scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF BICYCLE AND MOTORCYCLE CARRIAGE FOR GOODS MOBILITY IN RURAL AREAS OF NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Olukayode Oyekanmi Oyesiku ◽  
Olasunkanmi Oriola Akinyemi ◽  
Solomon Olanrewaju Giwa ◽  
Nurudeen Samuel Lawal ◽  
Babatunde Olusola Adetifa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Fixed Plate ◽  
Plate Design ◽  
Road Type ◽  
Agriculture Products ◽  
Rural Dwellers ◽  
Usage Flexibility ◽  
Forestry Products

The challenges of carrying agricultural loads and forestry products were rightly identified as essentially the rural dwellers burden. Little efforts have been made to have an adaptive mobility frame (attached to bicycle and motorcycle) to carry goods and products from the point of harvest to the point of sales (the markets), a situation that leads to systematic rot of agriculture products on the farms, leading to low revenue and productivity of the rural people. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop an improved carriage (trailer) to bicycle and motorcycle for goods mobility in rural areas of Nigeria. The design criteria for these trailers include: lightness in weight; ease of usage; flexibility; adaptability with various bicycle and motorcycle types; low cost of engineering materials, durability and availability of materials; and it is required that the trailer carries 200 kg load on smooth road (tarred and untarred). Factors considered for this design include; weight of the rider, weight of bicycle and motorcycle, type of road, type of load and factor of safety. Three different trailer designs were developed for the bicycle namely fixed plate design (FPD), convertible plate design (CPD) and wire mesh design (WMD), while the motorcycle trailers developed are the fixed plate design (FPD) and the convertible plate design (CPD). The hitch system used for the WMD bicycle trailer was a conventional universal joint and collar attached to the trailer front frame and the hitch system for the bicycle and motorcycle FPD and CPD comprises an annular of heavy duty cylindrical cone housing and a bolt. These designs are due in part to their simplicity, availability and ease of replacement for rural dwellers. Preliminary evaluations have shown satisfactory performance based on the load carrying capacity; stability of the trailer, bicycle and motorcycle turning ability; comfort of the operator and ease of disassembling the hitch system. A proper usage of the trailers presented in this study will boost the health and wealth of farmers and other rural dweller users.

Green Communication Infrastructure (GCI) Serving Different Smart City Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qutaiba I. Ali ◽  
Issam Jafar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
System Level ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Application Fields

Aims: The aim of the Green Communication Infrastructure ‎‎(GCI) project is to understand the idea of a self ‎‎"sustainably" controlled correspondence foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. ‎ Background: This paper shows the endeavors to understand the idea of a ‎self "sustainably" energized communication foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. The recommended ‎Green Communication Infrastructure (CGI) comprises ‎different kinds of remote settled (or even versatile) hubs ‎performing diverse activities as per the application ‎requests. An imperative class of these hubs is the Wireless ‎Solar Router (WSR). Objective: The work in this venture was begun in 2009 with the aim ‎of demonstrating the essential advances that must be taken to ‎accomplish such framework and to proclaim the value of ‎embracing natural vitality assets in building mission ‎basic frameworks. Alternate destinations of this venture ‎are introducing a sensibly cost, solid, verified, and simple ‎to introduce correspondence foundation.‎ Method: The arrangement to actualize the GCI was accomplished ‎subsequent to passing two structure levels: device level and ‎system level. Result: The suggested system is highly applicable and serves a wide ‎range of smart city application fields and hence many ‎people and organizations can utilize this system. ‎ Conclusion: The presence of a reliable, secured, low cost, easy to install ‎and self-powered communication infrastructure is ‎mandatory in our nowadays. The communities in ‎developing countries or in rural areas need such a system ‎highly in order to communicate with other people in the ‎world which will affect positively their social and ‎economic situation.

Social housing for urban households sheltering children responsible for the "kuluna" and "black babies" phenomena in Congo Brazzaville.

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 424-437
Author(s):  
Alain Symphorien Ndongo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Family Warmth ◽  
Congo Brazzaville

Housing as a place where household members spend about half (12 hours) of their daily time, including six to eight hours in sleep, is one of the essential conditions in the fight against poverty and precariousness.  The current Congolese urban environment is facing serious problems: small plots of land, lack of suitable housing in relation to the size and composition of households, overcrowding, and water and electricity supplies. This situation is becoming critical with the appearance of deviant behavior among children aged between 10 and 30. The government and its development partners have demonstrated their powerlessness face to this situation, leaving thousands of children on the streets without education or family warmth to form real criminal gangs. These street children have created the phenomena of "kuluna" and "black babies". It has been shown that these one act in this way for their survival, claiming their rights. In this study, we find innovative proposals to provide households sheltering adulterine and adoptive children with low-cost social housing, in order to restore the image of the head of the household and provide the children with a pleasant space for their physical, economic, cultural and spiritual development. This will undoubtedly help to find solutions to the problems facing children and indeed Congolese society as a whole today. The study revealed that if the government does not take practical measures in response to the phenomena created by wayward children, especially "black babies" and "kuluna", there will be a massive adherence of other children, especially the adulterine and adoptive ones. There will be a risk of the phenomena will to be exported to rural areas. The study recommends a "State - Household" partnership in the manufacture of new types of urban housing for households housing children likely to integrate or create gangs, jeopardizing social order and public security.

PROSTATE CANCER IN RURAL NIGERIA: DIMENSIONS, CULTURAL INTERPRETATIONS, COSTAND CARE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Sola Aluko-Arowolo, ◽  
Saheed Akinmayowa Lawal ◽  
Isaac A. Adedeji ◽  
Ebun O. Oduwole ◽  
Victor Kolo
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
General Context ◽  
Rural Nigeria ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rural Dwellers

In connection with the global prevalence of prostate cancer, the incidence of prostate cancer in Nigeria is an emerging burden that requires urgent attention. While most health policies have focused on the female gender and children, it has left most men at significant risk of health problems and challenges which are dire. In the general context of cancer and its predominance in the population of people aged 40 and over, middle aged and older men have been found to be increasingly at risk. Hence the paper examines the dimension of prostate cancer in rural Nigeria. Although socio-cultural and economic factors play significant role in the health-related decisions of the human population, the paper discusses the cultural interpretations associated with prostate cancer. It also engages previous studies being a review paper on the cost and care for people affected with the disease. In conclusion, the lack of commensurate coping resources, rural dwellers are disproportionally impacted, both by the disease and the socio-economic burdens of prostate cancer, hence the need for more policies/action to address prostate cancer prevalence and incidence in rural areas of Nigeria

Aphrodisiac Use and Associated Factors Among Older Male Clients of Low-Cost Female Sex Workers in Southwestern Rural Areas of China

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinghua Wu ◽  
Huiling Huang ◽  
Zhenzhu Tang ◽  
Zhiyong Shen ◽  
Huaxiang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Older Male Clients

Ecological Waste Treatment and Utilization Systems on Low-Cost, Energy-Saving/Generating and Resources Recoverable Technology for Water Pollution Control in China

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baozhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Recoverable Resources ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Utilization Of Wastes

Various ecological waste treatment and utilization systems (EWTUS) available in urban and rural areas in China are described, among which are land treatment and utilization systems (LTUS), eco-pond systems mainly consisting of macrohydrophytes-growing ponds, fish ponds and duck/geese ponds, and comprehensive circulation eco–systems for the treatment and utilization of wastes in rural areas, such as semi–closed eco–system in fish ponds, “rice–fish” and “rice–azolla–fish” symbiotic systems, recycling eco–systems with methane-generating digesters as central link, and comprehensive recycling eco–systems with digesters and eco–ponds as central link. In the various EWTUS, the sewage and wastewaters and other wastes are utilized and converted into various forms of recoverable resources and/or energy, while they are being purified to good quality effluents, meeting their respective discharge standards, and hence acceptable to receiving waters.

scholarly journals The Use of Draught Animals in Rural Labour

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2683
Author(s):  
Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽  
Ada Braghieri ◽  
Adolfo Álvarez-Macías ◽  
Francesco Serrapica ◽  
Efrén Ramírez-Bribiesca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
By Products ◽  
Draught Animals

This study discusses scientific findings on the use of draught animals such as equids (i.e., horses, mules, and donkeys) and bovids (i.e., cattle and water buffaloes) in rural labours. Relevant peer-reviewed literature published between 1980 and 2021 was retrieved from CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. Although animals were used to produce draught power since their domestication and are still being used for this purpose, mechanisation has markedly reduced animal labour demand in agriculture. However, the process was uneven across continents according to economic constraints, and draught animals are currently concentrated in small production units located on terrains that do not favour agriculture mechanisation in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Generally, equids can work at rates similar to those of bovids or faster but can sustain the work for shorter periods of time. In addition, buffaloes possess tough hooves and resistance to disease that make them suitable for working in wetlands and clay soils. Draught animals allow a marked reduction of both GHG emissions and non-renewable energy consumption as compared with agricultural machinery. In addition, they may allow obtaining profits from otherwise non-usable lands. Therefore, their use should be promoted in rural areas where low investments are usually the only ones feasible, and the energy of the animals can be obtained at a low cost by feeding them harvest residues and by-products. However, more attention should be paid to the quality of human–animal interactions—due to the close contact between animals and humans while working—and to the welfare of draught animals when transported and slaughtered—due to the high prevalence of injuries they suffer when subjected to these practices.

scholarly journals Estimates and causes of fresh fruit post-harvest losses in the Chapadinha Microregion, Maranhão, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Luana Ribeiro Silva ◽  
Edmilson Igor Bernardo Almeida ◽  
Lusiane De Sousa Ferreira ◽  
Kessia Tenorio Figueirinha ◽  
Antonio Gabriel da Costa Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Negative Impacts

Fruit growing contributes to Brazilian socioeconomic growth, both as a source of food for the population and in the generation of employment and income. However, the production chain incurs significant negative impacts, mainly due to post-harvest losses. The objective of the current study was to estimate the post-harvest losses of fruits, occurring in the retail markets of Anapurus, Belágua, Mata Roma, São Benedito do Rio Preto and Urbano Santos (Maranhão State). The study was carried out with visits to 45 commercial establishments, and the deployment of a questionnaire regarding post-harvest losses of 12 fruits. It is concluded that, in decreasing order, losses were: avocado (11.76 ± 0.09%) > papaya (11.65% ± 0.02) > banana (10.82 ± 1.75%) > grape (10.08 ± 0.06%) > passion fruit (9.28 ± 0.04%) > pineapple (8.62 ± 0.04%) > watermelon (8.48 ± 0.05%) > mango (8.00 ± 0.18%) > orange (7.12 ± 0.10%) > apple (6.68 ± 0.07%) > pear (6.52 ± 0.03%) > melon (4.32 ± 0.01%). Physiological disorders were the main cause of losses, with estimated losses being up to 10.62%. It is suggested that losses could be reduced with: better hygiene in commercial environments, effective planning of the quantities offered, and the adoption of low cost technologies for the conservation and refrigeration of temperate fruits. Some public initiatives, such as the increase in availability of training courses, improvement of roads in the rural areas of the Chapadinha Microregion, and encouragement of the expansion of fruit growing in Maranhão, may lead to improvements, with direct benefits to society in general.

scholarly journals Expanding the Level of Technological Readiness for a Low-Cost Vertical Hydroponic System

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Juan D. Borrero
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Technological Readiness ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
And Performance

Climate and social changes are deeply affecting current agro-food systems. Unsustainable agricultural practices and the low profitability of small farmers are challenging the agricultural development of rural areas. This study aims to develop a novel, modular and low-cost vertical hydroponic farm system through reviews of the patented literature, research literature and variants of commercial products. After a detailed conceptualization process, a prototype was fabricated and tested at my university to validate its technology readiness level (TRL). The outcomes supported the usability and performance of the present utility model but highlighted several changes that are necessary before it can pass to the next TRL. This study shows that the prototype has the potential to not only solve food sovereignty but also to benefit society by advancing the innovations in food production and improving quality of life.

scholarly journals Re-thinking Re-construction New Design Strategies for the Reconstruction after Natural Disasters. A Local Research Experience for a Global Topic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Bianchi ◽  
Roberto Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Housing Demand ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Design Strategies

The paper presents the ongoing results of a design research carried out at the School ofArchitectureandDesign” EduardoVittoria”of Ascoli Piceno(SAAD)of the university of Camerino. Thespecificobjectiveoftheresearchistodevelopaninnovativeandreplicabledesign methodology, and to experiment new design strategies devoted to the sustainable, compatible and innovative-construction after natural disasters in rural areas and low-density urban systems. The research is based on a “local-to-global” approach: it refers to Italy as a case study but it aims to achieve general results applicable in different geographical contexts. Thespecificcasestudyrelatestotheearthquakethatin2016/2017affectedasignificant area of Central Italy and that strongly hit a large part of the so called “Italian village system”, i.e. a peculiar environmental and productive urban system that is still now in real emergency. As in most of the international reconstruction experiences, this reconstruction will certainly require along process which,still today,is full of unknowns. The massive damage caused by this disastrous event, the constraints imposed by regulations and the need for and adaptation of the buildings stock to the current housing standards, exclude the possibility of applying design strategies focused on a “where it was/as it was” model. This awareness, which increases the uncertainty about the future of the ”earthquake” communities, requires an innovative approach in relation to apparently incompatible aspects: the preservation of the identity of lost places and the upgrade of building performance often explicitly required by the population and however connected to a new housing demand. In relation to worldwide territories with a high level of disaster risk, this scenario can nowadays be considered a global issue which concerns both cultural and technical aspects. The design methodology pursued is based on a scientific approach to re-construction that focuses on a “systemic” and “design to build” approach that concerns also productive and technological aspects in relation to purposes of low-cost performance, constructive simplicity, cost-effectiveness of the interventions. This approach aims also at the introduction of the lightweight building system in contexts of traditional and massive construction, according to an idea of a construction site as an “assembly point” of prefabricated parts, light and modular, with a controlled life-cycle.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

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