Characteristics of Saliva in FK Ukrida Students After Chewing Paraffin, Xylitol and Sucrose Gum

Data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2009 shows that national sugar consumption per capita reaches 12kg / year. Snacks consumed mostly were based on sucrose sugar and it turns out that sucrose is increasing the insidens of caries because sugar-based foods and drinks cause acid-resistant bacteria to obtain a suitable environment for growth. To overcome this problem sucrose was replaced with alcohol sugar such as xylitol, especially in chewing gum. However, it is still unknown the effect of xylitol on saliva. The purpose of this study was to see whether there were differences in salivary characteristics after consuming paraffin, xylitol chewing gum and sucrose chewing gum by looking at salivary pH values, reducing sugar levels in saliva and salivary flow rates. Saliva collection is done by spitting method then the total volume is divided by the time of collection to get the flow rate of saliva. Salivary pH is measured using a pH meter while reducing sugar levels are measured using the Benedict's test. The sample for this study consisted of 50 Ukrida FK students. The results of this study indicate that the highest salivary flow rate is after chewing xylitol chewing gum. While the reducing sugar levels in saliva are only found after chewing sucrose chewing gum. For salivary pH values, after chewing sucrose chewing gum the most acidic pH was obtained when compared to after chewing paraffin and xylitol chewing gum. From the research that has been done, after consuming paraffin, xylitol chewing gum and sucrose chewing gum, the highest salivary flow rate was obtained after consuming xylitol chewing gum, while the lowest was after consuming paraffin. Meanwhile, the highest pH value of saliva was after consuming paraffin and the lowest was after consuming sucrose chewing gum. Meanwhile, reducing sugar levels in saliva was only found after consuming sucrose chewing gum and was not found after consuming paraffin and xylitol chewing gum. From this study it can be concluded that there are differences in the characteristics of saliva among FK Ukrida students after consuming paraffin, xylitol chewing gum and sucrose chewing gum.

Identification of "Soil Transmitted Helminth" Contamination on The Raw Vegetables in Warung Pecel Lele in Kebon Jeruk District, Jakarta

The prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in several provinces in Indonesia including Jakarta reaches 80% (or is still high). Helminth transmission may occur via food/drinks or through the skin. In particular, consumption of raw vegetables allows for the transmission of helminth eggs to happen. The purpose of this study was to identify intestinal worm eggs in raw vegetables sold in warung pecel lele. Raw vegetables were usually served together with the pecel lele menu which is a very popular dish among the Jakartans. The present study is a descriptive study with a cross sectional approach. Seventy-five samples of raw vegetables were included in this study, which were obtained from 25 warung pecel lele in Kebon Jeruk District, Jakarta. Samples were examined for helminth egg contamination based on a sedimentation method by lugol staining. Of all the raw vegetables samples, 20 samples (26.7%) was contaminated by soil transmitted helminths eggs. Ascaris lumbricoides worm eggs were identified in 17 samples (22.7%), whereas hookworm eggs were found in 3 samples (4%). The study suggests that the number of helminth egg contamination identified in raw vegetables are still high among warung pecel lele in West Jakarta.

Potential of Actinomycetes Isolates as Antimicrobials for Salmonella typhi

Actinomycetes are aerobic bacteria and Gram-positive bacilli. Acinomycets have an antimicrobial, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and antiparasitic acivity. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial potency of Actinomycetes against Salmonella typhi. The research design was a true experimental design with Actinomycetes isolates obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of the Veteran National Development University, Jakarta. Rejuvenation of Actinomycetes isolates used spread plate method on media Starch Casein Agar (SCA) with six serial dilutions of 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6. The antimicrobial test method used the liquid dilution method to determine the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) media followed by colony calculations on Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) media to determine the value of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes isolates is bacteriostatic with MIC value of 10-2. MBC value cannot be determined. It can be concluded that there is a potential of Actinomycetes isolates as an antimicrobial against Salmonella typhi (p <0.05).

Identification of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Associated Bacteria Originating from Mojokerto

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are one of the soil worms that have been widely used as a natural pest control. EPN has its pathogenic capability because of the mutualistic interactions between nematodes and symbiotic bacteria inside the digestive tract of nematodes. Symbiotic bacteria capable of producing exoenzymes that are toxic to insects. The isolation of symbiotic bacteria accomplished by infection of obtained EPN (Belik II isolate) into Tenebrio molitor larvae. Symbiotic bacteria were isolated from the hemolymph of dead larvae on NBTA media. Isolation of symbiotic bacteria was successfully obtained two morphologically distinct bacteria: B 3.1 isolate and B 4 isolate. Both bacteria were further identified using PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Based on the sequencing results, the B 3.1 isolate was in accordance with Acinetobacter pittii strain ATCC 19004, while B 4 isolate was in accordance with bacteria Enterobacter aerogenes strain KCTC 2190. The characterization of B 3.1 isolate was shown to have similarities with Acinetobacter sp., i.e.: gram-negative, non - motile, rod-shaped, and some other characteristics of biochemical tests. While the characterization of B 4 isolate was shown to have similarities with E. aerogenes i.e.: gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, and some other characteristics of biochemical tests. These findings will be the potential to be applied as biological agents in pest control.

Analysis of Water Quality Based on Coliform Bacteria Parameters in Springs of Sumberbening Village, Malang District

Clean water and free from pathogenic bacteria is the most important requirement to meet sanitation and hygiene needs and meet drinking needs. Most of the 3 springs in Sumberbening Village, Malang Regency, are mostly used by local communities and animals around protected forests. This research objective was to determine the quality of water based on the number of Coliform bacteria contamination and physical parameters to support the testing of 3 springs in Sumberbening Village, Malang Regency. This research was conducted in Kedung Trubus, Sendang Ngentup, and Sumber Trubus using descriptive exploratory methods. The results showed that all the springs were contaminated with Coliform bacteria with the highest total Coliform value in the Sendang Ngentup spring of 58.3 colonies / 100ml, while the highest fecal Coliform was found in Kedung Trubus spring 10.7 colonies / 100ml. The utilization of water in 3 springs to meet the drinking needs to be processed first. The physical parameters of Odor and Color indicate that all springs are odorless and colorless. The physical parameters of TDS show that only the spring water does not meet the quality standards of drinking water PERMENKES No. 492 of 2010 with a value exceeding 500mg / l. All springs based on the physical parameters of TDS meet the clean water requirements based on the clean water quality standard PERMENKES No. 32 of 2017 with a value <1000mg /l.

Comparison of Sensitivity Enterobacteriaceae of Extended Spectrum BetaLactamase (ESBL) against Antibiotics of Quinolone and Carbapenem Group in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia

Antibiotic resistance is a challenge in medical problems. One prevalence of resistance that tends to expand globally is against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, a group of bacteria capable of destroying beta-lactam antibiotics. The known ESBL producing bacteria are E. coli and K. pneumoniae. This study aims to compare the sensitivity of quinolone and carbapenem antibiotics to ESBL-producing bacteria based on data obtained from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia through 2018-2019. Using the Vitek 2® Compact identification method, the results showed that the prevalence of E. coli and K. pneumoniae ESBL was positive less than 5%. All of the ESBL–producing E. coli came from urine specimens, while ESBLproducing K. pneumoniae came from different types of specimens which are sputum and blood. Most prevalence comes in the age range >50 years with female gender. In general, antibiotic sensitivity to the quinolones was less than 50% against ESBL-producing E. coli. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of carbapenem antibiotics reached 100% both against ESBL-producing E.coli and K.pneumoniae.

Study of Molluscs Diversity as Ecosystem Engineer from Beach of Sungai Bakau Village, Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan

Molluscs are engineered biota that play an important role in changing the structure and function of ecosystems, including coastal and mangroves. This study aims to record the diversity of molluscs as a group of engineers in coastal areas in Sungai Bakau Village, Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan. Purposive random sampling method was used to obtain mollusc data at three observation stations (Station 1 : sandy beaches, Station 2 : rocky beaches, and Station 3 : river estuaries). Only one type of bivalve was found (Meretirix meretrix) and 13 types of gastropods (Nassarius Sp., Turricula javana, Cerithidea alata, Polygona angulate, Distorsio decipiens, Latirus pictus, Bursa granularis, Latirus sp., Littorina undulate, Naticarius hebraeus, Murex. elenensis, Neverita didyma, and Turritella terebra). The highest diversity index (1.95) was found at station 1. While the evenness index is 0.755. Similarity index was 92.85% (stations 1-2 and stations 1-3) while at stations 2-3 was 85.71%. The highest density of Cerithidea alata is reached 2,996,700 ind/Ha and the least was Turritella terebra (20,000 ind/Ha). Water parameters between observation stations were close to each other : pH ± 7.6 - 7.7, temperature ± 29.3 - 29.7 0C, and salinity ± 34.9 - 35.4 ppt. The difference between research stations can be seen from sediment content. Station 1 has the highest sand content (96.2%). Station 2 consists of 64.7% sand dust and 20.6% clay. Station 3 has the highest dust content, reaching 84.6%. The types and presence of mollusks (bivalves and gastropods) at each research station is vary in value.

Structure and Composition of Vegetation in Sesaot Protected Forest Nature Tourism in West Lombok-West Nusa Tenggara

The research was carried out in Sesaot Protected Forest Nature Tourism which focused on two locations, namely in front of the Sesaot Resort Office and Wisata Aik Nyet. The purpose of this research is to present data on environmental conditions and the value of the biodiversity index calculation so that this information is important as an evaluation material for forest managers to maintain and even improve the structure and composition of plant species in Sesaot Protection Forest. This research was conducted in three main parts, namely the strengthening of research design and methods, preparation for field work, data collection, and data analysis. The method used is a combination method of transect and double plot methods, namely the transect method consisting of four plots arranged in a double zigzag plot with a size of 20 x 20m for trees, 10 x 10m for shrubs, and 2 x 2m for shrubs. The results showed that the analysis of the calculation of the value of the highest Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H ') in front of the Sesaot Resort Office was found on a 10mx10m plot of 2.03 with moderate overflow category. Then, for the highest Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H ') value in Aik Nyet Sesaot, which is found in a 10mx10m plot of 1.88 with the medium abundance category.

Critical Aspects to Produce Low-Cost Protein Molecular Weight Marker: A Review

Proteomic studies usually begin with characterizing protein profile, like the molecular weight of protein, which can be done by the SDS-PAGE technique followed by Western Blot. These methods need a standard protein called molecular weight marker (MWM). In this review, the important, basic aspects of either recombinant or native MWM production was discussed, including the type and effect of dyes can be used for preparing a prestained MWM. Moreover, buffer and polyols used in the formulation can also affect the quality and stability. Also, another adjuvant may be needed to increase the robustness of MWM to lower the risk of protease contamination that can breakdown the protein inside the MWM during storage. Understanding those critical aspects will help to produce/formulate a good quality of MWM.

Utilization of Tree Canopies by Avifauna in Two Types of Habitat in Telaga Warna Nature Tourism Park, Bogor, West Java

Trees have a variety of canopy forms that are used by birds to rest, eat and socialize. Tree canopies are divided into two categories based on their position, namely vertical and horizontal. Telaga Warna Nature Tourism Park (TWA) is a public space that is considered to host a diversity of birds and vegetation. The area has two different types of habitats, namely ecotone, and primary forest. This study aimed to determine diversity of bird species that make use of tree canopy in the two types of habitat. The study was conducted in July, September, and December 2018. Bird data collection in the form of tree canopy utilization (vertically and horizontally) was conducted at the time of 07.00 to 12.00 and 13.00 to 17.00, using visual encounter survey method. The results showed that there are 48 species of birds from 22 families used the entire canopy horizontally and vertically. The sequence of level of vertical utilization in both ecotone habitat and primary forest in descending order is found as follows: strata 3 with 30 species, strata 4 with 18 species, strata 1 with 17 species, strata 2 with 13 species, and strata 0 with 9 species. The level of horizontal canopy utilization by birds in both ecotone habitats and primary forests is found to be higher for edge canopies when compared to inner canopies, with 31 species recorded for edge canopies and 27 species recorded for inner canopies.