Potential of Actinomycetes Isolates as Antimicrobials for Salmonella typhi

Actinomycetes are aerobic bacteria and Gram-positive bacilli. Acinomycets have an antimicrobial, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and antiparasitic acivity. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial potency of Actinomycetes against Salmonella typhi. The research design was a true experimental design with Actinomycetes isolates obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of the Veteran National Development University, Jakarta. Rejuvenation of Actinomycetes isolates used spread plate method on media Starch Casein Agar (SCA) with six serial dilutions of 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6. The antimicrobial test method used the liquid dilution method to determine the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) media followed by colony calculations on Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) media to determine the value of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes isolates is bacteriostatic with MIC value of 10-2. MBC value cannot be determined. It can be concluded that there is a potential of Actinomycetes isolates as an antimicrobial against Salmonella typhi (p <0.05).

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Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Terhadap Salmonella Typhi Resisten Kloramfenikol

JPSCR Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research ◽

10.20961/jpscr.v2i02.14386 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (02) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Ika Trisharyanti

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Tea Leaves ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Phaleria Macrocarpa

<em><span lang="EN-US">Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi, antibiotic chloramphenicol can be use to treatment, but S. typhi resistant with antibiotic choramphenicol so need to alternative treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of ten leaves against Salmonella typhi, and knowing the compounds contained in extracts of leaves that have the best antibacterial activity. The leaves was extracted with ethanol 96% by maceration method. Screening antibacterial activity used disk diffusion method with 10% extract concentration. The best antibacterial activity was determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration used liquid dilution method, identification test of compounds with thin-layer chromatograpy (TLC), and bioautografi test. There were six extracts had antibacterial activity against S. Typhi, Phaleria macrocarpa leaves, Acalypha siamensis leaves, cherry leaves, clove leaves, tea leaves, and Eugenia polyantha leaves. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration from clove leaf extract was 2,5%. The results of identification by TLC compounds were alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, and saponins. Based on bioautografi test, phenolic can inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi.</span></em>

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Inhibition Strength of Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Boiled Water on Salmonella typhi in vitro

Tropical Health and Medical Research ◽

10.35916/thmr.v1i2.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 62-67

Author(s):

Ayu Sutiany ◽

Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti ◽

Neni Oktiyani

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Water Concentration ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽

Cooking Water

Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a plant that can use as herbal medicine. Roselle calyx contains active compounds flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These compounds can use as an antibacterial against Salmonella typhi. This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration and the effect of rosella cooking water concentration on Salmonella typhi in vitro. Experimental research with posttest only controls group design through dilution method. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) study showed clarity at concentrations of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) results obtained the number of colonies at a concentration of 60% by one colony, at a level of 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% showed no colony growth. Based on the results of the study concluded that there was an influence of rosella cooking water concentration on the growth of Salmonella typhi in vitro.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22270/ujpr.v3i4.175 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Kumar Kamashi ◽

Mr. Honnegowda ◽

Mayanna Asha ◽

Chandrakala Ms.

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Bacterial Biofilms ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Antibacterial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Gallinarum ◽

Broth Dilution

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern worldwide. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics for a period of time has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of fluoroquinolone drugs, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin and ofloxacin against avian Salmonella gallinarum bacterial biofilms. The study parameters, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and biofilm elimination concentration (BEC) were determined on days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 20 post inoculation for the planktonic (free) and biofilm cells of S. gallinarum by macro broth dilution method. The MIC and MBC values determined on days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 20 for each of the fluoroquinolone drugs against the planktonic and biofilm forms of avian S. gallinarum were found to be non-significant. BEC values determined against the biofilm forms of S. gallinarum during the study period were found to be non-significant among the tested fluoroquinolones. The results of the present study demonstrated that fluoroquinolone drugs were effective in vitro against both the planktonic and biofilm forms of avian S. gallinarum.

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PROFIL KANDUNGAN KIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN BAMBAN (Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) ◽

10.22487/j24428744.2015.v1.i2.7899 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 141-148

Author(s):

Hidayatullah Hidayatullah ◽

Syariful Anam ◽

Muhamad Rinaldhi Tandah

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Dilution Method ◽

The Family

Bamban (Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum.) is one of the family Marantaceae plant that has many uses such as traditional medicine. Methanol extract of bamban leaves contains phenolic, tannins and saponins compounds. The purpose of this research is to determine the class of compounds that has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methanol extract of bamban leaves. This extract was prepared using maceration method with methanol solvent. Determination the class of compounds was initiated by bioautografi test in order to determine spots which has have antibacterial activity. Subsequently, the spot were identified the class of compound using reagent spray FeCl3 and H2SO4 10%. The determination of MIC and MBC using dilution method. Research showed there are three compounds that had antibacterial activity. These compounds were predicted as spot I and spot II which were phenolic compounds and spot III as a saponin compound. MIC and MBC value of the methanol extract of leaves bamban leaves 8% and 13%, respectively.

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FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA SELEDRI (Apium graveolens L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.29275 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Garry Clements ◽

Paulina V. Y. Yamlean ◽

Widya Astuty Lolo

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Herb Extract

ABSTRACTCelery herbs (Apium graveolens L.) have content flavonoid, saponin and tannin. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidants and antibacterials. This study aims to determine whether the ethanol extract of celery herbs can be formulated into cream preparations, test the quality of preparations at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. These methods of research are experimental laboratories by making the supply of self-sustaining herbal celery ethanol extract cream and testing the quality of the cream preparation, as well as testing of antibacterial activity was carried out using the liquid dilution method and measuring value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. This research shows that celery herbs ethanol extract can be formulated into cream preparations, fulfilling quality test of organoleptic, scatter power, adhesion and cycling test, but that doesn’t meet the requirements for homogeneity tests and pH tests and has antibacterial activity which not only inhibits but kills bacteria in preparations of 5% and 15%Keywords: Cream Celery herb extract, Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, UV-Vis spectrophotometer ABSTRAK Herba Seledri (Apium graveolens L.) memiliki kandungan flavonoid, saponin dan tannin. Flavonoid memiliki khasiat sebagai antiinflamasi, antioksidan dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak etanol herba Seledri dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan krim, menguji mutu sediaan pada konsentrasi 5%, 10% dan 15%. Metode penelitian ini experimental laboratorium dengan membuat Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Herba Seledri dan menguji mutu sediaan krim, serta menguji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode dilusi cair dan mengukur nilai KBM dan KHM menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol herba Seledri dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan krim, memenuhi uji mutu sediaan organoleptik, daya, sebar, daya hambat dan stabilitas namun tidak memenuhi persyaratan untuk uji homogenitas dan uji pH serta mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri yang membunuh bakteri pada sediaan berkonsentrasi 5% dan 15%.Kata Kunci : Krim Ekstrak herba Seledri, Antibakteri, Staphylococcus aureus, Spektrofotometer UV-Vis

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Evaluation of resistance pattern of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from burn wounds

Stamford Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/sjm.v3i1.22744 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 6-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noshin Azra Rahman ◽

Asma Akhter ◽

Nusrat Jahan Urmi

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Burn Wound ◽

E Coli ◽

Shigella Spp ◽

Mic Value

Out of 10 random burn wound swab samples, 15 isolates were found which included Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Shigella spp. Pseudmonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter spp. and Escherichia coli. Antibiogram assay revealed that four of them were multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, i.e, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli which were further selected for a comparative analysis of resistance through determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by using chloramphenicol and tetracycline. In case of tetracycline, the highest MIC value was estimated to be 30 ?g/ml and the highest MBC value was found to be 60 ?g/ml for the 4 MDR strains tested. Whereas, against chloramphenicol, the highest MIC value was 62.5 ?g/ml and the highest MBC value was 125 ?g/ml for all the MDR strains except for E. coli, which exhibited absolute resistance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v3i1.22744 Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.3(1) 2013: 6-8

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Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Kayu Tumbuhan Biau (Psophocarpus sp.) Terhadap Bakteri Salmonella typhi Dan Shigella dysenteriae Penyebab Diare

Jurnal Kedokteran RAFLESIA ◽

10.33369/juke.v5i1.8779 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 28-38

Author(s):

Oecy Mardianti ◽

Welly Darwis ◽

Mardhatillah Sariyanti

Keyword(s):

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Effective Concentration ◽

Test Method ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Test ◽

Disk Diffusion Test

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penelitian ini merupakan suatu studi ethnomedicine yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data ilmiah mengenai efek penggunaan kayu tumbuhan Biau sebagai salah satu obat diare yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat Suku Serawai di Kecamatan Pino Raya. Adapun yang menjadi latar belakang penulisan ini karena Data Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bengkulu menunjukkan kasus diare mengalami peningkatan, yaitu sebanyak 50.622 kasus pada tahun 2016 dan 53.348 kasus pada tahun 2017. Selain itu, pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat juga dapat menjadi alternatif dalam mengatasi berbagai efek samping penggunaan antibiotik dan fenomena resistensi antibiotik yang semakin meluas.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi analitik eksperimental laboratorium dan menggunakan metode uji difusi cakram (disk diffusion test). Ekstraksi kayu tumbuhan Biau dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% selama 5 hari. Hasil ekstraksi kemudian dilakukan uji Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), dan dilanjutkan uji efektivitas. Parameter yang digunakan adalah diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk disekitar kertas cakram, dan kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah larutan antibiotik siprofloksasin.Hasil: Hasil uji MIC menunjukkan bahwa kayu tumbuhan Biau mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antibakteri yang dilanjutkan dengan pengujian efektivitas. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, konsentrasi 55% merupakan konsentrasi paling efektif untuk bakteri Salmonella typhi dengan diameter 6,20 mm termasuk dalam kategori sedang, dan konsentrasi paling efektif untuk bakteri Shigella dysenteriae adalah konsentrasi 70% dengan diameter 7,66 mm termasuk dalam kategori sedang yang ditandai dengan hasil statistik yang berbeda nyata.Kesimpulan: Ekstrak kayu tumbuhan Biau mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antibakteri dengan konsentrasi 55% sebagai konsentrasi paling efektif untuk bakteri Salmonella typhi dan konsentrasi 70% merupakan konsentrasi paling efektif untuk bakteri Shigella dysenteriae. Kata kunci: Kayu Biau (Psophocarpus sp.), Shigella dysenteriae dan Salmonella typhi. ABSTRACTBackgound: This research is a study of ethnomedicine that aims to obtain scientific data about the effects of the use of Biau wood as one remedy of diarrhea that is widely used by the people of the Serawai Tribe in Pino Raya sub-district. The background of this research is Data from public health office in Bengkulu Province showed that cases of diarrhea have increased from 50,622 cases in 2016 and became 53,348 cases in 2017. In addition, the utilization of medicinal plants can also be an alternative to resolve the various side effects of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance phenomenon which is increasingly widespread.Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experimental analytical study and used a disk diffusion test method. Extraction of Biau plant wood was done by maceration method using 96% ethanol for 5 days. The extraction results then used to Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay, then effectiveness assay in which both of these assay looked the diameter of inhibition zone formed around the disc paper, and the positive control used ciprofloxacin antibiotic as comparison.Results: MIC test results showed that Biau plant wood had an antibacterial activity which followed by effectiveness assay. Based on the statistical analysis showed that 55% of concentration was the most effective for Salmonella typhi with a diameter of 6.20 mm included in the moderate category and 70% of concentration was the most effective for Shigella dysenteriae with a diameter of 7.66 mm included in the moderate category which was marked by statistically different results.Conclusion: Biau wood extract had an activity as an antibacterial with a concentration of 55% as the most effective concentration for Salmonella typhi and a concentration of 70% as the most effective concentration for Shigella dysenteriae. Keywords: Biau wood (Psophocarpus sp.), Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi.

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Daya Antibakteri EkstrakMeniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn) Terhadap BakteriEnterococcus faecalis (Antibacterial Activity Of Phyllanthus niruri linn Extract Against Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria)

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v6i2.2016.99-104 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Tri Desiana KH ◽

Achmad Sudirman ◽

Devi Eka Juniarti

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Phyllanthus Niruri ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Nutrient Agar Medium ◽

Preparation Stage

Background. Enterococcus faecalis is an anaerobic facultative gram-positive bacteria which contribute to the failure of root canal treatment with the number of prevalence 24% to 77%. At the preparation stage, a material for irrigation which has antibacterial activity to Enterococcus faecalis is needed. Phyllantus niruri linn is one of herbal medicament which is potential as antibacterial agent as it contains active antibacterial chemical-compound. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrationof Phyllantus niruri linn against Enterococcus faecalis.Method. The research method used is laboratory experimental. Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was suspended into several concentration of Phyllantus niruri linn extract from dilution method on BHIB medium. Each tube was incubated for 24 hours. Then, each tube was subcultured to Nutrient agar medium using spreader in a petridish. Each petridish was incubated for 24 hours and the growth of the colony was manually calculated using CFU/ml unit. Result. At the concentration of 6.25%, Phyllanthus niruri linn was able to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis as 90% and there was no bacteria at the concentration of 12.5%. Conclusion. 6.25% concentration of Phyllanthus niruri linn extract was Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and 12.5% concentration was Minimum Bactericidal Concentration to Enterococcus faecalis.

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Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Aframomum melegueta (K. Schum) Seed Extracts on Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v24i8.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 1419-1424

Author(s):

M.S. Chomini ◽

M.K. Peter ◽

M. Ameh ◽

A.E. Chomini ◽

E.A. Bassey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Test Plant ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Seed Extracts

The phytochemical screening and antibacterial effects of Aframomum melegueta (K. Schum)on Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae was carried out. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, glycosides and phenols in the seed extract. The susceptibility test showedzones of inhibition (ZOI) of S. typhi (11.0mm) and K. pneumonia (13.0mm)with methanolic seed extract (MSE), while the hot aqueous seed extract (HASE) recorded 3.0mmas ZOI for both test organisms. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml were recorded against S. typhi and K. pneumoniae respectively with MSE, while HASE indicated 400mg/ml and 200mg/ml MICs against S. typhi and K. pneumoniae respectively. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) obtained from MSE were 200 mg/ml and 25mg/ml for S. typhiand K. pneumoniae, while HASE had > 400mg/ml for test microbes. The effectiveness of different concentrations of the test plant extracts on the test organisms was significant (P<0.05). Further trials involving other clinical isolates and botanicals at different concentrations be conducted, to optimize theprocess. Keywords: Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, Aframomum melegueta, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae

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Antimycobacterial Effect of Extract and Its Components from Rheum rhaponticum

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.12-010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 155-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Helena Danuta Smolarz ◽

Marta Swatko-Ossor ◽

Grażyna Ginalska ◽

Ewa Medyńska

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Antimycobacterial Activity ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Rheum Rhaponticum ◽

Stilbene Derivatives ◽

Anthracene Derivatives ◽

Aloe Emodin ◽

Global Threat ◽

Broth Dilution

Abstract The global threat of tuberculosis demands the search for alternative antimycobacterial drugs. The present study examined roots and petioles from Rheum rhaponticum for antimycobacterial activity. Crude methanol extracts and eight phenolic compounds isolated by preparative column chromatography were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Ra and M. bovis using the broth dilution method. The extract from roots and its components, such as rhaponticin, deoxyrhaponticin, resveratrol, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol were found to have antimycobacterial activity against both microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of all the investigated samples ranged from 32 to 512 μg/mL. The anthracene derivatives were the most active; their MICs were 32, 64, and 64 μg/mL (M. tuberculosisH37Ra) and 128, 64, and 64 μg/mL (M. bovis), respectively. The microorganisms were resistant to stimulation with extract from petioles, as were quercetin and rutin. The results showed that anthracene and stilbene derivatives play a prominent role in the antimycobacterial properties of R. rhaponticum.

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