests at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries Part 1. Russian Polar expedition: target - Bering Strait

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Е. Докучаев ◽  
Ф.В. Кулаков ◽  
Г. Крехан ◽  
А.Г. Гурбанов ◽  
К.В. Лобанов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Unfavorable Weather

Русская Полярная экспедиция (РПЭ) в художественной и исторической литера- туре обычно рассматривается как экспедиция по поиску легендарной Земли Санникова. Но РПЭ была не менее важна с точки зрения геополитических интересов России: она имела ши- рокий научный и общественный резонанс, находилась под Высочайшим покровительством президента Императорской Академии наук Великого князя Константина Константиновича. На северо-восточном и восточном рубежах России в конце XIX и начале XX веков сложилась относительно напряженная общественно-политическая ситуация. В связи с этим перед РПЭ были поставлены задачи «содействовать занятию арктических островов и обеспече- нию их промысловых богатств за русскими промышленниками, а также показать возмож- ность утилизировать путь к Берингову проливу». В первой части статьи на документальной основе рассмотрены возможные причины раз- ногласий между начальником экспедиции геологом Э.В. Толлем и командиром яхты «Заря» лейтенантом Н.Н. Коломейцевым. Человеческий фактор (в первую очередь, конфликт двух руководителей РПЭ и языковой барьер), чрезвычайно неблагоприятные погодные условия и другие объективные причины привели к гибели людей и относительной неудаче экспедиции, не достигшей Берингова про- лива. Во второй части статьи основное внимание будет уделено геополитическому значению экспедиций с участием Э.В. Толля и его соратников по Русской Полярной экспедиции. The Russian Polar expedition (RPE) in fi ction and historical literature is usually regarded as an expedition in search of the legendary Sannikov Land. But the RPE was no less important from the point of view of Russia’s geopolitical interests: it had a wide scientifi c and public resonance, was under the supreme patronage of the President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a tense internal and external socio-political situation developed on the northeastern and eastern borders of Russia. In this regard, the RPE was tasked with «promoting the occupation of the Arctic islands and ensuring their fi shing wealth for Russian industrialists, as well as showing the possibility of utilizing the path to the Bering Strait.» In the fi rst part of the article, on a documentary basis, possible reasons for the disagreements between the head of the expedition, geologist E.V. Toll and the commander of the yacht «Zarya» Lieutenant N.N. Kolomeytsev reviewed. The human factor (fi rst of all, the confl ict between the two RPE leaders and the language barrier), extremely unfavorable weather conditions and other objective reasons led to the death of people and the relative failure of the expedition that did not reach the Bering Strait. In the second part of the article the main attention will be paid to the geopolitical signifi cance of the expeditions with the participation of E.V. Toll and his associates in the Russian Polar expedition.

scholarly journals THE RUSSIAN POLAR EXPEDITION (1901–1902): MATERIALS FROM THE ARCHIVE OF THE ORE AND PETROGRAPHIC MUSEUM AT IGEM RAS (INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY OF ORE DEPOSITS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES) AND THE LIBRARY COLLECTION OF GEOLOGICAL LITERATURE AT LNS RAS (THE LIBRARY ON NATURAL SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES). PART 3. THE RUSSIAN POLAR EXPEDITION (1901-1902): IN SEARCH OF SANNIKOV LAND

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Я. Докучаев ◽  
Г.Р. Крехан ◽  
А.В. Каргин ◽  
Ф.В. Кулаков ◽  
Е.Б. Курдюков ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Library Collection ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

История Русской Полярной экспедиции (РПЭ, 1900–1902 гг.) под руководством Эдуарда Васильевича Толля, которая должна была найти землю Санникова и достичь Берингова пролива, активно обсуждается в научной и популярной литературе. В статье на основе официальных протоколов Императорской Академии наук, писем и дневников ее участников, Э.В. Толля, А.В. Колчака, Ф.А. Матисена, А.А. Бялыницкого-Бирули рассмотрены по- ставленные перед РПЭ задачи и достигнутые ей основные результаты. РПЭ сыграла важную роль в освоении Северного морского пути и в организации последовавших за ней выдающихся российских и советских арктических и полярных экспедиций. The history of the Russian Polar Expedition (RPE, 1900-1902), that was headed by Edward V. Toll and was supposed to fi nd the Sannikov Land and to reach the Bering Strait, is being actively discussed in popular scientifi c literature. Based on offi cial reports of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences, the expedition members’ correspondence and diaries (E.V. Toll, A.V. Kolchak, F.A. Mattisen, A.A. Bialynicki-Birula), the paper discuses the tasks assigned to the expedition and its principal results achieved. The RPE played an important role in the development of the Northern Sea Route and in organization subsequent signifi cant Russian and Soviet Arctic and polar expeditions.

Environmental and legal problems of ensuring biological safety in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Natalia Zhavoronkova ◽  
Vyacheslav Agafonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Biological Safety ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article is devoted to the study of modern theoretical and legal problems of ensuring biological security in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The published Draft of Federal law No. 850485-7“On biological security of the Russian Federation”provides an opportunity to take a closer look at the problem of legal provision of biological security in relation to the most vulnerable ecosystems, and, first of all, the Arctic. The article considers the most important features and potential risks of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation of critical importance from the point of view of biological hazards, the features (specificity) of biological safety problems from the point of view of organizational-legal features and, in particular, from the perspective of environmental law. It is proved that, given the special situation of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, in addition to the base Federal law“About biological safety” required a specific law on biological and ecological safety of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which should be generated on a slightly different model than the draft Federal law «On biological safety”, to wear the most specific, applied nature.

Russian Parliamentarism Party Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 245-255
Author(s):  
Rostislav F. Turovsky
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The article is devoted to the study of the party model of Russian parliamentarism in post-soviet period. The focus is on the issues of party representation and its correlation with the distribution of the managerial positions and introduction of collective legislation at State Duma. These issues are examined from the point of view of reaching cross-party consensus and implementation of fair parliament party representation principle. According to the author Russian parliamentarism model aims at reaching full-fledged party consensus that corresponds better to the principles of popular representation than strict parliament polarization along the line of “authority-opposition”. Understanding of those issues by the majority of the players was noted from the very start of the State Duma activities, in spite of the acute conflicts in the 1990-ies.The author draws the conclusion that the equation of party representation continues to grow at the level of managerial positions in the parliament that allows to improve cooperation of the parties and to reduce authority and opposition conflicts. Thereby the Russian parliamentarism model makes an important contribution to the stabilization of socio-political situation of the country.

Resistance of cherry varieties to spring return frozes in the conditions of Astrakhan region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Dronic A.A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Damage Score ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Total Damage ◽  
Continental Climate ◽  
Unfavorable Weather

The article presents an assessment of the stability of introduced cherry varieties to spring return frosts in 2020 in the conditions of the sharply continental climate of the Astrakhan region. As a result of unfavorable weather conditions, the total damage score of all varieties was 2-5 points. Almost all the studied varieties showed an insufficient level of resistance to recurrent frosts.

THE PRINCIPLES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Bubynin ◽  
Mikhail Bubynin ◽  
Valery Abramov ◽  
Valery Abramov ◽  
Gennady Zabolotnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
The Russian Federation

The paper considers the priorities of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic, from the point of view of the development of scientific research, identified by the main strategic documents of national policy and security in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Measures for implementation of priorities in the development of scientific research in the Arctic can be divided into three main sections: 1. Scientific projects and expeditions in the Arctic; 2. International activities; 3. Coordination and implementation of integrated research in the Arctic. Note that currently the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation develops the Analytical Coordination Program “Comprehensive research of the Arctic and Antarctic”, in cooperation with the federal state bodies and Governance of the Subjects of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The mechanism of the Program will ensure coordination between state bodies for integrated scientific researches in the Arctic in the interests of economic and scientific development of the region, and the creation of the scientific, technical and technological reserve in order to ensure of national security in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

Effectiveness of Flood Protection Project Valuation Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-289
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Liziński ◽  
Marcin Bukowski ◽  
Anna Wróblewska
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Project Valuation ◽  
The Subject

Projects for flood protection are increasingly the subject of investment projects in the field of water management. This is related to the increasing frequency of worldwide threats caused by extreme weather conditions, including extremely high rainfall causing floods. Technical and nontechnical flood protection measures are also increasing in importance. In the decision-making process, it is necessary to take into account both the costs and benefits of avoiding losses, including an analysis of social benefits, whose valuation of non-market goods is an essential element. A comprehensive account of projects in the field of flood protection based on the estimated costs and benefits of the investment allows the economic efficiency from a general social point of view to be determined. Previous evaluations of the effectiveness of investment projects have mainly taken into account only categories and market values. The aim of the article is to identify the possibilities to expand the values of non-market assessments and categories formulated on the basis of the theoretical economics of the environment. 

scholarly journals Design and Field Validation of a Low Power Wireless Sensor Node for Structural Health Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Federico Zanelli ◽  
Francesco Castelli-Dezza ◽  
Davide Tarsitano ◽  
Marco Mauri ◽  
Maria Laura Bacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Wireless Sensor Node ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Fatigue Life Estimation ◽  
Remaining Fatigue Life

Smart monitoring systems are currently gaining more attention and are being employed in several technological areas. These devices are particularly appreciated in the structural field, where the collected data are used with purposes of real time alarm generation and remaining fatigue life estimation. Furthermore, monitoring systems allow one to take advantage of predictive maintenance logics that are nowadays essential tools for mechanical and civil structures. In this context, a smart wireless node has been designed and developed. The sensor node main tasks are to carry out accelerometric measurements, to process data on-board, and to send wirelessly synthetic information. A deep analysis of the design stage is carried out, both in terms of hardware and software development. A key role is played by energy harvesting integrated in the device, which represents a peculiar feature and it is thanks to this solution and to the adoption of low power components that the node is essentially autonomous from an energy point of view. Some prototypes have been assembled and tested in a laboratory in order to check the design features. Finally, a field test on a real structure under extreme weather conditions has been performed in order to assess the accuracy and reliability of the sensors.

scholarly journals A warm jet in a cold ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. MacKinnon ◽  
Harper L. Simmons ◽  
John Hargrove ◽  
Jim Thomson ◽  
Thomas Peacock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Beaufort Gyre ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Initial Evolution ◽  
Forecast Models

AbstractUnprecedented quantities of heat are entering the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait, particularly during summer months. Though some heat is lost to the atmosphere during autumn cooling, a significant fraction of the incoming warm, salty water subducts (dives beneath) below a cooler fresher layer of near-surface water, subsequently extending hundreds of kilometers into the Beaufort Gyre. Upward turbulent mixing of these sub-surface pockets of heat is likely accelerating sea ice melt in the region. This Pacific-origin water brings both heat and unique biogeochemical properties, contributing to a changing Arctic ecosystem. However, our ability to understand or forecast the role of this incoming water mass has been hampered by lack of understanding of the physical processes controlling subduction and evolution of this this warm water. Crucially, the processes seen here occur at small horizontal scales not resolved by regional forecast models or climate simulations; new parameterizations must be developed that accurately represent the physics. Here we present novel high resolution observations showing the detailed process of subduction and initial evolution of warm Pacific-origin water in the southern Beaufort Gyre.

scholarly journals Arctic Ocean stratification set by sea level and freshwater inputs since the last ice age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Farmer ◽  
Daniel M. Sigman ◽  
Julie Granger ◽  
Ona M. Underwood ◽  
François Fripiat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Nitrate Consumption ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Last Ice Age

AbstractSalinity-driven density stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean isolates sea-ice cover and cold, nutrient-poor surface waters from underlying warmer, nutrient-rich waters. Recently, stratification has strengthened in the western Arctic but has weakened in the eastern Arctic; it is unknown if these trends will continue. Here we present foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes from Arctic Ocean sediments since 35,000 years ago to reconstruct past changes in nutrient sources and the degree of nutrient consumption in surface waters, the latter reflecting stratification. During the last ice age and early deglaciation, the Arctic was dominated by Atlantic-sourced nitrate and incomplete nitrate consumption, indicating weaker stratification. Starting at 11,000 years ago in the western Arctic, there is a clear isotopic signal of Pacific-sourced nitrate and complete nitrate consumption associated with the flooding of the Bering Strait. These changes reveal that the strong stratification of the western Arctic relies on low-salinity inflow through the Bering Strait. In the central Arctic, nitrate consumption was complete during the early Holocene, then declined after 5,000 years ago as summer insolation decreased. This sequence suggests that precipitation and riverine freshwater fluxes control the stratification of the central Arctic Ocean. Based on these findings, ongoing warming will cause strong stratification to expand into the central Arctic, slowing the nutrient supply to surface waters and thus limiting future phytoplankton productivity.

scholarly journals An exemplary case of a bromine explosion event linked to cyclone development in the Arctic

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1773-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Blechschmidt ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
L. Kaleschke ◽  
K. Strong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Development Duration

Abstract. Intense, cyclone-like shaped plumes of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) are regularly observed by GOME-2 on board the MetOp-A satellite over Arctic sea ice in polar spring. These plumes are often transported by high-latitude cyclones, sometimes over several days despite the short atmospheric lifetime of BrO. However, only few studies have focused on the role of polar weather systems in the development, duration and transport of tropospheric BrO plumes during bromine explosion events. The latter are caused by an autocatalytic chemical chain reaction associated with tropospheric ozone depletion and initiated by the release of bromine from cold brine-covered ice or snow to the atmosphere. In this manuscript, a case study investigating a comma-shaped BrO plume which developed over the Beaufort Sea and was observed by GOME-2 for several days is presented. By making combined use of satellite data and numerical models, it is shown that the occurrence of the plume was closely linked to frontal lifting in a polar cyclone and that it most likely resided in the lowest 3 km of the troposphere. In contrast to previous case studies, we demonstrate that the dry conveyor belt, a potentially bromine-rich stratospheric air stream which can complicate interpretation of satellite retrieved tropospheric BrO, is spatially separated from the observed BrO plume. It is concluded that weather conditions associated with the polar cyclone favoured the bromine activation cycle and blowing snow production, which may have acted as a bromine source during the bromine explosion event.

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