Effects of compaction, moisture and depth on the parameters of the kostiakov equation

This report consisted of studying the effects caused by the soil physical characteristic, in the presence of wetness variations and structures-texture fluctuations, to the Kostiakov constants. The objectives were to investigate the effects of wetness, soil depth, and compaction on the Kostiakov constants “a”, and “b”. The experimental unit consisted of nine polyvinyl cylinders. Statistical analysis under a randomized block design with three replications and three factors: wetness with five levels, soil depth (0-15, 15-30 and 45-60) and compaction with three levels (0, 13 and 26 blows). The relation between the instantaneous infiltration versus compaction and bulk density were inversely proportional. The parameter “a” influenced infiltration more than “b”. Soil texture and structure influenced “b” more than wetness. Wetness influenced “a” more than compaction and soil depth. Kostiakov parameters exposed physical relations to soil texture and structure.

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Correction of soil compaction using wood ash in safflower crop

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.19.13.08.p1878 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1375-1382

Author(s):

Tulio Martinez Santos ◽

Edna Maria Bonfim Silva ◽

Tonny José Araújo da Silva ◽

Ana Paula Alves Barreto Damasceno

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Root System ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

System Development ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Wood Ash ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Root System Development ◽

Randomized Block Design

Soil compaction is a big limitation to food production in agriculture. Wood ash is an agro-industrial residue generated by the burning of biomass in boilers for energy production. It can be used as a corrective agent and fertilizer of the soil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the root system of safflower cultivated under bulk density levels and wood ash doses in dystrophic Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized block design under a 5x5 factorial scheme composed of 5 wood ash doses (0, 8, 16, 24, 32 g dm-3) and 5 bulk density levels (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 Mg m-3) with 4 replicates. The soil was collected from 0-0.20 m depth layer. Later it was incubated with the respective wood ash doses. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot made of three PVC (polyvinyl chloride) rings, in which the layers of 0.1-0.2 m were compacted. At 75 days after emergence, the plants were cut, their roots washed and the volume and dry mass checked. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and subsequent regression test, both at 5% probability. Soil densities negatively influenced the root system development and culture of safflower. Application of wood ash doses of 20 to 24 g dm-3 significantly improved root development of plant.

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Soil resistance and bulk density under different tillage system

Poljoprivreda ◽

10.18047/poljo.26.1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

Miro Stošić ◽

Vladimir Zebec ◽

Maciej Kluz ◽

Boris Ravnjak ◽

Tomislav Vinković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Block Design ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Soil Horizon ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Tillage System ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Set Up

A stationary field experiment of a reduced soil tillage was implemented at a Hypogley (Hypogleyic soils A–Gso–Gr soil horizon sequence) soil type of Eastern Croatia during three seasons and set up as a split-plot randomized block design in four repetitions. The tillage systems (TS) were as follows: 1) conventional tillage, i.e., plowing at 30 cm (CT), 2) disking up 10-12 cm (DT), 3) soil loosening up to 35 cm (LT), 4) no-tillage (NT). The experiment was designed to compare the penetration resistance (PR), soil moisture (SM), and bulk density (BD) at different TSs and soil depths. A cone penetrometer was used to measure the PR with 10 prods per TS, accompanied with a measurement of SM with a soil auger on every 10 cm, with four samples up to a 40-cm depth. The BD was determined by metal cylinders on every 10 cm up to a 30-cm depth, being weighed and dried thereafter to obtain an absolutely dry sample, and then calculated using absolutely a dry soil sample mass (m_s) and the soil volume (V). The PR and SM were significantly influenced by the TS and soil depth. The CT had the significantly lowest PR at all depths, while the DT has manifested a significantly higher PR at a soil depth amounting to 10 to 20 cm. The PR on NT were significantly diverse from the CT at all soil depths. The BD varied significantly concerning the TS and the soil depth. Subsequent to the three years, the CT had a significantly smaller BD at a depth amounting from 0 to 10 cm, and a significantly higher BD at 20- to 30-cm depth, compared to reduce the TS.

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Respon Air Tersedia dan Bobot Isi Tanah pada Tanaman Jagung Manis dan Brokoli terhadap Kombinasi Terak Baja dan Bokashi Sekam Padi pada Andisol, Lembang

Agrikultura ◽

10.24198/agrikultura.v29i2.19248 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Henly Yulina ◽

Rachmat Harryanto ◽

Rina Devnita

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Physical Characteristic ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Block Design ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Independent Effect ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Two Factors

ABSTRACTResponse of water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli of steel slag and husk bokashi combination on Andisol LembangThe objective of this research was to find out responses of water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli of steel slag and husk bokashi combination on Andisol Lembang. This study used a randomized block design factorial with two factors. The first factor was steel slag and the second factor was husk bokashi. Each factor onsisted of 4 levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% with two replications. The result showed there was not interaction between steel slag and husk bokashi on water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli. Bokashi of husk has an independent effect to water available on sweet corn while bokashi of husk has an independent effect to soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli.Keywords: Steel slag, Bokashi of husk, Soil physical characteristic, Sweet corn, BroccoliABSTRAKAndisol mempunyai sifat fisika tanah yang baik, namun bermasalah dengan retensi P. Pemberian amelioran untuk mengurangi retensi P, diharapkan dapat mempertahankan bahkan meningkatkan parameter fisika tanah tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon air tersedia dan bobot isi tanah pada tanaman jagnung manis dan brokoli terhadap kombinasi terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi pada Andisol Lembang. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Pola Faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama terak baja dan faktor kedua bokashi sekam padi masing- masing 4 taraf yaitu 0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, dan 7,5%, diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi interaksi antara terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi terhadap air tersedia dan bobot isi pada tanaman jagung manis dan brokoli. Bokashi sekam padi berpengaruh mandiri terhadap air tersedia pada jagung manis, sedangkan bokashi sekam padi berpengaruh mandiri terhadap bobot isi tanah pada jagung manis dan brokoli.Kata Kunci: Terak baja, Bokashi sekam padi, Ketersediaan air, Bobot isi, Jagung manis, Brokoli

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Avaliação da compactação do solo por meio de um ensaio oedometrico

Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável ◽

10.18378/rvads.v10i3.2895 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 09

Author(s):

Alex Rogerdan Medeiros ◽

Cícero Luiz Câmara Júnior ◽

Joaquim Odilon Pereira ◽

Francisco Assis de Oliveira ◽

Joaquim Amaro Filho

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Void Ratio ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Block Design ◽

Applied Pressure ◽

Void Content ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Rural Zone

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a compactação do solo por meio de um ensaio oedometrico. O estudo foi desenvolvido na fazenda experimental Rafael Fernandes, da UFERSA localizada em Alagoinha, zona rural do município de Mossoró/RN.O experimento foi conduzido no período de Março de 2012 à Agosto de 2012. Os parâmetros analisados foram densidade do solo, matéria orgânica, índices de vazios estruturais, índice de compressão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados por três profundidades de solo 0,0-0,05m; 0,05-0,10m e 0,10-0,20m. Os resultados evidenciaram que os valores de Matéria orgânica e densidade do solo variaram inversamente. O ensaio oedometrico revelou que o índice de vazios estrutural do solo e reduzido com o aumento da densidade do solo e com o teor de água para uma mesma pressão aplicada. Para o mesmo teor de água o índice de vazios estrutural diminuiu com o aumento da pressão aplicada. O índice de compressão do solo diminuiu com a profundidade. Evaluation of soil compaction by means of a test oedometrico ABSTRACT- This study aimed to assess soil compaction through an essay oedometrico. The study was conducted at the experimental farm, Rafael Fernandes of UFERSA located in Alagoinha, rural zone of Mossoró / RN.The experiment was conducted in the period from March 2012 to August 2012. The parameters analyzed were bulk density, void ratio structural compression index and soil organic matter. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil depths (0.0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m) The results showed that the values of organic matter decreased with increasing soil depth. The bulk density increased with depth, with a smaller value obtained in the 0 to 5 cm. The oedometer test revealed that the void content of the soil decreased with increased soil density and moisture content for the same pressure applied. For the same water content of the structural void ratio decreased with increasing applied pressure. The rate of compression of the soil decreased with depth.

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251 Evaluation of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles as an Ingredient in Cattle Finishing Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 137-138

Author(s):

Calvin Gibbons ◽

Andrea K Watson ◽

Galen E Erickson ◽

Bradley M Boyd ◽

Levi J McPhillips ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Distillers Grains ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Algae Oil

Abstract Algae oil production for Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation yields a byproduct called Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (CARS; 25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), de-oiled algae cells with residual fermentation substrates. This study evaluated the use of CARS in feedlot finishing diets. Crossbreed steers, (n=480) were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) into 4 blocks, and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments were designed as a 2 x 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of CARS (0, 2.5, 5% of diet DM) and 2 different base diets representing Northern and Southern Great Plains diets. The Southern diets contained steam flaked corn and dry distillers grains while the Northern diets had dry rolled and high moisture corn with wet distillers grains. CARS replaced corn in both diets. All blocks were harvested after 148 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design with CARS inclusion, base diet, and interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and pen (n=48) as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant interactions between CARS inclusion and diet type (P ≥ 0.49). Main effects of CARS indicated positive quadratic responses for carcass adjusted ADG, G:F, 12th rib back fat, yield grade (P < 0.01; increasing to 2.5% inclusion, decreasing at 5%) and hot carcass weight was both linear and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≥ 0.06 respectively; 969, 977, 935 as CARS increased). Linear decrease in DMI, final adjusted BW and ribeye area (P ≤ 0.01) as CARS increased. Cattle fed the Southern diets had greater ADG and G:F compared to Northern diets (P < 0.01). Including 2.5% CARS in the diet improved feed efficiency in both Northern and Southern based feedlot diets.

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Trace Metal Distribution and Mobility in Soils after Silvicultural Thinning and Burning

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v9n5p83 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Ngowari Jaja ◽

Monday Mbila ◽

Yong Wang

Keyword(s):

Trace Metal ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Block Design ◽

Forest Health ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Parent Material ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Randomized Block Design

Silvicultural thinning and burning are common management practices that are widely used to address ecosystem problems such as tree stocking and general forest health. However, high-severity fire has variable effects on soils, resulting in damages which are directly or indirectly reflected on the trace metal chemistry of the soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the trace metal variation at the Bankhead National Forest in Northern Alabama following the silvicultural thinning and burning. The experimental site had treatments consisting of two burning patterns and three levels of thinning as part of an overall treatment of three burning patterns and three levels of thinning applied to nine treatment plots to fit a completely randomized block design experiment. Four treatments sites were used for this study and samples were collected from soil profile pits excavated at representative plots within each treatment. The samples were analyzed for trace metals-As, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb-using Perkin Elmer 2100 ICP-OES. Post treatment samples indicated that the trace metal concentrations generally decreased with soil depth. Copper, Ni, and Zn at the Pre-burn site gradually increased with depth to a maximum concentration at about 50 cm below the soil surface. Arsenic in the surface horizons increased by 156% in the burn-only sites, 54% in the thin-only treatment, 30% for the burn and thin treatments. Such differences were unlikely due to differences in the geochemistry of the parent material, but likely due to anthropogenic activities and possibly the forest management practices in question.

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Evaluation of different corn textures in dry grain or silage forms for piglets from 7 to 15 kg

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982009000900017 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 38 (9) ◽

pp. 1757-1761

Author(s):

José Vieira Neto ◽

Vinícius de Souza Cantarelli ◽

Elias Tadeu Fialho ◽

Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo ◽

Nikolas de Oliveira Amaral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Initial Weight ◽

Large White ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Independent Form ◽

Ensilage Corn

The objective of this study was to evaluate different textures and storage forms of corn in piglet diets. Two experiments were conducted, one of which tested digestibility of nutrients and the other diet performance. In the digestibility trial, 24 crossbred (Landrace X Large White) barrows with an initial weight of 18.7 ± 1.5 kg were used. They were kept in metabolic cages in a randomized block design using the factorial arrangement 2 X 2 (type of corn - dent and flint X type of storage - moist grain silage and dry grain) and six replicates, with one animal as the experimental unit. The values of metabolizable energy (ME) obtained were 3841 kcal of ME/kg of dry matter (DM) from dry corn, 3912 kcal of ME/kg of DM from moist corn, 4022 kcal of DM from ensiled dry corn and 3928 kcal of ME/kg of DM from ensiled humidity corn. The ensilage process increases the digestibility coefficient of dry matter and crude protein and increases the digestible energy of the diets, independent of the process form. The type of corn did not influence these variables. In the performance trial, 60 barrows (initial weight of 6.5 ± 1.5 kg) of the same stock were used during 28 days of post-weaning distributed in the same experimental design, with five replicates and three animals as the experimental unit. The treatments did not influence the daily weigh gain or the daily feed intake. The dentate corn and the ensilage process decreased the feed conversion of the independent form (no significant interaction). The substitution of dry for ensilage corn increased the digestibility of the nutrients in the diets and the feed conversion of the piglets from 7 to 15 kg. Dentate corn promotes best feed conversion in this phase.

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Least limiting water range in Oxisols under different levels of machine traffic

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v8i2.2423 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 337-346

Author(s):

Karina De Vares Rossetti ◽

José Frederico Centurion

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Corn Crop ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Crop Development ◽

Least Limiting Water Range ◽

Different Levels

This work aimed, to evaluate the structural behavior of Oxisols based on the least limiting water range (LLWR) and establish relations with corn crop. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. Soil samples collected at the layer of 0-0.20 m depth in a Haplustox (LVd) and an Eutrustox (LVef) were used. The compaction treatments consisted of T0= no additional compaction; T1 and T2= two and four passes with a 4 t tractor, respectively; T3 and T4 = two and four passes with a 10 t tractor, respectively. The range of LLWR variation in the LVd was the lowest one and varied from 0.01 to 0.04 m3 m-3, whereas in the LVef varied from 0.03 to 0.13 m3 m-3 for the critical soil penetration resistance (PRc) of 2 MPa. It was observed that critical bulk density (BDc) values were 1.76 and 1.40 Mg m-3 in the LVd and the LVef, respectively. The highest frequency of bulk density (BC ≥ BDc) occurred from the T1 to T4 (LVd) and from the T2 to T4, however, a reduction in corn yield was not observed. The determination of the LLWR was efficient and complementary for identifying more favorable or more impeditive conditions to compaction in the LVef for the corn crop development in relation to the LVd.

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Physiological responses of beet plants irrigated with saline water and silicon application

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v11i0.3113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. E3113

Author(s):

José Sebastião de Melo Filho ◽

Toshik Iarley da Silva ◽

Anderson Carlos de Melo Gonçalves ◽

Leonardo Vieira de Sousa ◽

Mario Leno Martins Véras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Carbon Concentration ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Essential Element ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Randomized Block Design

Although not considered an essential element, silicon can be used to increase crop productivity, especially under stress conditions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the gas exchange of beet plants irrigated with saline water depending on the application of silicon. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): (0.5; 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), with six beet plants as an experimental unit. The effect of treatments on beet culture was evaluated at 30 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water from measurements of internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency using the LCpro+Sistem infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Irrigation with saline water reduced the gas exchange of beet plants at 60 days after irrigation, but at 30 days after irrigation, the use of saline water increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal carbon concentration. The application of silicon decreased stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration and efficiency in the use of water, but increased the rate of net photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation at 30 and 60 days after irrigation.

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Evidence of nitrogen and potassium losses in soil columns cultivated with maize under salt stress

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n8p553-557 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 553-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Claudivan F. de Lacerda ◽

Jorge F. da S. Ferreira ◽

Donald L. Suarez ◽

Emanuel D. Freitas ◽

Xuan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Depth ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Column ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Salinity Treatment ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Concentration Of Ions ◽

Four Levels ◽

N Rates ◽

Saturated Extract

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of salts in the soil from irrigation water and of N and K from fertilization. The experiment was conducted in PVC columns (20 cm in diameter and 100 cm in height), filled with non-saline soil, and cultivated with maize. A completely randomized block design in a 4 x 4 factorial was used, with four levels of salinity (0.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m-1), four N rates, and five replicates. Nitrogen was applied as urea and potassium nitrate at the following rates: N1: N recommendation for maize (2.6 g column-1); N2: 0.3 times (0.78 g column-1) the recommended N1 dose; N3 and N4 with N based on N1 and N2 doses, respectively, reduced proportionally based on the evapotranspiration reduction caused by salinity. After 74 days from sowing, root and soil samples were collected at different soil depths. The electrical conductivity of the saturated extract (ECe) and the concentration of ions (Ca2+, Na+, and Cl-) increased as a function of salinity and soil depth. The opposite was observed for the root system. The increase in salinity also resulted in K+ and NO3- accumulation in the soil column, mainly in treatments with higher N rates (N1 and N3). At the end of the experiment, 88% of the NO3- applied at the highest salinity treatment (7.5 dS m-1) and the highest N rate (N1) was below 20 cm soil depth, evidencing a N loss process caused by leaching.

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