scholarly journals Potentials of Three Plants Leave oils mixture in Protecting Maize Grains against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
B.S. Abdulmalik ◽  
◽  
N. Abdullahi ◽  
I. Muhammad ◽  
E. Abba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Significant Difference

Over the last decade, Sitophilus zeamais are being control using synthetic insecticides. The overuse of these chemicals has lead to the development of insecticides resistance, environmental pollution, and killing of non-target organisms. The efficacy of Hyptis suaveolens, Ocimum gratissimum, and Psidium guajava leaf oils combination against adult S. zeamais was investigated on maize grain during the study. The leaves of the plants were grounded into powders and oils were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus separately. Maize variety 99% EDVT used was obtained from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kano. The insects were cultured in a containers and identified using a standard taxonomic key for Sitophilus spp. Different oils combination of two plants leaves oils were made in the ratio of 50%:50% of the test dose 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4ml/20g.Ten newly emerged S. zeamais were introduced separately for examination of adult mortality test and lethal concentration determination. Results showed that mortality increases with exposure period. The leaves oils combination show a significant difference in adult mortality of S. zeamais (P<0.05). Isobutylcyclohexane, Oleic Acid and 11-octadecenoic acid were the most occurring compound present in the individual plant extract. H. suaveolens and O. gratissimum combination protecting maize grains against S. zeamais infestation and therefore, the active ingredient of these plant combinations should be evaluated. Keywords: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GS-MS), Maize, Mortality, Plant leaves

scholarly journals Bioefficacy of some plants ethanolic extracts against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) infestation of stored maize grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
H.E. Negbenebor ◽  
S. Nura
Keyword(s):  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Tephrosia Vogelii

The experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of three plants ethanolic extracts against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) on stored  maize grains (Zea mays). Five different ethanolic concentrations (0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L, 4.0 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L) were made from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, Alstonia boonei and Tephrosia vogelii with 0.0 mg/L as the control (ethanol) and applied onto the maize grains by dipping. Theexperiment consists of six treatments (including control) and was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Data were collected for adult mortality, number of eggs, larval development and percentage grain damage. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% probability level with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) used to separate the means that were significant. The result obtainedrevealed significant difference (P≤ 0.05) between the concentrations over the control in terms of toxicity, oviposition, induced adult mortality and progeny suppression. However, the extracts from Tephrosia vogelii are the most toxic and produced the best effect with LC of 4.85 mg/L at 24 hours of exposure and 1.94 mg/L at 48 50 hours of exposure. Similar result was found in terms of adult mortality and oviposition suppression. The effectof the extracts is concentration-dependent increase with increase in concentration. The percentage decrease in weight due to the weevil's  infestation was found to be reduced with increase in concentrations. Thus, 8.0 mg/L of the ethanolic extracts of Tephrosia vogelii is recommended for biological control of Sitophilus zeamais against stored maize grains. Key Words: Concentrations, Ethanolic Extracts, Maize, Weevil.

scholarly journals Olfactory responses of Sitophilus zeamais L. to bushmint leaf powder and methanol extract on stored maize

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A.M. Noudegbessi ◽  
O.Y. Alabi ◽  
R. Sikirou
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Adult Weevil

Bushmint (Hyptis suaveolens Poit) is a weed with pesticidal properties that have been explored in managing pests of agricultural and medicinal importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the repellence ability of Hyptis suaveolens to prevent infestation of stored maize grain seed. The study involved evaluation of the olfactory responses of adult weevil to maize (Zea mays L.) grains treated with 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentrations of leaf powder (LP) and methanol extract (ME) of Hyptis suaveolens in the laboratory, with a static air four-chamber olfactometer. Also, the insecticidal effects of the substances on adult mortality and oviposition on maize grains treated with LP and ME were determined in a completely randomised design, with four replicates. The number of weevils in ME chambers decreased with increase in concentration of extracts; while the LP chambers had consistently fewer weevils with numbers, ranging from 2.5 to 3.75. Adult mortality in maize treated with LP was the least and varied between 0.00 (15% concentration) and 2.54% (20% concentration). Maize grains with ME caused significant mortalities that ranged from 65.50% at 15% concentration to 94.92% at 10% concentration. More eggs (3.5 to 5.75) were laid on maize with LP compared with ME treated maize. Generally, ME was richer in phytochemicals than LP. Hyptis suaveolens repellence manifested more in the form of LP than as ME; though ME caused more adult mortality and reduced oviposition than LP.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Sclerocarya birrea and Azadirachta indica extracts against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in storage

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
SA Babarinde ◽  
MO Petinrin ◽  
AD Adeleye ◽  
BS Ajani
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Sclerocarya Birrea ◽  
Significant Difference

Toxicity of Sclerocarya birrea A. Rich. (Anacardiaceae) leaf and bark and Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) leaf extracts against Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was evaluated under the laboratory conditions (77±4% relative humidity and 27±3°C temperature). When extracted doses were compared, mortality was dose- and exposure period-dependent. At 1 DAT, A. indica leaf extract had significantly (p<0.05) higher mortality (12.50-15.00%) than that of S. birrea bark extract (5.00-15.50%). However at 5 DAT, when 0.45 ml/33 cm2 was applied, mortality was not significantly (p>0.05) different and ranged from 91.25 to 97.5% for all the botanicals. When the extracting solvents were compared, mortality was exposure period-dependent with highest percentage mortality (99.17%) recorded at 5 DAT in S. birrea petroleum ether leaf extract, which was significantly higher than that of mortality observed in filter paper treated with the petroleum ether extracts of other botanicals. However, there was no significant difference in the effect of the two studied solvents. The results highlight the insecticidal potentials of the selected Nigerian-grown botanicals against maize weevil and recommend them as component of weevil Integrated Pest Management, in the areas where the botanicals are abundant.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(4), 337-342, 2017

scholarly journals Insecticidal activity of Wild Spikenard (Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit) on Adult Mortality and Female Oviposition of Groundnut Bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier on stored Groundnut Seeds and Tamarind pods

2017 ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Oaya, A. M. Malgwi, I. Umar A. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Caryedon Serratus ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Significant Difference

An investigation was conducted to estimate the insecticidal deterrence of wild Spikenard (Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit) on adult mortality and female oviposition of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier on stored groundnut seeds and tamarind pods. Data were taken on mean percentage mortality and mean number of eggs laid (female oviposition). The highest mean percentage mortality for both stored produces were reported in actellic dust and 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powders (93.50; 91.75 and 92.25; 91.25) while the least were obtained in the controls (4.75; 3.25). Moreover, 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder and actellic dust recorded the least mean number of eggs laid (female oviposition)  (18.00; 17.00 and 19.25; 18.00) while the highest was reported in the controls (318.25; 305.50) respectively. There was no significant difference between the effects of rates of synthetic insecticides and 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder in all the parameters measured.

scholarly journals Effect of X-ray irradiation on the F1 generation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and the germination rate of maize grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobifagha Princess Bell-Gam ◽  
Luke Chinaru Nwosu ◽  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Uwaoma Otuodichinma Aguwa
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flour Production

Abstract Background The use of X-ray irradiation in the control of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infesting stored maize was tested at 60, 70 and 80 KeV as part of the international concerted efforts to save maize production and enhance food security. Investigations were done in the laboratory at mean temperature and relative humidity of 29.2 °C and 75.7%, respectively using three varieties of maize. The possibility that X-ray irradiation can affect the viability of maize grains when planted after weevil control process was also evaluated in the laboratory. Standard methods were used to achieve the specific objectives, and X-ray machine snap constituted the exposure time for each dose. Results The results revealed 10% mortality of adult weevils after 24 h and 40% mortality after a period of 7 days. The result indicates moderate effect on mortality. Progressive increase in mortality was recorded as dose increased from 60 to 80 KeV. X-ray irradiation at the doses tested did not significantly (P > 0.05) restrict S. zeamais emergence from maize grains and did not also significantly protect grains against damage and flour production. There was no difference in the pattern of daily emergence of new progenies and pattern of accumulated emergence. The relationship between X-ray irradiation doses and weight of emerging progenies require more specific analysis. Absence of significant difference between the viability of irradiated grains and un-irradiated grains strongly suggests that X-ray irradiation did not adversely affect seed viability, and this gives irradiation technique an opportunity of higher acceptability in agriculture. Conclusions We recommend > 80 KeV of X-ray irradiation or its incorporation into integrated pest management system in order to achieve effective post-harvest control of the pest.

Parameters Affecting Milling Qualities of Undefatted Soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merill) (2): Selected Physical Properties

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ganiy O. Raji ◽  
John Alaba Victor Famurewa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Attrition Mill ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Flour Yield

Soybean protein is highly rich in the essential amino acid needed by human body. In the developing countries, its use will be more generally acceptable when converted to flour like wheat. This work focused on establishing the optimum conditions of some physical characteristics of soybean for high quality and acceptable soy flour. The characteristics studied for soybean samples subjected to heat treatment of boiling and oven drying were the effect moisture content (MC) and the hull thickness on the quality of the flours. Ten samples of Tax 1485 at different moisture levels ranging from 20.6% to 8.6% and five varieties (Tax 1440-1E, Tax 1740, Tax 1485, Tax 1456 and Tax 1448-2E) obtained from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), having different hull thicknesses were used. Soybean with mixed varieties commonly found in the open markets was also used to compare the effects of MC on the studied parameters. Flours obtained from the samples milled in an attrition mill were subjected to proximate, sieve and organoleptic evaluations. The hull thickness was found to have no correlation with protein retention, acceptability and flour yield, but moisture content has a very significant effect on the qualities. Between moisture content of 20.6% and 8.6%, protein and acceptability reduced from 40.0% to 27.7% and 4.3 to 2.2 respectively while yield increased from 0.9% to 5.8%. Though protein was reducing with reduced MC, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in protein retention between MC of 20.6% and 10.1% but it became significant at 9.4%. There was no significant difference in acceptability from 13.6% to 8.6% MC and between 8.9% and 11.0% MC for flour yield. Both Tax 1485 and mixed varieties followed the same trend only that they have different absolute values. The mixed varieties however had no significant difference in protein content between 19.8% and 10.2% MC. These results, therefore established that to obtain acceptable soyflour of high flour yield and protein content, moisture content of soybean after processing should be about 10% (dry basis).

scholarly journals Sandalwood, an Indian medicinal plant attenuates the microbial growth and influence up/down regulation of the metabolites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Parveen ◽  
Tooba Naz Shamsi ◽  
Sadaf Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Ester ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Antibacterial Assay

AbstractThe methanolic extract of sandalwood (SwME) was prepared by soxhlet apparatus and the antibacterial assay was performed. Further, the metabolite profiling of SwME and lysates of E. coli and E. coli grown in the presence of SwME was generated. SwME showed maximum inhibition against E. coli (MTCC 443) i.e. 82.71%, and minimal against B. subtilis (MTCC 736) i.e. 26.82%. The metabolome profiles of E. coli and SwME were generated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Comparative studies were done to understand to what extent metabolite modifications differ between SwME, E. coli lysate and the E. coli strain grown in presence of extract. Result revealed 23 peaks with major compounds present in E. coli were 9-Octadecenoic Acid (Z)-, Methyl Ester (26.85%), Hexadecanoic Acid, methyl ester (20.5%) and Hexadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester (15.79%). When E. coli was grown in the presence of SwME, GC-MS analysis showed 25 peaks with major compounds such as 9-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl Ester (21.97%), Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester (17.03%), and Hexadecanoic Acid, Trimethylsilyl Ester (14.96%). Correlating the metabolic profiles with the changes occurring is essential to progression their comprehension and in the development of new approaches to identify the metabolomics regulation in E. coli in response to SwME.

scholarly journals Effects of Plant Species, Insecticide, and Exposure Time On the Efficacy Of Barrier Treatments Against Aedes albopictus

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. McMillan ◽  
Jake E. Bova ◽  
Carlyle C. Brewster ◽  
Nicola T. Gallagher ◽  
Sally L. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Japanese Honeysuckle ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT The effect of 5 plant species (arborvitae [Thuja occidentalis], boxwood [Buxus sp., Japanese honeysuckle [Lonicera japonica], rhododendron [Rhododendron sp.], and zebra grass [Miscanthus sinensis]) and 2 rates of lambda-cyhalothrin (3.13 ml and 6.25 ml active ingredient [AI]/liter) on knockdown (1 h) and mortality (24 h) of adult female Aedes albopictus was evaluated over an 8-wk period. A significant difference in knockdown was observed between the 2 rates of lambda-cyhalothrin on the 5 plant species, with the highest proportion of knockdown observed on zebra grass and rhododendron treated at the higher rate. Although mortality was ≥60% and 85% on the 5 plant species at the low and high rates of lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, a significant difference between the 2 rates was only observed on boxwood and Japanese honeysuckle (P &lt; 0.0001). We also tested the residual toxicity of 3 barrier sprays (lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin) and evaluated the efficacy of a short (5-min) exposure to the insecticides on knockdown and mortality of adults over time. Significantly higher knockdown was observed with lambda-cyhalothrin compared with bifenthrin and deltamethrin (P &lt; 0.0001). Mean knockdown was ∼98%, 92%, and 20% for lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin, respectively, at week 2, and ∼98%, 0%, and 44%, respectively, 8 wk after treatments were applied. Adult mortality from the 3 chemical treatments, however, remained above 90% throughout the study. Lastly, the trends in mean proportion of knockdown were similar for mosquitoes exposed for either 5 min or 24 h to the 3 chemicals. An overall decline in mean mortality over time, however, was observed for mosquitoes exposed for 5 min to the chemicals compared with mortality from the 24-h exposure. The results suggest that lambda-cyhalothrin can be an effective barrier spray treatment against Ae. albopictus adults because its efficacy is limited little by plant species, it has long residual toxicity, and it is effective following only 5 min of exposure.

Survival of red-capped robins (Petroica goodenovii) in woodland remnants of central western New South Wales, Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Major ◽  
Greg Gowing
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Annual Survival ◽  
Survival Probabilities ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Winter Half ◽  
Linear Habitat ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Summer Half

To determine relative survival rates of small birds occupying small, linear strips of woodland compared with large patches of woodland, marked populations of red-capped robins were monitored over a two-year period. In total, 196 male robins were banded with unique colour combinations in 10 woodland remnants and censused by song playback at half-yearly intervals. The Cormack–Jolly–Seber method was used to calculate half-yearly survival probabilities for birds in the two habitat configurations and the strongest model included separate survival parameters for summer (36.2% 5.1) and autumn (88.9% 13.5) half-years, but a constant recapture probability (50.5% 7.2). The inclusion of separate parameters for the large and linear habitat configurations reduced the strength of the model, indicating that there was no significant difference between the survival rates of birds occupying small, linear strips of woodland and birds occupying large patches of woodland. The mean annual survival, determined by multiplying the half-yearly survival probabilities, was 32%, which is low, compared with the annual survival of other Petroica robins. Although no banded birds were located away from the banding site, we suspect that much of the ‘mortality’ represented emigration during the summer half-year. Under this scenario a better estimate of annual survival (79%) might be achieved by extrapolation of survival over the winter half-year. This study provides no data to support the contention that adult mortality is higher in small, linear strips of habitat, although further data on the fate of birds that disappear from remnants is required before this is conclusive. In addition, to detect a 20% difference in survival using similar methods to the present study, with their accompanying sources of variation, at least 10 times the number of birds would need to be monitored. This might most effectively be done as a co-operative banding project.

scholarly journals Synergetic effects of two botanical entomocides as pest-protectants in maize grains

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽  
Emmanuel Oluwaseun Obajulaye
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Synergetic Effects ◽  
Grain Damage

<em>Sitophilus zeamais</em> Motschulsky infestation causes severe post-harvest losses of cereal grains in Nigeria leading to major nutritional and economic losses. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of <em>Myrcianthes fragrans</em> and <em>Aframomum melegueta</em> seed powders and methanol extract as well as their synergetic effects on <em>S. zeamais</em>. The ability of the plant products to protect maize grain against <em>S. zeamais</em> infestation was assessed in terms of mortality 24 to 96 h posttreatment, oviposition, and adult emergence, weight loss and grains damage. <em>M. fragrans</em> and <em>A. melegueta</em> products significantly cause adult mortality of <em>S. zeamais</em>. <em>M. fragrans</em> products were the most toxic as it evoked 100% adult mortality within 24 h of application while<em> A. melegueta</em> products evoked 100% mortality of <em>S. zeamais</em> at 48 and 72 h post treatment, respectively. The synergetic effects of the plant products caused 100% adult mortality at 48 and 72 h post-treatment, respectively. Oviposition, adult emergence, weight loss and damage of the maize grains treated with the plant products were completely inhibited compared with untreated grains. The results obtained revealed that 2 g and 2% sole application of <em>M. fragrans</em> and mixed application of <em>M. fragrans</em> and <em>A. melegueta</em> products were effective in controlling <em>Sitophilus zeamais</em> post-harvest infestation and grain damage and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticide in ensuring steady supply of maize grains, thus ensuring food security as the plants are of medicinal and nutritional quality.

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