Between Maoists and Millionaires, 1975–1996

2018 ◽  
pp. 129-154
Author(s):  
Mark Rice
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Development ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Alberto Fujimori ◽  
International Investors ◽  
Grassroots Innovations ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Tourism Economy

Burdened with debt, the national state withdrew its investment in tourism development in Cusco in the late 1970s. More ominously, the growth of the Maoist Shining Path rebellion and its attacks on travellers nearly brought the tourism economy to collapse by the end of the 1980s. Yet, this chapter also documents the grassroots innovations in Cusco’s tourism economy. As traditional tourists avoided Machu Picchu, expatriates and locals created a new adventure tourism economy based on backpacking and hiking. Using new transnational cultural and travel networks, these efforts reinvented Machu Picchu as an exotic and adventurous site. The neoliberal government of Alberto Fujimori of the 1990s employed the new imagery of Machu Picchu as it sought to attract new private investment into Peru. These efforts brought in a bonanza of new Lima-based and international investors. However, the new state policies provoked local anger who rallied against tourism development perceived as unjust and as a threat to the region’s historical heritage

scholarly journals Tourism Ethnocentrism and Its Effects on Tourist and Resident Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Kock ◽  
Alexander Josiassen ◽  
A. George Assaf ◽  
Ingo Karpen ◽  
Francis Farrelly
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Tourism Economy

People often demonstrate a home country bias toward their own nation over other nations. This bias is an important determinant of their behavior. Drawing on seminal research from marketing and psychology, the authors provide the first investigation of the tourism ethnocentrism (TE) phenomenon that captures tourists’ and residents’ motivation to support the domestic tourism economy. The research reported herein develops the parsimonious, reliable, and valid TE scale, and provides an empirical test thereof. The results show that TE is an important means to investigate both tourists’ and residents’ behavior. It drives tourists’ willingness to engage in and recommend domestic tourism, as well as residents’ support for domestic tourism development. The results further reveal that higher levels of tourists’ “perceived self-efficacy to contribute to the domestic economy” and lower levels of “perceived economy support of others” strengthen TE’s effect. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice.

Active Tourism in the Active Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Richard Keith Wright ◽  
Geoff Dickson ◽  
Richard Opara Ajiee
Keyword(s):  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Active Sport

According to the World Travel and Tourism Council's (WTTC) most recent reports, one in every ten jobs (an estimated 330 million) is influenced if not directly supported by travel and tourism-related activity, making it one of the world's largest economic sectors. Whilst the boundaries that separate adventure tourism from active/sport tourism are blurred, the subject is certainly not lacking in terms of evidence-based definitions, conceptual frameworks, or typologies. This chapter offers a critical overview of the existing body of knowledge that relates to the emergence of a global active and/or adventure-based tourism economy. The authors complement their review of the literature with a case study looking at the ‘home of adventure', Queenstown, New Zealand.

Peru’s Cleavages, Conflict, and Precarious Democracy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Mario Vargas Llosa ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Alberto Fujimori ◽  
History Of ◽  
Authoritarian Government ◽  
Economic Elites

Since Peru’s independence in 1824, politics in the country have been turbulent. Repeatedly, democracy was attempted but not sustained. Between 1919 and 2000, no Peruvian political regime—either democratic or authoritarian—endured more than 12 years. Scholars agree that the primary reason for Peru’s history of political turbulence was the severity of its overlapping ethnic, class, and geographical cleavages. Peru’s renowned novelist Mario Vargas Llosa wrote that the country was “an artificial gathering of men from different languages, customs, and traditions whose only common denominator was having been condemned by history to live together without knowing or loving one another.” However, in the 21st century, cleavages have attenuated and the possibility of a cohesive nation emerged. Peru has been democratic for more than 18 years—longer than ever before. With one-person, one-vote elections, political violence has been rare and economic growth rapid. However, Peru’s economic growth has been based heavily on mining and other extractive industries, and it is not clear that cleavages have attenuated sufficiently for democracy to be consolidated. In addition, democracy is challenged by bitter legacies from the 1980s–1990s conflict with the Shining Path guerrillas and the 1990–2000 authoritarian government of Alberto Fujimori. Further, in 2017–2018, it was all too apparent that Peru’s political and economic elites remain complicit in corrupt global financial networks.

Convergence of Cultural and Historical Heritage Financing Models as a Factor in the Development of Knowledge-Based Economy in Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Liudmila Vladimirovna GORYAINOVA ◽  
Igor Semenovich KRISHTAL ◽  
Olga Dmitrievna KUZNETSOVA ◽  
Ekaterina Gennadievna LISOVSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Historical Heritage

The article substantiates the importance of the synthesis of new spiritual values and traditional cultural and historical objects for increasing human capital asset in knowledge-based economy conditions, which necessitates an increase in their funding. The role of the cultural capital as a theoretical basis of heritage research is revealed. It is demonstrated that the concept of the cultural capital, linking the economic and cultural spheres, leads to an understanding of the regularity of expectations of return on investment in cultural heritage objects and thus develops integration processes: objects are involved in economic activity, becoming attractive to investors. The hypothesis of convergence of cultural and historical heritage objects financing models was put forward and confirmed, the results of which are: the formation of a new financing model and heritage ecosystem, including actors in the process, technology, funding and institutional environment. The features of a new model of cultural heritage financing are revealed: the use by the state, along with budgetary allocations, of indirect support measures through tax preferences and social technologies, as well as the attraction of private investment through public-private partnerships, charity, grants, endowment funds.

Cities of the moscow region as centers of tourist attraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Татьяна Адашова ◽  
Tatyana Adashova ◽  
Татьяна Крейденко ◽  
Tatyana Kreydenko
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Suburban Cities ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
State Programs ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects ◽  
The Military

The tourism development, based on domestic and entry consumer has recently become especially important in the modern Russian market of tourist services. It requires the development and implementation of new tourism business projects, effective implication of territories which were less involved before. As an example, there were taken the cities of the Moscow region for the study. The analysis of their tourist potential is evidence of little use in tourist activity and, despite the proximity to the most powerful tourist centre of the country as Moscow, weak representation in Federal target programs. Researching tourist features of the suburban cities, the authors emphasize their undeniable advantages in comparison with other Russian cities. The first block is represented with their historical role in the formation of the Russian state. Special attention is paid to the preservation of the historical environment and the possibilities for its use in tourist programs and routes. There is discussed the conservation status of 22 “historical cities”. Rich cultural and historical heritage of the cities of the Moscow region has permitted to allocate the second block of advantages, giving opportunities for the development of all types of tourism. During the analysis of existing cultural heritage objects of Federal, regional and local importance there was shown their role in attracting tourist crowds. The author presents the uniqueness and significance of museums, mansions, monuments related to the military events and other attractions of the Moscow Region. Special attention is paid to the state programs of development of tourism in the Moscow region, city unions and associations whose members are cities of the Moscow region. Evaluated approaches to solving existing problems and prospects of the developed projects concerned Социально-экономические исследования в туризме и сервисе в России и за рубежом 38 научный журнал ВЕСТНИК АССОЦИАЦИИ ВУЗОВ ТУРИЗМА И СЕРВИСА 2015 / № 3 Том 9 in general, with increasing tourist attractiveness of the Moscow region. The article uses integrated approaches to showing perspectives of tourism development in cities of the Moscow region which indicate the necessity of a unified state strategy based on the principles of sustainable development and more effective search of innovative forms of cooperation of state and municipal authorities with the involvement of private enterprises.

Supporting Small Firm Development in Tourism

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Rogerson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Small Firm ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Support Programmes ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
Micro Enterprises ◽  
Firm Development

The international experience points to few countries having designated support programmes that are specific to small tourism firms. In 2000 South Africa's Tourism Enterprise Programme (TEP) was launched, functioning as a dedicated support initiative to assist the development and upgrading of small tourism firms within the national tourism economy. This article analyses TEP's activities within the changed environment of post-apartheid tourism development, and highlights the evolution of its innovative operations for supporting tourism entrepreneurship and the upgrading of small, medium-sized and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa's tourism economy. It is argued that TEP's activities might provide an example of ‘good practice’ for other developing countries.

scholarly journals POTENSI EKONOMI PARIWISATA KABUPATEN PULAU MOROTAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Cornelia Mirwantini Witomo ◽  
Andrian Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Benefit Transfer ◽  
Special Economic Zone ◽  
Travel Cost Method ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
Historical Heritage

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung potensi ekonomi pariwisata Kabupaten Pulau Morotai. Kabupaten Pulau Morotai sebagai Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) Pariwisata Bahari menjadikan pariwisata sebagai salah satu sumber pemasukan daerah karena atraksi wisata yang ada berdasarkan potensi sumber daya alam dan peninggalan sejarah. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif metode deskritif dan desk study. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis benefit transfer dari hasil penelitian sebelumnya di Kabupaten Pulau Morotai yang menggunakan metode travel cost method (TCM). Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan observasi, daya tarik wisata di Kabupaten Pulau Morotai adalah wisata alam seperti wisata alam bawah laut, wisata pantai serta wisata budaya dari hasil peninggalan sejarah diantaranya peninggalansejarah Perang Dunia II. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan daya tarik wisata di Kabupaten Pulau Morotai potensi ekonomi Pariwisata Kabupaten Pulau Morotai adalah Rp13.295.140.000. Nilai ini disumbang dari wisatawan domestik dan wisatawan mancanegara yang berkunjung ke Kabupaten Pulau Morotai selama 4 -11 hari. Memasukan potensi ekonomi dalam dokumen perencanaan pengembangan pariwisata Kabupaten Pulau Morotai merupakan salah satu dasar dasar untuk membuka pintu investasi baik untuk menanamkan modal dalam pengembangan pariwisata.Title: Economic Potential of Tourism at the Morotai Island RegencyABSTRACTThis research aims to calculate economic potential of tourism at Morotai Island Regency. Regency of Morotai has tourist attraction due to its natural resources and historical heritage. It is branded as Special Economic Zone (KEK) of Marine Tourism and make tourism as one of the source of its regional income. This research used descriptive qualitative and desk study method. The data is analyzed using benefit transfer analysis from the previous research which uses travel cost method (TCM). Based on interview and observation, marine tourism such as underwater travel, beach and cultural attraction, is a leading tourist attraction at Morotai Island Regency. Tourist attraction calculates the number of economic potential of tourism at Regency of Morotai Island amount IDR 13.295.140.000. It is contributed mostly from domestic and foreign travelers who traveled to Morotai Island for 4 to 11 days. Therefore, economic  potential of tourism will lead to investment in tourism development.

scholarly journals The spatial pattern and influencing factors of tourism development in the Yellow River Basin of China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242029
Author(s):  
Shengrui Zhang ◽  
Guanghai Zhang ◽  
Hongrun Ju
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Yellow River Basin ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
The Yellow River Basin ◽  
Tourism Economy

With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative and the national strategy of “Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin”, the tourism development of the Yellow River basin of China is facing important opportunity. However, the spatial differences of tourism economy and the unbalanced development of interprovincial resources has become a threat for the sustainable development of the basin. By using the statistical data from 2003 to 2018, this paper aims to identify the numerical feature and spatial patterns of tourism development in the Yellow River Basin from the aspects of tourist volume (domestic tourists and inbound tourists) and tourism income (income from domestic tourism and inbound tourism) at provincial and prefectural scales. Analysis of spatial autocorrelation reveals significant clusters and outliers of tourist volume and tourism income at prefectural scale. Location condition, terrain condition, culture resources, regional policies, the interregional relationship and tourism infrastructure were the main factors influencing the spatial differences of tourism development in the Yellow River Basin. The study could offer useful information for the regional tourism management in the Yellow River Basin.

scholarly journals Technologies for Tourism Development in Russia and Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5054-5057
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Recreation Areas ◽  
Ethnographic Museums ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Graphic Methods

The article aims to improve tourism development technologies in Russia and Kazakhstan. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes the abstract-logical method, methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and systematization used to justify the socio-economic aspects of tourism development, graphic methods – to study the level and trends of tourism development, as well as weighing methods – to determine the rating of tourism qualities. The results of the study have showed that it is necessary to use a real economic and industrial approach to tourism development in Russia and Kazakhstan, based on the use of competitive advantages, which are associated with unique culture, rich and diverse nature, and to develop the potential of increased business activity, which offers the opportunity to promote cultural, educational, ecological and business tourism to develop the industry of outdoor activities, such as sports and adventure tourism. It has been proved that in order to develop the tourism industry and its infrastructure that can ensure a steady flow of tourists, taking into account the specifics of the national tourism product in Russia and Kazakhstan, it is necessary to develop transport and road infrastructure for general use, to meet tourist needs, to create tourism complexes, ethnographic museums and recreation areas and to organize the restoration and museumification of historical, cultural and ethnographic monuments.

scholarly journals Motivation for Adventure Tourism through Off-Roading – A Study in the Hill Areas of Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Tony Joy ◽  
Jose K Antony
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
The Hill

Increase in the number of participants who are interested in Off-Roading Trips has contributed to the growth of the local tourism economy of the hill areas of Kerala, but it was found that Off-Roading without any control, would create serious repercussions to the natural environment in the areas. The study focused on the popularity and the significance of Off-Roading Trips in the Hill Areas of Kottayam, Idukki, Pathanamthitta and Wayanad and suggests strategies to be adopted so as to improve sustainable Off-Roading practices in the regions.

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