A Study of Various Constraints in Lentil Production and Marketing in District Lakhimpur (Kheri) of Uttar Pradesh

Background: Lentil pulse crop on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Lakhimpur (Kheri), Uttar Pradesh is a cause of great concern. Keeping in view the importance of lentils, the study was carried out to examine the various constraints faced by the different groups of farmers. Aims: To study the various Constraints in lentil production and marketing. Place and Duration of Study: Lakhimpur (kheri) district of Uttar Pradesh, between year 2020 and 2021. Methodology: A total of 100 respondents were selected randomly from the Mitauli block of Lakhimpur (kheri) district, Uttar Pradesh and a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the farmers. Respondents were classified into three ccategories based on their size of land holdings. Results: It is revealed by the Garrett scores that the major production constraint faced by most of the farmers was unfavorable weather condition (score of 66.39) and major marketing constraint faced was small quantity of marketable surplus (score of 61.98). Conclusion: From the findings of the study, it has been stated that there was a high level of constraints associated with production and marketing of lentils. Highly responded constraints for production were unfavorable weather condition(rank I), non-availability of quality water for irrigation(rank II),inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices (rank III).Similarly small quantity of marketable surplus(rank I),availability of reliable market information system (rank II) and price fluctuation(rank III)were the major constraints in case of marketing of lentils. Due to having these constraints, farmers faced a lot of troubles which hampered agricultural activities, increased quantum of credit assistance and led to selling of agricultural crops at low prices.

ASSESSMENT OF THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL CARE IN UNFAVORABLE WEATHER FACTORS DAYS

Relevance. The impact of weather factors on the occurrence of exacerbations of diseases in weather-dependent people is currently one of the actively studied problems of medicine. A number of authors draw attention to the need to correct the functional status of weather-dependent patients with cardiovascular diseases in unfavorable weather conditions. Aim: to assess the possible relationship between the manifestations of exacerbations of cardiovascular pathology and adverse weather factors. Material and methods. The materials of the regional center for Hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring were used, and a database was formed that includes information on the average daily, maximum and minimum atmospheric air temperatures, and atmospheric pressure for each day of 2018. Results. Meteorological risk factors for exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases in the Central European part of Russia include uncharacteristic heat (above +30 0C) or severe frost (below -20 0C), sudden changes in air temperature (by 8 0C or more, both in the direction of its increase and decrease), atmospheric pressure drops of more than 6 mm Hg during the day. It is established that the range of changes in meteorological indicators during the annual cycle is quite wide. Conclusions. Evaluation of the relationship between the treatment of patients with leading forms of cardiovascular diseases for medical care and meteorological indicators (average daily, maximum and minimum atmospheric air temperatures, atmospheric pressure) showed that with the advance of the case of the disease by 1 day (hypertensive disease without heart failure, brain vascular lesions, cerebrovascular disease, hypertensive disease with heart failure, angina pectoris), statistically significant links of weak and moderate strength were revealed.

NEW FOUNDS EUPHORBIA VALDEVILLOSOCARPA ARVAT & NYÁR. (EUPHORBIACEAE) IN LOWER DNISTER-TILIGUL INTERFLUVE

Aim. The species Euphorbia valdevillosocarpa is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009), where it has the category of protection "endangered". It also has scientificimportance as a Bessarabian endemic on the eastern border of the range. The said species had not been observed in the lower reaches of the Dniester-Tiligul interfluves before. Methods. The floraof the region was studied by means of the route method in 2018-2020. Results. Near village Budiachky, in the valley which connects train station «Kar-pove» (Odesa-Rozdilna) and village Egorovka (on the coast of the Hadzhibeiskyi estuary), new for Odessa region locality of Euphorbia valdevillosocarpa wasfound. The place is located on the west slope, which is in the main valley. Near the site there is an abandoned quarry for shell mining. Plants of Euphorbia valdevillosocarpa were found only on the slope of the northern exposure. 20 plants of E. valdevillosocarpa were found, for each there were from 10 to 35 stems. Apparently due to unfavorable weather conditions in the region in 2020 (drought) plants are significantlysmaller in size, compared to dry specimens of stems from the previous year (to 0.95-1.00 m). The main part of the stems is vegetative, only a third part of the plants have remnants of inflorescences. On 06.2020 some specimens had re-blooming on several stems. Conclusions. The study area does not belong to those that have environmental sig-nificance.Localities of the species in Odesa region are represented only in Tarutyn` district. Thus, the locality near v. Budiachky is the most eastern point in the region. Since sozophytes of different levels of protection are also noted here, it is necessary to create a protected area.

Russian Polar expedition and geopolitical interests at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries Part 1. Russian Polar expedition: target - Bering Strait

Русская Полярная экспедиция (РПЭ) в художественной и исторической литера- туре обычно рассматривается как экспедиция по поиску легендарной Земли Санникова. Но РПЭ была не менее важна с точки зрения геополитических интересов России: она имела ши- рокий научный и общественный резонанс, находилась под Высочайшим покровительством президента Императорской Академии наук Великого князя Константина Константиновича. На северо-восточном и восточном рубежах России в конце XIX и начале XX веков сложилась относительно напряженная общественно-политическая ситуация. В связи с этим перед РПЭ были поставлены задачи «содействовать занятию арктических островов и обеспече- нию их промысловых богатств за русскими промышленниками, а также показать возмож- ность утилизировать путь к Берингову проливу». В первой части статьи на документальной основе рассмотрены возможные причины раз- ногласий между начальником экспедиции геологом Э.В. Толлем и командиром яхты «Заря» лейтенантом Н.Н. Коломейцевым. Человеческий фактор (в первую очередь, конфликт двух руководителей РПЭ и языковой барьер), чрезвычайно неблагоприятные погодные условия и другие объективные причины привели к гибели людей и относительной неудаче экспедиции, не достигшей Берингова про- лива. Во второй части статьи основное внимание будет уделено геополитическому значению экспедиций с участием Э.В. Толля и его соратников по Русской Полярной экспедиции. The Russian Polar expedition (RPE) in fi ction and historical literature is usually regarded as an expedition in search of the legendary Sannikov Land. But the RPE was no less important from the point of view of Russia’s geopolitical interests: it had a wide scientifi c and public resonance, was under the supreme patronage of the President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a tense internal and external socio-political situation developed on the northeastern and eastern borders of Russia. In this regard, the RPE was tasked with «promoting the occupation of the Arctic islands and ensuring their fi shing wealth for Russian industrialists, as well as showing the possibility of utilizing the path to the Bering Strait.» In the fi rst part of the article, on a documentary basis, possible reasons for the disagreements between the head of the expedition, geologist E.V. Toll and the commander of the yacht «Zarya» Lieutenant N.N. Kolomeytsev reviewed. The human factor (fi rst of all, the confl ict between the two RPE leaders and the language barrier), extremely unfavorable weather conditions and other objective reasons led to the death of people and the relative failure of the expedition that did not reach the Bering Strait. In the second part of the article the main attention will be paid to the geopolitical signifi cance of the expeditions with the participation of E.V. Toll and his associates in the Russian Polar expedition.

The Usefulness of Mixtures with Festulolium braunii for the Regeneration of Grassland under Progressive Climate Change

The climate warming and changes in weather patterns in Europe are negatively affecting the structure of grassland swards. The disappearance of valuable forage grasses can be observed. Therefore, in order to keep grassland productivity high, high-yielding grasses of good quality that are resistant to changes in the weather are being sought. At the moment there are few publications which present the long-term influence of changing weather conditions on meadow sward structure and its fodder value. This study aimed to assess the suitability of grass mixtures with Festulolium braunii for grassland renewal by full tillage on organic soil, taking into account atmospheric conditions. The experiments were carried out in the years 2009–2018 on a meadow complex located on organic soil in the Randow river valley, near Ramin (Germany). Grassland restoration was carried out by the method of full cultivation in three experiments with different proportions of Festulolium braunii and Lolium perenne (the existing grassland was eliminated and seeds of a new grass mix were sown). The meadow experiments were established using the method of random blocks in four repetitions Detailed studies included: floristic composition of meadow sward, fresh and dry mass yields, and content of: crude protein, soluble sugars, raw fiber, and net energy NEL (net energy lactation) concentration. Festulolium braunii, Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, and Phleum pratense proved to be more resistant to low temperatures in winter and excess water in spring than Lolium perenne. The largest production potential of fresh and dry mass was found in mixtures with a high content of Festulolium braunii Festulolium braunii tolerates varied and unfavorable weather conditions (frosts during snowless winters, spring frosts and waterlogging, and droughts) very well and provides a stable good quality sward yield (favourably affected the carbohydrate and protein content of the sward). Lolium perenne, on the other hand, decreases its share in the sward under unfavorable weather conditions.

Estimation of Magnitude of Heterosis and Heritability in Sunflower in 8X8 Half Diallel Population

Selected eight inbreed line were used in crossing as half diallel fashion to find out different genetic parameter as well as targeting superior combination for hybrid vigour. Sunflower first introduce in Bangladesh 1980 by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute and Mennonite Central Committee. BARI Sunflower-1(Kironi) and BARI Sunflower-2 is only two released variety. But major obstacles for sunflower cultivation are both varieties are more than 1.50m height and require > 100 days for maturity. As this country is facing climate change unfavorable weather, sunflower cannot withstand in stormy weather. Specially at the time of prematurity stormy weather causes lodging due to over height, it is essential to develop dwarf stature plant. Due to strong crop competition in winter it cannot fit in major cropping pattern T-Aman-Mustard-Boro due to it long duration. Bangladesh has accessible land of 0.85 million hectares in saline areas (Banik et al., 2011). These lands can be used for sunflower cultivation as it is moderately saline tolerant (Rahman et. al. 2018). On the other hand in different part of Bangladesh (e.g. Cumilla, Manikgonj, Sherpur, Jamalpur, Netrokina, Tangail, Dinajpur, etc.), a huge amount of lands are kept fellow after T. Aman harvest. These current fellow lands can be easily used by sunflower cultivation if short duration varieties are available. Both plant height and days to maturity were considered as favorable for negative heterosis to obtain dwarf plant stature and short duration plant to fit in existing cropping pattern in Bangladesh. Positive heterosis is considered desirable for other yield contributing traits. The hybrid HE15, HE17 and HE16 showed significant negative heterosis both for mid parent and better parent. Negative heterosis for plant height is desirable to adopt hybrid in unfavorable weather condition. The Hybrid HE15 showed both for significant negative mid parent and better parent heterosis. High heritability along with significant mid parent and better parent heterosis indicate scope of utilization of hybrid as commercial and further use in breeding programmes. Several outstanding cross combinations, HE17, HE16, HE14, HE15, and HE18 showed significant and desirable heterosis for seed yield per plant over mid parent and better parent. The hybrid combinations HE17, HE16 and HE14 could be utilized to exploit the heterosis as well as commercial multiplication of seed to get direct benefit by the farmers.

Effect of growth regulators and mineral fertilizers on seed productivity and decorative qual-ities of zinnia

Growth regulators had a significant effect on seed productivity of zinnia elegans, among which the most effective was epin-extra. With a two-fold treatment of zinnia plants with epibrassinolide, the increase in the collection of seeds compared to the control was 36%. The preparation from the group of hydroxycinnamic acids zircon was less productive. The increase in the collection of zinnia seeds from double spraying with zircon was 15%. The application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N24P24K24, on average, over three years provided an additional collection of zinnia seeds by 20–35%. Analysis of variance of the data on the seed productivity of zinnia showed that a significant interaction was noted between the factors of the use of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators, i.e. the influence of one factor intensified the effect of the other. Among the varieties of zinnia, the graceful variety Mechta turned out to be more resistant to unfavorable weather conditions and, in comparison with the Orange King variety, tolerated recurrent cold and droughts more easily during the growing season. In addition, the Mechta cultivar turned out to be more even in height and in the formation of lateral flowering shoots, which is important when used in ornamental flower compositions.

PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURE ADAPTATION TO THE GROWING ANOMALOUS VARIABILITY OF WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE KABARDINO-BALKARIAN REPUBLIC

The importance of increasing the adaptive potential of agricultural production to the variability of weather conditions, the need to expand the applied use of meteorological information by agro-natural users is indicated. The analysis of the possibility of increasing the productivity of agriculture due to the prompt response to short-term meteorological forecasts is carried out. The need to develop flexible agrotechnical methods for an adequate response to local anomalous weather variability is noted. The formation of "reserve" agricultural technologies is recognized as an important way to mitigate the negative impact of unfavorable weather conditions on the efficiency of the industry.