Cochran’s Q-Test on Soil Helminth Prevalence

Summary A study was made of the prevalence of nine geohelminth egg types in 184 soil samples from 16 recreational parks in Abuja metropolis, Nigeria. Cochran’s Q-test was applied to determine whether the difference in the proportions of the egg types found in the soil samples was significant. At a 5% significance level, it was found that the prevalence of the egg types was significantly different in the 184 soil samples from 16 parks. To identify which of the geohelminth eggs had a significantly larger mean proportional prevalence, a minimum required difference mean comparison technique was applied. The mean comparison test showed that Taenia and Coccocidia eggs were highly prevalent, with significantly larger mean proportions than the other analyzed geohelminth eggs in the 184 examined soil samples.

Some Oscillation Results for Even-Order Differential Equations with Neutral Term

The objective of this work is to study some new oscillation criteria for even-order differential equation with neutral term rxzn−1xγ′+qxyγζx=0. By using the Riccati substitution and comparison technique, several new oscillation criteria are obtained for the studied equation. Our results generalize and improve some known results in the literature. We offer some examples to illustrate the feasibility of our conditions.

On the Oscillation of Solutions of Differential Equations with Neutral Term

In this work, new criteria for the oscillatory behavior of even-order delay differential equations with neutral term are established by comparison technique, Riccati transformation and integral averaging method. The presented results essentially extend and simplify known conditions in the literature. To prove the validity of our results, we give some examples.

Pressure Calibration of Quarter-inch Working Standard Microphones by Comparison

The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) in Hong Kong has developed a system for calibration of quarter-inch working standard (WS3) microphones which automates the measurement process and generates digital calibration certificates (DCC) to meet the growing demand for microphone calibration services in Hong Kong. This paper describes (i) the method of determining the pressure sensitivity of a microphone combination unit from 20 Hz to 20 kHz by the comparison technique in accordance with the International Standard IEC 61094-5, (ii) the measurement model and uncertainty evaluation, and (iii) the automatic system which facilitates the calibration process and generation of a digital calibration certificate.

Mothers’ experience of being involved with the transfer of the CO-OP approach: A qualitative study

Introduction Since mothers are the best persons to facilitate transfer in their children, it is important to understand their experience with implementing the cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance approach at home. Therefore, this study aims to explore mothers’ experiences in facilitating transfer during implementing cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance approach at the home in children with specific learning disorder. Method A semi-structured interview was applied for mothers of children receiving cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and the data were analyzed using a continuous comparison technique and inductive content analysis. Results Five themes emerged which described the mothers’ experiences of being involved with the transfer of cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance approach at home including (1) mothers’ feelings toward themselves; (2) supportive therapist; (3) supportive social settings; (4) multidimensional educational content; and (5) educational methods. Conclusion Mothers expressed that cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance approach was simple, but they needed deeper information and skills. They provided suggestions for increasing the involvement during cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance intervention to increase transfer.

Comparing full-field data from structural components with complicated geometries

A new decomposition algorithm based on QR factorization is introduced for processing and comparing irregularly shaped stress and deformation datasets found in structural analysis. The algorithm improves the comparison of two-dimensional data fields from the surface of components where data is missing from the field of view due to obstructed measurement systems or component geometry that results in areas where no data is present. The technique enables the comparison of these irregularly shaped datasets without the need for interpolation or warping of the data necessary in some other decomposition techniques, for example, Chebyshev or Zernike decomposition. This ensures comparisons are only made between the available data in each dataset and thus similarity metrics are not biased by missing data. The decomposition and comparison technique has been applied during an impact experiment, a modal analysis, and a fatigue study, with the stress and displacement data obtained from finite-element analysis, digital image correlation and thermoelastic stress analysis. The results demonstrate that the technique can be used to process data from a range of sources and suggests the technique has the potential for use in a wide variety of applications.

Pengubahan Bunyi dalam Lirik Lagu Bahasa Jawa

Sound Change in Javanese Song Lyrics ABSTRAKArtikel ini ditulis dengan tujuan mendeskripsikan pengubahan bunyi dalam lirik lagu bahasa Jawa. Data dalam penelitian bahasa ini adalah kata atau frasa yang mengandung pengubahan bunyi bahasa Jawa. Sumber data adalah lirik lagu dari 41 judul lagu dalam enam album Video Compact Disk Dangdut Koplo. Penelitian bahasa ini dilakukan dengan mengandalkan metode introspeksi dan metode simak untuk mengumpulkan data. Data dianalisis dengan metode padan intralingual dan teknik hubung banding menyamakan atau disebut HBS. Teknik pengecekan keabsahan hasil penelitian menggunakna teknik introspeksi. Hasil penelitian yaitu pengubahan bunyi dalam lirik lagu bahasa Jawa meliputi empat hal yaitu : (1) pengubahan bunyi {-ipun} menjadi {-nyo} karena tuntutan guru lagu; (2) pengubahan secara sinkope, kontraksi, epentesis, dan paragoge karena tuntutan guru wilangan; (3) penambahan bunyi untuk mengindahkan dalam wujud puitisasi ragam; dan (4) informalisasi ragam dengan cara penanggalan suku pertama, penanggalan bunyi awal, penanggalan vokal /a/ pada {-ake}, penanggalan vokal /e/, penghilangan bunyi di tengah, dan pemendekan dalam frase.Kata kunci: pengubahan bunyi, lirik lagu, bahasa Jawa ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is describing sound changes in Javanese song lyrics. The data in this language research are words or phrases that contain sound changes in Javanese. The data source is the song lyrics from 41 song titles in the six albums of the Dangdut Koplo Video Compact Disk. This linguistics research was conducted by relying on the introspection method and scrutinize method to collect data. The data were analyzed by using intralingual matching method and equalizing comparison technique or called HBS. The technique of checking the the research results validity uses introspection techniques. The results of the study were sound change in Javanese song lyrics covering four things, namely: (1) changing the sound {-ipun} to {-nyo} because of the demands of the song teacher; (2) changes in syncope, contraction, epenthesis, and paragoge due to the demands of the sylablle; (3) sound addition to heed in the form of variety poetry; and (4) variety informalization use first syllable dismantlement, dismantlement the initial sound, dismantlement the vowel /a/ in {-ake}, dismantlement the vowel /e/, removing the middle sound, and shortening the phrase.Keyword: sound change, song lyric, Javanese language

Austrian and Russian constitutionalism: comprehensive analysis

The article deals with some issues that characterize the Basic Laws of the Republic of Austria and the Russian Federation. When choosing the leading research method, the authors of this article were guided by the fundamental dialectical means of cognition, which is the ascent from the individual to the general. The comparison technique used in this case is based on a consistent understanding and analysis of similar conditions, rules and requirements for the Republic of Austria and the Russian Federation. The applied historical and legal method made it possible to consider various historical events in motion, development, and in connection with modernity. The methods of analysis and synthesis are widely used in the work. As the main results of the study, we note the generalization of the most significant distinctive features that are the foundation of the Basic Laws of both federal states.

What does engagement mean to participants in longitudinal cohort studies? A qualitative study

Background Engagement is important within cohort studies for a number of reasons. It is argued that engaging participants within the studies they are involved in may promote their recruitment and retention within the studies. Participant input can also improve study designs, make them more acceptable for uptake by participants and aid in contextualising research communication to participants. Ultimately it is also argued that engagement needs to provide an avenue for participants to feedback to the cohort study and that this is an ethical imperative. This study sought to explore the participants’ experiences and thoughts of their engagement with their birth cohort study. Methods Participants were recruited from the Children of the 90s (CO90s) study. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 participants. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and uploaded onto Nvivo software. They were then analysed via thematic analysis with a constant comparison technique. Results Participants’ experiences of their engagement with CO90s were broadly based on three aspects: communication they received from CO90s, experiences of ethical conduct from CO90s and receiving rewards from CO90s. The communication received from CO90s, ranged from newsletters explaining study findings and future studies, to more personal forms like annual greeting cards posted to each participant. Ethical conduct from CO90s mainly involved participants understanding that CO90s would keep their information confidential, that it was only involved in ‘good’ ethical research and their expectation that CO90s would always prioritise participant welfare. Some of the gifts participants said they received at CO90s included toys, shopping vouchers, results from clinical tests, and time off from school to attend data collection (Focus) days. Participants also described a temporality in their engagement with CO90s and the subsequent trust they had developed for the cohort study. Conclusion The experiences of engagement described by participants were theorized as being based on reciprocity which was sometimes overt and other times more nuanced. We further provide empirical evidence of participants’ expectation for a reciprocal interaction with their cohort study while highlighting the trust that such an interaction fosters. Our study therefore provides key insights for other cohort studies on what participants value in their interactions with their cohort studies.