scholarly journals MYCOFLORA AND AFLATOXIN LEVELS IN WALNUT SAMPLES STORED IN DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS IN OGUN STATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
E.O. ONI ◽  
A. ALADESIDA ◽  
T.M. OBUOTOR ◽  
F.O. ALDER ◽  
A.O. BADMOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Post Harvesting

Aflatoxin levels in nuts and fruits pose a great threat to food storage and availability. This study aimed at determining the mycoflora and aflatoxin level in stored walnut under various conditions.  Freshly harvested walnuts were stored for 90 days  in three different media: jute bags, Plastic containers and sterile polythene bags under room (37ᵒC) and refrigeration (4ᵒC) temperature. After 90 days of storage, the stored walnuts were examined for fungal growth at one month interval after which colonial and morphological characterization were carried out to identify the fungi present. Proximate analysis and aflatoxin content of the walnut samples were determined by standard methods. Fungi isolated from the walnuts include; Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Penicillum notatum, Aspergillus sydowi, Fusarium oxysporium, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Walnuts stored in plastic container at room temperature had the lowest aflatoxin level of 0.002 ng/kg while that stored in polythene bags had the highest (0.054 ng/kg).  Proximate analysis also revealed that walnuts stored in polythene bag reduced significantly (p<0.05) in protein, ash content, fat, fibre, moisture and carbohydrates while samples stored in jute bag and plastic container remained unchanged. This study shows that storage methods contributed to the overall quality, shelf life and aflatoxin content of walnut and hence care should be taken during post harvesting process.    

scholarly journals Characterization and Bioactive Compound Analysis of Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus

Marinade ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Azwin Apriandi ◽  
Kustiariyah Tarman ◽  
Purwantiningsih Sugita
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Meretrix Meretrix ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Yellowish White

Meretrix meretrix was one of gastropods seawater has been used by people as a food. These shells are still categorized of bycatch and have not explored the benefits. This study aimed to characterize and analyze the content of bioactive Meretrix meretrix. This research was conducted morphological characterization shellfish sensory, measurement of yield, the content of the proximate analysis, heavy metals and analysis of bioactive compounds from the extracts of water and methanol. Observation found that the Meretrix meretrix has a yellowish white color with black bars at the end of the shell and the white meat and chewy with a yield of meat and shells of 11.09% and 69.85%. Analysis of water content, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrates respectively by 79.99%, 1.50%, 0.22%, 9.42%, and 8.81%. Heavy metal obtained 8x10-4 ppm Hg content, 13x10-4 ppm Pb, Cd, and Cu 45x10-4 and 88x10-4 ppm. Bioactive compounds in water and methanol extract of shellfish Lamis including alkaloids, steroids, and saponins.

scholarly journals Antifungal effects of ZnO, TiO2 and ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposite on Aspergillus flavus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
nasrollah najibi ilkhechi ◽  
Mahdi Mozammel ◽  
Ahmad Yari Khoroushahi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Titanium Isopropoxide ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Stress Oxidative ◽  
Fungal Growth Inhibition

Abstract This study aimed to synthesis ZnO, TiO2 and ZnO–TiO2 (ratio weight of 1/1 for Zn/Ti) nanoparticles using zinc acetate and titanium isopropoxide through the sol-gel method. Physicochemical and morphological characterization and antifungal properties evaluation like minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) of nanopowders were investigated against Aspergillus flavus at in vitro. All synthesized nanoparticles (50 µg/ml) showed fungal growth inhibition while ZnO-TiO2 showed higher antifungal activity against A. flavus than pure TiO2 and ZnO. TiO2 and ZnO-TiO2 (300 µg/ml) inhibited 100% of spur production. Pure ZnO and TiO2 showed pyramidal and spherical shapes, respectively whereas ZnO-TiO2 nanopowders illustrated both spherical and pyramidal shapes with grown particles on the surface. Based on our findings, low concentration (150 µg/ml) of ZnO-TiO2 showed higher ROS production and stress oxidative induction thus fungicide effect as compared to alone TiO2 and ZnO. In conclusion, ZnO-TiO2 nanostructure can be utilized as an effective antifungal compound but more studies need to be performed to understand the antifungal mechanism of the nanoparticles rather than ROS inducing apoptosis.

scholarly journals ANALISIS POST-HARVEST LOSS PADA OKRA DENGAN METODE OBJECTIVE MATRIX (OMAX) DI PT MITRATANI DUA TUJUH JEMBER

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Suryaningrat ◽  
Ferry Julio Prabowo ◽  
Winda Amilia
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Fishbone Diagram ◽  
Removal Plot ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Post Harvesting ◽  
Post Harvest Loss ◽  
Comparison Technique

Post-harvest loss is a process of the loss or the broken material from production in the field to the food being ready to be consumed. Losses in agricultural or horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest process. Therefore, it was needed to identify the criteria based on the post-harvesting process to know the performance level of each criterion provided. This study was aimed to know the post-harvest loss source in the occurrence of the post-harvest process of okra. This research used Objective Matrix method (OMAX) to evaluate the performance level of each criterion provided. AHP method was also implemented in this research by using the pairwise comparison technique to measure the weight on OMAX and fishbone diagram and to identify causes factors of the okra loss. The research result showed that the picking and weighing process during post-harvest okra have lower performance level and it was not meet the expected target of the company (PT Mitratani Dua Tujuh). Other result of okra loss level was also still far from the expected target of the company. The improvement recommendations were needed to reduce post-harvest okra loss, i.e. increasing supervision by the manager, making removal plot during okra harvesting, and briefing every morning with the okra picker. Keywords: AHP, fishbone diagram, OMAX, post-harvest loss

scholarly journals First report of alfalfa leaf spot caused by Leptosphaerulina australis in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LiLi Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Plant Sample ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
The Usa

A disease was observed on alfalfa cultivar WL168 characterized by white to brown leaf spots of regular to round shapes, in Aluhorqin County, Inner Mongolia, China (120°13′23″ to 120°29′14″ E, 43°27′52″to 43°35′16″ N, 281.71m to360.13 m Altitude) during 2019 to 2020. The disease mainly presented in spring one month after re-greening and the incidence was 78.30% in this field. Twenty alfalfa plants with severe symptoms were used for pathogen isolation. The infected tissue was cut into 2 × 2 mm pieces, surface-sterilized (in 75% ethanol and 5% commercial bleach (NaClO) for 30 s and 2 min, respectively), rinsed five times with sterilized distilled water, and dried between sterile filter paper (Wang et al. 2019). The diseased tissue from each plant sample were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C with 12 h light/day for ten days. A fungus was isolated from the diseased leaves at a 100% frequency. Fungal growth on PDA was round with a black surface, radial edge, and a dirty white center. The ascocarps were moved to a clean microscope slide to release asci and ascospores. Ascocarps were spheroidal, subglobose brown, 120 to 160 µm × 160 to 180 µm, which contain several ascus. The size of ascus were 31.0 to 41.6 μm × 75.0 to 87.5 μm and each asci having eight ascospores. Ascospores were ellipsoid to oblong with a gelatinous sheath, brown, 8.8 to 15.0 µm × 29.9 to 43.0 µm with 2 to 3 horizontal septums, and 0 to 2 vertical septums. A phylogenetic tree was constructed after DNA extraction, PCR with primers to amplify the ITS (VG9: 5′- TTACGTCCCTGCCCTTTGTA-3′ and ITS4: 5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and LSU (LR7: 5′-TACTACCACCAAGATCT-3′ and LROR: 5′- GTACCCGCTGA ACTTAAGC -3′) regions. The LSU (SUB8273071) and ITS (SUB8218291) amplicons showed 99% similarity with L. australis (EU754166.1) in the GenBank. To verify the pathogenicity, fungs plugs were inverted on three compound leaves of 20 alfalfa WL168 for two days. Agar plugs (PDA) were inverted on another 20 alfalfa WL168 three compound leaves which were control. All plants were maintained at 22 °C and 44% relative humidity in a growth chamber. Similar disease symptoms were observed on infected leaves ten days after inoculation, while control plants showed no symptoms. The same fungus was re-isolated from the lesions, and further morphological characterization and molecular assays, as described above. L. australis has been reported on various plants, including Prunusarmeniaca, Dolichos, Poa, Lolium, and Vitis in Australia (Graham and Luttrell., 1961), and also from Korean soil in 2018 (Weilan et al., 2018). Additionally, L. briosiana, which is common in the USA, China, and other countries, causes Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (Samacet al., 2015). L. trifolii is newly reported to occur in China (Liu et al., 2019). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L. australis infecting alfalfa in China. Considering the large planting area in Inner Mongolia, this pathogen may losses to alfalfa cultivation. Hence, future studies should explore aspects of effective management of this disease.

scholarly journals Musa acuminata L. (Banana) Peel Wastes as Edible Coating Based on Pectin with Addition of Cinnamomum burmannii Extract

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-705
Author(s):  
Lailan Ni`mah ◽  
Indri Makhyarini ◽  
Normalina
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
Edible Coating ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Cinnamomum Burmannii

Pectin functions as an adhesive and maintains tissue stability so that it can be used in making edible coating to improve the quality of food storage. One of the producers of pectin is Musa acuminata L. peel (containing 22.4 % pectin). In order not to overgrow with microbes, it is also necessary to have antimicrobial property, which can be obtained from Cinnamomum burmannii extract. This study is about raw material preparation, pectin extraction, pectin modification, Cinnamomum burmannii extraction and edible coating manufacturing. The parameters viz. thickness test, water vapour transmission, tensile strength test, elongation at break, biodegradation, and for trials on storing beef sausage showed that 10 % sorbitol was able to withstand the rate of fungal growth for 7 days; 15 % sorbitol was able to withstand the rate of fungal growth for 5 days; and 20 % sorbitol was able to withstand the rate of fungal growth for 3 days.

Effect of Different Postharvest Drying Temperatures on Aspergillus flavus Survival and Aflatoxin Content in Five Maize Hybrids

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1521-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEIGH K. HAWKINS ◽  
GARY L. WINDHAM ◽  
W. PAUL WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Natural Infestation

After harvest, maize is dried artificially to halt fungal growth and mycotoxin production while in postharvest storage. The process often limits harvest capacity and has been a frequent cause of seed injury. Higher drying temperatures could lead to shorter drying periods and faster turnover; however, there is often a deterioration of the physical grain quality, including increased breakage susceptibility and loss of viability. The goals of this study were to determine the effect of different postharvest drying temperatures on Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides survival and aflatoxin content in maize and to determine the viability of the seed. Five corn hybrids varying in resistance to A. flavus were side needle–inoculated with A. flavus, harvested at physiological maturity, and dried at temperatures ranging from 40 to 70°C. Kernels were evaluated for aflatoxin, stress cracks, germination, and kernel infection by A. flavus and a natural infestation of F. verticillioides. Drying temperature had no effects on aflatoxin concentration given the heat stability of the toxin. With increased temperatures from 40 to 70°C, germination decreased significantly, from 96 to 27%, and stress cracks increased significantly (1.4 up to 18.7). At temperatures above 60°C, F. verticillioides kernel infection was significantly reduced to less than 18%. At 70°C, there was a significant reduction in A. flavus kernel infection, from 11 to 3%. This information is useful in determining a range of temperatures that can be used for drying seed when fungal infection, stress cracks, and seed viability are of interest.

scholarly journals 2-Dimensional inline system for peppermint oil extraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 1206 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
M Anas ◽  
A Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Peppermint Oil ◽  
Chewing Gums ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mechanized System ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Post Harvesting ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Abstract Peppermint leaves have wide range of applications in medicines, toothpastes, soaps, mouth fresheners, chewing gums etc. However, in India, the traditional way of processing peppermint leaves for extraction of peppermint oil is slow, tedious, labour intensive, hazardous, and causes skin problem as well. This paper proposes a method of mechanizing the post harvesting process, with least modification in the current apparatus being used by the farmers in the Indian villages. It proposes a non-electric 2-dimensional Mechanized system for movement and compaction of the compact/hay. The mechanism will help to reduce the number of labourers per unit hay volume and the risk associated with the contact of in-process hay with their skin. Also, a lot of time is wasted in putting the leaves/hay in the boiler vessel, preparing the hay in a compact form and in removing the processed leaves. This paper is an attempt to get rid of most of the problems aforementioned and make the process safe, efficient, less labour intensive and more economical for farmers and workers. The mechanism proposed is sustainable and farmer friendly as it does not require any special training for its operation. It will increase the profit of small scale industries with small capital investment for the setup.

scholarly journals FOOD LOSSES IN PRIMARY CEREAL PRODUCTION. A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Oana Mihaela Dumitru ◽  
Sorin Iorga ◽  
Nicolae Valentin Vladut ◽  
Carmen Bracacescu
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Food Losses ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Post Harvesting

The food waste and losses (FW) became one of the most impacting aspects in modern society. This review article presents an overview of various aspects linked to the phenomenon of food losses in primary cereal production and its consequences. From the analysis of reviewed specific literature, it resulted that the losses are found both in the harvesting process and in the post-harvest processes (conditioning, separation, sorting, chemical treatment, transport etc.) these representing the primary processing of agricultural products, especially seeds. The review focuses on the new technologies’ influence in reducing FW in harvesting and post-harvesting process, highlighting the contribution of agricultural engineering studies on this specific topic

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