Antibacterial Activity of the Cream Preparation from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Aqueous Extract

Background and Objectives. While Theobroma cacao L has long been utilized in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, it was also found to possess antibacterial activity. The beans comprise 10% of the fruit, while the remaining 90%, consisting of pods, is considered waste. It was reported that the pods possess antibacterial activity, and if utilized for this purpose, T. cacao pods will no longer be considered as waste. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the cream formulated from the aqueous extract of T. cacao L pods. Methods. The milled T. cacao pods were extracted using distilled water at 4°C for 24 hours. The crude extract was subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning using hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the constituents present in the extract and its fractions. The extract and its fractions were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Determination of IC50 using 3,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Reduction Assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity. The extract with the highest yield and the highest antibacterial activity were formulated into a cream. T. cacao cream was evaluated with quality control tests for creams and emulsions. Acute skin irritation test was performed on the T. cacao cream to assess skin irritability upon application on adult male albino rabbits. Results. T. cacao crude extract and its fractions possessed antibacterial activity. Among the fractions tested, n-butanol fraction had the highest activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa. There was a significant difference between the fractions tested on the three bacterial strains (p<0.05). Although n-butanol fraction had the highest activity, the actual yield obtained after extraction was 0.95%. Since T. cacao aqueous extract also exhibited good antibacterial activity, it was chosen for the formulation study. There was no significant difference between the IC50 of the T. cacao crude extract and the IC50 of T. cacao cream, hence formulating it into a cream did not affect the antibacterial activity of the extract. Conclusion. T. cacao pod extract, as well as its fractions, possessed antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains. The T. cacao cream produced was a water-in-oil, non-irritant cream with antibacterial activity, and with acceptable physical attributes.

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EKSPLORASI SPATIAL DAN IDENTIFIKASI CENDAWAN ENDOFIT PADA TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) DI BALI

SIMBIOSIS Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.24843/jsimbiosis.2018.v06.i01.p01 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Lilis Riana Tambunan ◽

Meitini Proborini ◽

Putu Adriani Astiti

Keyword(s):

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Raw Material ◽

Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Soil Rhizosphere ◽

The Village ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) can grow well in the highlands and lowlands, a plantation and industrial plantwhich is known as one of the export commodities, as raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries which cancontribute to an increase in foreign exchange endophytic fungus is a fungus living on a live network of plants such asseeds, leaves, flowers, twigs, stems and roots. Truffles are generally mutualistic endophyte and is known to stimulate thegrowth of plants, capable of producing antibiotics and plant growth regulators (hormones). This study aims to determinethe diversity and identify endophytic fungi on Kakao.yang found in two different locations in Bali, in the village of KajaBuahan District of Payangan, Gianyar and the Village of Tua, Marga, Tabanan regency subdistricts. Research carried outin the field with the exploration methods, isolation, identification and diversity analysis conducted at the Laboratory ofPlant Taxonomy (Mycology), Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Udayana. Laboratoryresearch conducted by isolating the roots, leaves, plant stems and content of the soil (rhizosphere) cocoa. Once isolated,grown on PDA medium subsequently incubated at room temperature 250C. Isolates that grow back isolated and purifiedon a PDA medium for further identified to the genera or species level. A total of six isolates of endophytic fungi identifiedin the rhizosphere and cocoa plant that is where four of these isolates were identified to species, two isolates were notidentified until genus. Fungi were identified namely Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporiumsphaeropermum, Trichoderma viride, isolates 1 and 2 isolates.Keywords: cocoa, endophytic fungi, highlands and lowlands

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PEMBENTUKAN KALUS DAN EMBRIO SOMATIK KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN THIDIAZURON MELALUI SATU TAHAP INDUKSI KALUS

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v20n4.2014.179-186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

NUR AJIJAH

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Callus Induction ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Four Levels ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

ABSTRAK Embriogenesis somatik kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) telah banyak dilaporkan dengan penggunaan zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) yang bervariasi. Penggunaan thidiazuron untuk menginduksi embriogenesis somatik kakao telah dilaporkan melalui dua tahap induksi kalus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas thidiazuron menginduksi embriogenesis somatik kakao melalui satu tahap induksi kalus. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Unit Pengembangan Benih Unggul, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Bogor. Empat taraf thidiazuron (0; 2,5; 5,0; dan 10 µg/l) dikombinasikan dengan 2,4-D 2 mg/l digunakan untuk menginduksi kalus dan embrio somatik 3 klon kakao (TSH858, Sca6, dan ICS13) menggunakan eksplan mahkota bunga dan staminoid. Media dasar DKW tanpa ZPT digunakan sebagai kontrol. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan lingkungan acak lengkap dengan lima ulangan. Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari sepuluh eksplan. Peubah yang diamati meliputi persentase pembentukan kalus umur 2 dan 4 minggu, penampakan visual kalus, persentase eksplan membentuk embrio somatik, dan jumlah embrio somatik per eksplan umur 10 dan 14 minggu. Kalus terbentuk pada media dengan penambahan hanya 2,4-D atau 2,4-D + thidiazuron, namun embrio somatik hanya terbentuk pada media dengan penambahan 2,4-D + thidiazuron. Pembentukan kalus dan embrio somatik sangat dipengaruhi oleh tipe eksplan dan genotipe. Klon Sca6 lebih responsif dibandingkan TSH858 dan ICS13 dan eksplan staminoid lebih responsif dibandingkan mahkota bunga. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh interaksi yang kuat antara ZPT, genotipe, dan tipe eksplan terhadap pembentukan kalus dan embrio somatik kakao serta tidak terdapat perbedaan hasil yang nyata antara pembentukan embrio somatik melalui satu dan dua tahap induksi kalus. Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., genotipe, eksplan, zat pengatur tumbuhABSTRACT Somatic embryogenesis of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) has been widely reported with varied of plant growth regulators (PGR) used. The use of thidiazuron in inducing somatic embryogenesis of cacao has been reported through a two-step callus induction. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of thidiazuron in inducing somatic embryogenesis of cacao through a one-step of callus induction. The study was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory of Agricultural Seed Development Unit, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Bogor. Four levels of thidiazuron (0; 2.5; 5.0; and 10 µg/l) in combination with 2 mg/l 2,4-D were used for inducing callogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of three cacao clones (TSH858, Sca6, and ICS13) using petals and staminoids explants. DKW basal medium without PGR was used as a control. The result showed that callus were formed on medium containing only 2,4-D or 2,4-D + thidiazuron, while embryos were only formed on medium containing 2,4-D + thidiazuron. The formation of callus and somatic embryos were highly affected by explant types and genotypes. Sca6 clone was more responsive than TSH858 and ICS13 and staminoids were more responsive than petals. The results of this study revealed that there was a strong interaction between the PGRs, genotypes, and explant types on the formation of cacao callus and somatic embryos. Results of this study also showed no significant difference between the formation of somatic embryos through one and two steps of callus induction. Keywords: Theobroma cacao L., genotypes, explants, plant growth regulators

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EVALUATING THE ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MYCELIUM EXTRACT FROM DIFFERENT WOOD-DECAY-FUNGUS SPECIES COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM

Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.15625/1811-4989/15/4/13414 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 711-720

Author(s):

Pham Thi Hoa ◽

Ngo Nguyen Vu ◽

Tran Thi Phuong Linh

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽

Southern Vietnam ◽

Fungal Isolates

The antibacterial activity of twelve different wood-decay fungal isolated in Southern Vietnam was investigated to find out the new potential antibiotics produced by macro fungi. The antibacterial activity of the collected fungal isolates was tested by three screening methods against seven different strains of bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella typhi. The screening test were performed at first with mycelium grew on surface of agar medium similar to a disc diffusion test, next by an extracellular metabolite test by flood-plate method, and finally with an intracellular metabolite test using grounded mycelium fluid. To determine the activity of metabolites produced in the mycelium, the fungal isolates were grown on culture substrates to promote mycelium formation. Antibacterial activity of the selected fungi was confirmed by disc diffusion method using crude extract of the mycelium harvested from the substrate cultures. Four fungal species identified with strong antibacterial compounds produced by their mycelium including Pycnoporus sanguineus, Flavodon flavus, Fomitopsis ostreiformis and Meripilus giganteus. Crude extract of Pycnoporus sanguineus showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with 7/7 bacterial strains inhibited. Fomitopsis ostreiformis antibacterial activity was recognized with the ability to inhibit 6/7 bacterial strains. Flavodon flavus and Meripilus giganteus showed weaker activity than other two species, with only 4/7 strains inhibited. The fungal isolates identified with antibacterial activity discovered in this study can be potential candidates for the new source of antibiotic to fight against new generations of antibiotic resistance bacteria in the future.

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Extraction and Isolation of Compound from Roots of Kniphofia pumila, and Its Antibacterial Activities in Combination with Zinc Chloride

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2020.6163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 631-638

Author(s):

Dele ABDISSA ◽

Gezahegn FAYE ◽

Melkamu FAYERA ◽

Shiferaw DEMISSIE

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Pure Compound ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Isolated Compound

Kniphofia pumila has been traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases in Oromiya regional state, western part of Ethiopia. Thus, the main objective of this study was to extract bioactive natural products from the roots of K. pumila and perform in vitro antibacterial activity tests against selected pathogens. Extraction of compound from the roots of K. pumila was carried out by maceration method at room temperature and its antibacterial activity was done using agar disc diffusion method. The crude extracts alone and along with ZnCl2 were tested against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25722), Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (DSM 19613), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 13311). Following its promising activity, the acetone crude extract that have shown better antibacterial activity was subjected to column chromatography for isolation of pure compound. Hence, one pure compound (GZ-1) was obtained from acetone crude extract. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activities of the isolated compound alone and in combination with ZnCl2 were also performed against all aforementioned bacterial strains. Then, isolated compound was characterized by using NMR spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and, 2D NMR, so as to establish its structure as 3’-acetyl-2’,6’-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone, trivial name knipholone. Finally, GZ-1 was isolated from the roots of K. pumila and it was noted that the antibacterial activities of ZnCl2 in combination with crude extract as well as with isolated compound against E. coli (ATCC 25722), S. aureus (ATCC 25925) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 13311) bacterial strains showed remarkable results which were greater than the antibacterial activity of the positive standard drug (gentamycin). To sum up, from the chromatographic isolation of roots acetone extract of K. pumila one pure compound (knipholone) was obtained. Its antibacterial activity was also evaluated in combination with ZnCl2 salt and alone.

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The effect of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on in vitro callogenesis of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i2.67 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 90-98

Author(s):

Sulistyani Pancaningtyas

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Embryogenic Callus ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) development using modern breeding techniques can be facilitated by propagation of planting material through somatic embryogenesis. Various factors that may affect embryogenesis are the composition of culture medium and culture condition. Hormone commonly used to initiate the formation of callus is auxin with type 2.4-D (2.4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of 2.4 -D hormoneson the process of cocoa embryogenesis. The treatments were arragged in factorial combination in completely randomized design, which consisted of two factors. Thefirst factor was the concentration of auxin 2,4-D 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %; and the second factor was cocoa clones; Sulawesi 01 and Sulawesi 02. The resultshowed that the addition of 2.4-D hormone up to 100% on somatic embryogenesis of cocoa for Sulawesi 01 clone was not significantly different from Sulawesi 02 clone for all parameters. While on the addition of 2.4-D, there was significant difference between Sulawesi 01 and 02. Cocoa embryogenic callus using the addition of 2.4-D (25%-100%) was significantly different from control. Increased concentrations of 2,4-D hormone which is applied onto media would inhibit the formation of the somatic embryo. Addition of 2.4 D 25%, encouraged towards non-embryogenic callus. Keywords: 2.4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, embryogenic callus, somatic embryos, cocoa, medium culture, hormone

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In vitro Evaluationof the Antimi- crobial Activity of a Topical Skin Preparation Containing 0.1% Polyhexanide vs a Topical Skin Prepa-ration Containing 1% Silver Sulfadiazine

Clinical Dermatology & Therapy ◽

10.24966/cdt-8771/100055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Barbara Maglione ◽

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Silver Sulfadiazine ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Skin Preparation ◽

E Coli ◽

Topical Cream ◽

Significant Difference

Aim: The effective in vitro antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae),Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and the combination of S.aureus and K. pneumonia of a topical cream based on 0.1% polyhexanidewas compared to a topical cream based on 1% silver sulfadiazine.A topical cream containing 0,1% gentamicin was used as a positive control and a white blank topical cream was used as negative control. Materials and Methods: The in vitro antibacterial activities were determined by agar well-diffusion assay. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test, by calculation of P-values, for significant antiseptic activity in bacteria treated with 0.1% polyhexanide topical cream compared to 1% silver sulfadiazine and to the negative and positive controls. Results: Among the derivatives tested, all the active topical creams analyzed were able to reduce microbial strains. The topical cream based on 0.1% polyhexanide showed a significantly higher antibacterial efficacy in comparison to the topical cream based on 1% silver sulfadiazine on S. aureus and K. pneumonia and on the combination of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae,while no significant difference was detected between the antibacterial activity of the two topical creams against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Conclusion: These results provide a further insight into the antibacterial activity of polyhexanide and its non-inferiority compared to silver sulfadiazine towards certain bacterial strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and superiority towards other (S. aureus and K. pneumoniae)and support the use of 0.1% Polyhexanide topical preparation for the treatment of wounds that are infected or at risk of infection.

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Effects of Candida sp. and Blastobotrys sp. Starter on Fermentation of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Beans and Its Antibacterial Activity

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.10.4.04 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 2501-2510

Author(s):

S.A Mat ◽

Mohd Daud ◽

Mohamad Rojie ◽

Hussain Hussain ◽

Rukayadi Rukayadi

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Candida Sp ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

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Possible Antioxidant and Haematinic Properties of the Stem Bark of Theobroma cacao L. in Wistar Rats

International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review ◽

10.9734/ijbcrr/2021/v30i330256 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 18-26

Author(s):

B. O. Oluwatayo ◽

T. A. Kolawole ◽

C. C. Wali ◽

O. A. Olayanju ◽

A. E. J. Okwori

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Research Work ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Group 2 ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Background: This study investigated the potential antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of the stem bark of Theobroma cacao L. in Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats weighing between 126 g – 224 g were grouped randomly into 4groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 served as control and received water while groups 2, 3 and 4 rats were given 1000mg/kg, 3000mg/kg and 5000mg/kg b.wt of the extract respectively for 28days. On the 29th day, the rats were anaesthetized and blood samples were collected for analysis of some haematological parameters, enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidant activities. Results: The results obtained showed that there was significant increase (p<0.001) in SOD, Catalase activities and MDA levels in a dose dependent manner. The results also showed significant increase (p<0.001) in RBC Group 2, 3 and 4 rats when compared to the Group1. Significant increase was also observed in Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (Hct) level in group 2 and 3 rats (p<0.001). Mean corpuscular volume was significantly increased in group 2 rats (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings from this study showed the antioxidant and hematinic potentials of the stem bark of Theobroma cacao L.The aqueous extract of the stem bark of Theobroma cacao L. has a potential antioxidative and hematinic effects in Wistar rats. This is largely due to its rich phytochemical and nutritive contents. Further research work will be needed to see the possible application of these properties in humans.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF BARKS OF MYRIANTHUS HOLSTII ENGL. (CECROPIACEAE)

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13852 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1143-1150

Author(s):

Yeo Sounta Oumar ◽

◽

Monyn Ebalah Delphine ◽

Silue Kalamourou ◽

Mawa Traore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Chemical Screening ◽

E Coli ◽

Variable Sensitivity ◽

Dose Dependent

The aim of this work is to study phytochemicals and evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrianthus holstii bark on three reference and five clinical strains derived from biological products. The results obtained show that the gives the best extraction yield. Chemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponosides, quinones, anthocyanins, tannins, terpenoids and sterols in both extracts. The results obtained show that the strains tested have a variable sensitivity for the two extracts and their concentrations. Diffusion and dilution methods on Muller-Hinton were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extracts. The diameters of the inhibition zones are between 8 and 16 mm for the ethanolic extract starting from 25 mg/mL and between 8 and 12 mm for the aqueous extract at 50 mg/mL. The results revealed that these extracts have a dose-dependent antibacterial activity on the bacterial strains used. However, the 70% ethanolic extract has a better antibacterial potential on the strains compared with the aqueous extract, namely on S. aureus (CMI=3.12 mg/mL), E. coli ATCC (CMI=12.5 mg/mL) and S. aureus Meti-R (CMI=12.5 mg/mL). Also, this extract is bactericidal on all strains studied and its MIC ranges from 3.12 to 100 mg/mL after 24 and 48 hours of incubation. This study showed that extracts of Myrianthus holstii could be used in the treatment of infectious diseases.

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In vitro antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula leaf gall extracts against some human pathogenic strains

International Current Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

10.3329/icpj.v1i8.11254 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 217-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

BE Ravi Shankara ◽

YL Ramachandra ◽

S Sundara Rajan ◽

J Preetham ◽

PS Sujan Ganapathy

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Terminalia Chebula ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

South Indian

The leaf galls of Terminalia chebula is used widely as Karkatasringi in south Indian markets. Karkatashringi is an important crude drug employed in various indigenous systems of medicine against several diseases and the drug has diverse medicinal properties. The present study was carried out to understand the antimicrobial activity of various extracts. The antibacterial activity of T. chebula (leaf gall) was evaluated against ten bacterial strains including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the agar-well diffusion method. Among the two extracts tested, the ethanol extract presented the best results against all the bacteria while aqueous extract showed moderate inhibition of the microbial growth. Each extract is unique against different microorganisms; Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to both extract among the tested organisms, whereas Serratia marcescens and Proteus mirabilis were less susceptible for ethanol and aqueous extract respectively. The inhibitory effect of the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i8.11254 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(8): 217-220

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