scholarly journals Aggression and Violence Affecting Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tiffany Field
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sibling Violence ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Experiencing aggression and violence has long-term developmental effects. Youth have indirectly or directly experienced aggression and violence during COVID-19. Aggression and violence have been happening in communities throughout the world, and with excessive social media exposure, youth are observing violence. Partner violence has also been experienced at home along with sibling violence. Being the target of aggression/violence has been reported by youth via texting hotlines and via self and parent-report surveys. This narrative review includes summaries of this COVID-19 research as well as potential underlying mechanisms for aggression/violence including frustration and touch deprivation. Limitations of these studies include their nonrepresentative samples and cross-sectional data deriving from different pandemic periods.

scholarly journals Media Exposure Related to the PTSS During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Risk Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqing Wang ◽  
Ling Jiang ◽  
Shuang Ma ◽  
Qinian Chen ◽  
Chengbin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to assess the relationship between media exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and to highlight the underlying mechanisms mediated by risk perception.Methods: This survey was conducted online in China from February 1st to February 10th, 2020. A total of 2,858 Chinese citizens aged ≥18 years from 31 provinces and autonomous regions were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess media exposure, PTSS, and risk perception.Results: The prevalence of respondents with heightened PTSS scores was 22.2%. After controlling for covariates, media exposure (more than five times a day) was significantly and positively associated with a high level of PTSS (B = 4.11, p < 0.001), and risk perception (worry and severity) significantly mediated the relationship between media exposure and PTSS (all 95% CIs did not include 0).Conclusions: Based on these findings, the frequency of media exposure was associated with PTSS. Risk perception (worry and severity) mediated the relationship between media exposure and PTSS. The mental health, particularly PTSS, of the general population should be closely monitored and “infodemics” should be combatted while addressing the COVID-19 outbreak; cognitive interventions may be promising.

scholarly journals Digital Media Exposure and Predictors for Screen Time in 12-Month-Old Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data From a German Birth Cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Durham ◽  
David Wethmar ◽  
Susanne Brandstetter ◽  
Birgit Seelbach-Göbel ◽  
Christian Apfelbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Early exposure to digital media may affect the physical and cognitive development in young children. The American Academy of Pediatrics and national guidelines recommend no digital media use at all under the age of 18 months. The aim of our study was to determine the actual exposure to digital media in 12-month-old infants and to reveal potential risk factors for screen time.Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional survey, data was collected from the KUNO Kids birth cohort study using parent-report questionnaires regarding the media exposure of the study child. We determined age at first contact with different digital media, mean screen time on an average weekday, and the influence of major demographic and socioeconomic factors.Results: Data for screen time analysis was available for 630 children. In summary, 45% of children had already been exposed to digital media by their first birthday. The most frequent first digital media exposure was the TV (33.0%) followed by smartphones (16.9%), both most commonly exposed to around the age of 8 months. On a regular weekday, 20% of the children spent 0.5–1 h in front of a TV and 9% were exposed to a smartphone for the same time frame, compared to 31% of joint parent-child media use. Predictors for screen time were having one sibling, less living space per person, and excessive TV use in the household, the latter of which doubled the chance of the child being exposed to digital media.Conclusion: A proportion of 10% of 1-year-old children were already regularly exposed to digital media. The TV remains the most predominant device but new media, particularly smartphones, might be catching up. Our study provides further support that family TV time is a major predictor of infant screen time. Pediatric recommendations should be re-evaluated in the light of the actual exposure to digital media already in infancy and parents should be proactively counseled regarding possible effects on child development.

scholarly journals Hunger in Latin America: What Can We Do?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s94-s94
Author(s):  
Silvana Dal Ponte ◽  
Daniel Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean

Introduction:Hunger is a global problem and has increased in recent years. In Latin America, hunger continues in high numbers. Although the level of hunger is relatively low compared to other regions, this increase in Latin America is mainly explained by the economic slowdown in South America. Also, climate changes are already weakening the production of the main crops in tropical and temperate regions.Aim:Report the numbers of hunger in Latin America.Methods:A cross-sectional study with reports of the World Health Organization’s hunger figures, September 2018.Results:The number of hungry people in the world has increased for the third consecutive year and affects 821 million people, according to a report released by UN agencies. This corresponds to one in nine people in the world. In Brazil, the figures indicate that more than 5.2 million people spent a day or more without consuming food by 2017, which corresponds to 2.5% of the population. In Latin America and the Caribbean, hunger has also increased and affects some 39 million people.Discussion:Hunger is a catastrophic problem in Latin America. Involving professionals in food and nutrition to try to reduce these numbers appears to be a good strategy because just as the doctor treats the disease, the involvement of other specialists to address the cause of the problem can bring long-term benefits. A social project for this purpose that mobilizes chefs and nutritionists is in progress in Brazil.

scholarly journals The Durability, Functionality and Acceptability of Novel Screened Doors and Windows After Four Years of Use in A Gambian Village: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona C. Shenton ◽  
Musa Jawara ◽  
Majo Carrasco-Tenezaca ◽  
Jakob Knudsen ◽  
Umberto D'Alessandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Trained Staff ◽  
Window Blinds ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization recommends house screening as a tool for malaria control, yet evidence of the long-term durability, functionality and acceptability of this intervention is lacking. Here we examined the sustainability and use of novel types of screened doors and windows four years after installation in a Gambian village. Methods: A survey of 31 houses, each with two screened doors and two screened windows, was conducted in the rainy season. There were four types of screened door and two types of screened window. Trained staff carried out the survey and interviews of room owners were conducted in the local language before translation into English.Results: Structurally, the manufactured doors and windows were highly durable and in excellent condition. Most doors shut smoothly 50/61 (82%), although only 25/61 (41%) shut fully automatically with the latch slotting into the hole on the frame and holding fast. Door locks were less robust, with only (24/61) 39% present and working. Blinds proved especially flimsy, with only 4/109 (4%) of door blinds and 10/56 (18%) of window blinds present and in working order. Householders hung curtains inside most doors 50/61 (82%) and in 26/61 (43%) of the windows. Front doors were commonly found propped open 21/31 (68%) and 23/27 (85%) of those with a front door curtain, put their curtains down at night. Doors and windows were well liked, 19/31 (61%) of respondents were happy with them because they kept mosquitoes out 14/31 (45%) and provided security 12/31 (39%). The main reason given for the use of curtains was to provide privacy 26/28 (93% of those with curtains), especially while the door was open or had ‘see-through’ panels.Conclusions: Overall, the screened doors and windows were in excellent condition after four years of use. Improvements to the lock design are needed before scale-up. Installation of screening in buildings should be accompanied with health messaging recommending that at night, doors and windows be closed and curtains lifted or drawn to one side - to improve ventilation and keep the house cool.

scholarly journals Capital Structure and Firm Performance in Australian Service Sector Firms: A Panel Data Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafiuddin Ahmed ◽  
Rafiqul Bhuyan
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Using cross-sectional panel data over eleven years (2009–2019), or 1001 firm-year observations, this study examines the relationship between capital structure and firm performance of service sector firms from Australian stock market. Unlike other studies, in this study directional causalities of all performance measures were used to identify the cause of firm performance. The study finds that long-term debt dominates debt choices of Australian service sector companies. Although the finding is to some extent similar to trends in debt financed operations observed in companies in developed and developing countries, the finding is unexpected because the sectoral and institutional borrowing rules and regulations in Australia are different from those in other parts of the world.

scholarly journals Cortical mechanisms in migraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 174480692110502
Author(s):  
Wei Dai ◽  
Ren-Hao Liu ◽  
Enchao Qiu ◽  
Yinglu Liu ◽  
Zhiye Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
The World ◽  
Migraine Pathophysiology ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology ◽  
Insight Into

Migraine is the second most prevalent disorder in the world; yet, its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Cumulative studies have revealed pivotal roles of cerebral cortex in the initiation, propagation, and termination of migraine attacks as well as the interictal phase. Investigation of basic mechanisms of the cortex in migraine not only brings insight into the underlying pathophysiology but also provides the basis for designing novel treatments. We aim to summarize the current research literatures and give a brief overview of the cortex and its role in migraine, including the basic structure and function; structural, functional, and biochemical neuroimaging; migraine-related genes; and theories related to cortex in migraine pathophysiology. We propose that long-term plasticity of synaptic transmission in the cortex encodes migraine.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI TERHADAP SIKAP MENGHADAPI SINDROM PRE-MENSTRUASI PADA REMAJA PUTRI SISWI X DAN XI MAN 2 MADIUN

Biomedika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekki Dita Anggariksa ◽  
Burhannudin Ichsan ◽  
Dewi Nirlawati
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reproductive Health Knowledge

Approximately 1 billion people or 1 out of every 6 people in the world are teenagers, where 85% of them live in developing countries. The knowledge of adolescents about reproduction health in Indonesias still very low. Adolescent reproduction problems not only give impact physically but also can affect mental health, emotion, economical condition and social welfare in long term. Pre menstrual syndrome often leads to physical and emotional disorders. The objective of this research is to know the correlation of reproduction health knowledge toward the attitude to face pre-menstrual syndrome of female students on X and XI grade in MAN 2 Madiun. The study was cross sectional using cluster sampling. As much as 32 respondents (62%) had higher reproduction knowledge compared to the mean. 27 respondents (54%) had higher values above the average of attitude values . Data analysis of the Pearson test (p = 0.000), which is statistically signi cant and r =0,740 indicates strong correlation. There was a signi cant correlation between reproductive health knowledge toward attitude to face pre-menstrual syndrome of female students in X and XI grade in MAN 2 Madiun.Keywords: knowledge, reproductive health, attitude, pre-menstrual syndrome.

scholarly journals The long-term impact of wheelchair delivery on the lives of people with disabilities in three countries of the world

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Shore
Keyword(s):  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Friedman Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Background: Lack of access to mobility for people with disabilities, particularly in less- resourced settings, continues to be widespread. Despite challenges to wheelchair delivery, the benefits to health, employment, social integration and life satisfaction are apparent.Objectives: Previous studies have explored the impact of receiving a wheelchair on the lives of the users through cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal analysis. The current study was undertaken to evaluate whether previously reported changes were sustained after 30 months of use, and whether results varied between two differing models of a wheelchair.Method: One hundred and ninety-one subjects from Peru, Uganda and Vietnam received one of two models of wheelchair provided by the Free Wheelchair Mission. Using interviews to record survey results, data were collected at the time the wheelchair was received and following 12 and 30 months of use. Variables of overall health, employment, income and travel were explored through non-parametric analysis.Results: There was a significant improvement in overall health and distance travelled after 12 months, but these changes were no longer significant by 30 months (Friedman test for overall change, p = 0.000). Employment status showed a small but significant increase at 12 and 30 months (Cochran’s Q, p = 0.000). Reported income increased slowly, becoming significantly different at 30 months (Friedman test, p = 0.033). There was no association between the model of wheelchair received and the incidence of pressure ulcers, pain or maintenance required. There was higher satisfaction with the GEN_2 wheelchair at 12 months (p = 0.004), but this difference was not apparent by 30 months. Overall wheelchair satisfaction and maintenance levels were favourable.Conclusion: While overall health status, and distance travelled into the community fluctuated over time, receipt of one of two models of a wheelchair in less-resourced settings of the world appears to have a positive sustained impact on employment and income. Further investigations should be carried out to confirm these results and explore the factors responsible for fluctuating variables. This study affirms the importance of long-term follow-up of outcomes associated with wheelchair distribution in less-resourced environments.

scholarly journals An Application of DEA Windows Analysis to Container Port Production Efficiency

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Cullinane ◽  
Dong-Wook Song ◽  
Ping Ji ◽  
Teng-Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Container Port ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Container Ports ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

There have been various analyses of the efficiency of container port (or terminal) production using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based on cross-sectional data. When time is not considered, the efficiency results derived using this approach can be biased. In order to overcome this problem, this paper applies DEA windows analysis, utilising panel data, to a sample of the world’s major container ports in order to deduce their relative efficiency. The results suggest that estimates of container port efficiency fluctuate over time. The paper concludes that existing programming methods for estimating efficiency are inadequate in capturing the long-term increased efficiency and competitiveness that accrue from significant investments.

Transdiagnostic Approaches to Emotion Regulation

2017 ◽  
pp. 419-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Chu ◽  
Junwen Chen ◽  
Christina Mele ◽  
Andrea Temkin ◽  
Justine Xue
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

This chapter delineates the transdiagnostic approach to emotion regulation in children and adolescents in terms of underlying mechanisms and unifying treatment approaches. Transdiagnostic attempts to explain the high incidence of comorbidity among related disorders, whilst enhancing understanding of the underlying mechanisms inferring commonalities in development, propagation, and impairment. Additionally, it seeks to streamline and enhance the impact of evidence-based interventions for psychological disorders. However, differing research designs, assessment tools, and analytic methodologies have made comparisons challenging. Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal research has identified commonalties across disorders related to strategy deployment and neurological involvement (amygdala). Interventions targeting emotional functioning have demonstrated efficacy for both primary and secondary issues. Research is limited in exploring the shift in emotion regulation functioning. Nascent research on DBT and ERT has employed robust treatment evaluations, reporting outcomes. These programs have demonstrated efficacy across numerous presenting problems maintaining effects in both short and long-term follow-ups.

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