Changes in feed water salinity with pumping of a wellfield used to supply a brackish water RO facility at the City of Fort Myers, Florida

ABSTRACT Water availability in the Brazilian semiarid is restricted and often the only water source available has high salt concentrations. Hydroponics allows using these waters for production of various crops, including vegetables, however, the water salinity can cause nutritional disorders. Thus, two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, to evaluate the effects of salinity on the mineral nutrition of crisphead lettuce, cultivar Taina, in a hydroponic system (Nutrient Film Technique), using brackish water in the nutrient solution, which was prepared by adding NaCl to the local water (0.2 dS m-1). A randomized blocks experimental design was used in both experiments. The treatments consisted of water of different salinity levels (0.2, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2 and 5.2 dS m-1) with four replications, totaling 24 plots for each experiment. The water added to compensate for the water - depth loss due to evapotranspiration (WCET) was the brackish water of each treatment in Experiment I and the local water without modifications in Experiment II. The increase in the salinity of the water used for the nutrient solution preparation reduced the foliar phosphorus and potassium contents and increased the chloride and sodium contents, regardless of the WCET. Foliar nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and sulfur contents were not affected by increasing the water salinity used for the nutrient solution preparation.

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Progress in Research and Application of Nanofiltration (NF) Technology for Brackish Water Treatment

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11090662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 662

Author(s):

Jiayu Tian ◽

Xingrui Zhao ◽

Shanshan Gao ◽

Xiaoying Wang ◽

Ruijun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Salt Content ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Membrane Properties ◽

Future Research ◽

Feed Water

Brackish water is a potential fresh water resource with lower salt content than seawater. Desalination of brackish water is an important option to alleviate the prevalent water crisis around the world. As a membrane technology ranging between UF and RO, NF can achieve the partial desalination via size exclusion and charge exclusion. So, it has been widely concerned and applied in treatment of brackish water during the past several decades. Hereon, an overview of the progress in research on and application of NF technology for brackish water treatment is provided. On the basis of expounding the features of brackish water, the factors affecting NF efficiency, including the feed water characteristics, operating conditions and NF membrane properties, are analyzed. For the ubiquitous membrane fouling problem, three preventive fouling control strategies including feed water pretreatment, optimization of operating conditions and selection of anti-fouling membranes are summarized. In addition, membrane cleaning methods for restoring the fouled membrane are discussed. Furthermore, the combined utilization of NF with other membrane technologies is reviewed. Finally, future research prospects are proposed to deal with the current existing problems. Lessons gained from this review are expected to promote the sustainable development of brackish water treatment with NF technology.

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UPAYA PELESTARIAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN AIR PAYAU DALAM MENJAGA KELESTRAIAN TATANAN EKOLOGIS

Jurnal Spasial ◽

10.22202/js.v1i2.1579 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rozana Eka Putri

Keyword(s):

Brackish Water ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Forest Area ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Marine Fisheries ◽

Mentawai Islands ◽

West Sumatra ◽

The City

Changes in forest ecosystems of brackish water in Indonesia has reached the alarming level. Center for the Study of Marine Fisheries and Bung Hatta University in 2005 mentioned, brackish water forest area in West Sumatra reached 39 832 hectares. Mentawai district has an area of 32,600 hectares of mangrove forests, West Pasaman area of 6273.5 hectares. Results showed that the level of damage is highest in the district of Padang Pariaman, 80 percent or comparable 160 hectares. As in West Pasaman reached 30% and the Mentawai Islands as much as 20%. For the city of Padang, the forest area of brackish water no more than 10 hectares. The forest is only found in the Banana River. Others mostly already built housing or for tourism.

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Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation

Water ◽

10.3390/w11081548 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1548 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chenchen Wei ◽

Fahu Li ◽

Peiling Yang ◽

Shumei Ren ◽

Shuaijie Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Maize Yield ◽

N2o Emission ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Irrigation District ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Salinity Levels

Brackish water has been widely used to irrigate crops to compensate for insufficient freshwater water supply for agricultural use. The goal of this research was to determine an efficient brackish water use method to increase irrigation efficiency and reduce N2O emission. To this end, we conducted a field experiment with four salinity levels of irrigation water (1.1, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 g·L−1 with drip irrigation) at Hetao Irrigation District (Inner Mongolia, China) in 2017 and 2018. The results show that irrigation with 3.5–5.0 g·L−1 water salinity increased the soil salinity compared with irrigation using 1.1–2.0 g·L−1 water salinity. The soil water content with 5.0 g·L−1 brackish water irrigation was significantly higher than with 1.1–3.5 g·L−1 water salinity due to the effect of salinity on crop water uptake. The overall soil pH increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity decreased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. These results indicate that brackish water irrigation aggravates the degree of soil salinization and alkalization. The soil N2O cumulative flux resulting from irrigation with 5.0 g·L−1 water salinity was 51.18–82.86% higher than that resulting from 1.1–3.5 g L−1 water salinity in 2017, and was 32.38–44.79% higher than that resulting from 1.1–2.0 g·L−1 in 2018. Irrigation with brackish water reduced maize yield, and the reduction in yield in 2018 was greater than that in 2017, but irrigation with 2.0 g·L−1 brackish water did not significantly reduce maize yield in 2017. These results suggest that reducing the salinity of irrigation water may effectively reduce soil N2O emission, alleviate the degree of soil salinization, and increase crop yield.

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Growth and yield of sugarcane irrigated with brackish water and leaching fractions

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n3p170-175 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 170-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Raquele M. de Lira ◽

Ênio F. de F. e Silva ◽

Djalma E. Simões Neto ◽

José A. Santos Júnior ◽

Breno L. de C. Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Randomized Experimental Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Leaching Fraction

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the growth and yield of sugarcane irrigated with brackish water and leaching fractions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water salinity levels (0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1) and two leaching fractions (0 and 0.17), corresponding to 100 and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration. The irrigation management was performed daily. Irrigation water salinity levels were obtained by adding NaCl and CaCl2 to the public-supply water, in order to obtain a molar ratio between Na:Ca of 1:1. The following measurements were taken: height and stem diameter; number of tillers; number of leaves and leaf area with monthly frequency between 60 and 300 days after planting (DAP). It was concluded that irrigation water salinity negatively influenced the variables of growth and yield in the sugarcane, and the leaching fraction of 0.17 was capable of reducing the deleterious effects of the salts on the plants.

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Utilization of solar energy for sea water and brackish water desalination using vacuum pressure and number of trays variations

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201819713015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 13015

Author(s):

Riana Ayu Kusumadewi ◽

Suprihanto Notodarmodjo ◽

Qomarudin Helmy

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Sea Water ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Vacuum Pressure ◽

Feed Water ◽

Clean Water ◽

Water Efficiency

Surface water pollution caused by industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste limit the availability of clean water sources. One solution is to use sea water as a source of clean water. Seawater desalination using solar energy is now growing. The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of desalination equipment with variation of vacuum pressure, number of trays, and type of feed water. First, the environmental conditions were measured, i.e. the intensity of solar radiation, ambient air temperature, and relative humidity. Then the distillator efficiency by variation of vacuum pressure, number of trays, and type of feed water was measured. From the result of observation, it was found that with radiation intensity ranged from 3967.86 - 6459.99 W/m2.day, ambient air temperature 22 - 28°C, and relative humidity 55 - 80%, distilled water produced was 7595 - 11,146 ml/day. The distillator efficiency for pressure of -0.05; -0.1; -0.15, -0.2; -0.25; -0.3 bar respectively were 25.54; 29.45; 29.56; 30.18; 30.90; and 37.77%. Distillator efficiency for evaporator from without tray until five trays were 24.89; 29.01; 27.88; 30.03; 34.05; and 37.77%. It was found that optimum distillator efficiency achieved at vacuum pressure of -0.3 bar and five trays in evaporator. Distillator efficiency for sea water (efficiency of 21.79%) was lower than brackish water (efficiency of 37.77%).

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Stress index, water potentials and leaf succulence in cauliflower cultivated hydroponically with brackish water

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n9p622-627 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 622-627 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adiel F. da S. Cruz ◽

Gerônimo F. da Silva ◽

Ênio F. de F. e Silva ◽

Hammady R. e Soares ◽

Jenyffer da S. G. Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Application Rate ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Stress Index ◽

Total Potential ◽

Water Stress Index ◽

Application Rates ◽

Leaf Succulence

ABSTRACT The tolerance of crops to salinity is greater in hydroponic systems due to the low contribution of the matric potential to the total potential of the water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of brackish water, to prepare the nutrient solution and replace the evapotranspired volume, and rates of application of this solution on the water stress index, water potential, leaf succulence and water consumption of cauliflower cv. ‘Piracicaba Precoce’. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with six salinity levels used to prepare the nutrient solutions (0.2, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) and two application rates of these solutions (1.5 and 2.5 L min-1), with four replicates. Water stress index (WSI), water and osmotic leaf potentials, leaf succulence (LS) and water consumption were analyzed. The increase in water salinity reduced LS and increased WSI. Water salinity reduced the water and osmotic leaf potentials and water consumption of the crop; however, the effects were more pronounced at the rate of 2.5 L min-1. Application rate of 2.5 L min-1 led to the highest WSI and lowest LS.

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Scale inhibitor and recovery optimization for a brackish water supply: pilot test results and full-scale experiences

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2003.0160 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (5-6) ◽

pp. 139-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Duranceau ◽

W.A. Lovins ◽

J.V. Foster ◽

D. Taylor ◽

J. Morton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Calcium Sulfate ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Full Scale ◽

Feed Water ◽

Test Results ◽

Scale Inhibitor ◽

Acid Addition

Pilot testing was conducted at a brackish water reverse osmosis water treatment plant to identify operational constraints associated with effective scaling control. The test program involved testing select inhibitors/dispersants, feed water pH, and operating recovery as part of a full-scale retrofit from a hollow fiber to spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane facility. The test results indicated the facility could be operated at elevated recovery, but was sensitive to conditioning with sulfuric acid. Use of sulfuric acid addition to control calcium carbonate scaling was determined to increase calcium sulfate scaling. Membrane autopsy data confirmed calcium sulfate scaling onto the membrane surface with minimal biological and organic content. It was determined that recovery could be increased from 65 to 75 percent by discontinuing sulfuric acid addition and feeding only scale inhibitor. Scale inhibitors with dispersant properties were recommended for full-scale implementation.

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