With Masses and Arms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel La Serna
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Historical Memories ◽  
Experiences Of Women

Miguel La Serna’s gripping history of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) provides vital insight into both the history of modern Peru and the link between political violence and the culture of communications in Latin America. Smaller than the well-known Shining Path but just as remarkable, the MRTA emerged in the early 1980s at the beginning of a long and bloody civil war. Taking a close look at the daily experiences of women and men who fought on both sides of the conflict, this fast-paced narrative explores the intricacies of armed action from the ground up. While carrying out a campaign of urban guerrilla warfare ranging from vandalism to kidnapping and assassinations, the MRTA vied with state forces as both tried to present themselves as most authentically Peruvian. Appropriating colors, banners, names, images, and even historical memories, hand-in-hand with armed combat, the Tupac Amaristas aimed to control public relations because they insightfully believed that success hinged on their ability to control the media narrative. Ultimately, however, the movement lost sight of its original aims, becoming more authoritarian as the war waged on. In this sense, the history of the MRTA is the story of the euphoric draw of armed action and the devastating consequences that result when a political movement succumbs to the whims of its most militant followers.

Peru’s Cleavages, Conflict, and Precarious Democracy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Mario Vargas Llosa ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Alberto Fujimori ◽  
History Of ◽  
Authoritarian Government ◽  
Economic Elites

Since Peru’s independence in 1824, politics in the country have been turbulent. Repeatedly, democracy was attempted but not sustained. Between 1919 and 2000, no Peruvian political regime—either democratic or authoritarian—endured more than 12 years. Scholars agree that the primary reason for Peru’s history of political turbulence was the severity of its overlapping ethnic, class, and geographical cleavages. Peru’s renowned novelist Mario Vargas Llosa wrote that the country was “an artificial gathering of men from different languages, customs, and traditions whose only common denominator was having been condemned by history to live together without knowing or loving one another.” However, in the 21st century, cleavages have attenuated and the possibility of a cohesive nation emerged. Peru has been democratic for more than 18 years—longer than ever before. With one-person, one-vote elections, political violence has been rare and economic growth rapid. However, Peru’s economic growth has been based heavily on mining and other extractive industries, and it is not clear that cleavages have attenuated sufficiently for democracy to be consolidated. In addition, democracy is challenged by bitter legacies from the 1980s–1990s conflict with the Shining Path guerrillas and the 1990–2000 authoritarian government of Alberto Fujimori. Further, in 2017–2018, it was all too apparent that Peru’s political and economic elites remain complicit in corrupt global financial networks.

Massaging the Media: Australia Day and the Emergence of Public Relations

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Robert Crawford ◽  
Jim Macnamara
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Media Relations ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Function ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Local Media ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

The status of Australia Day has long generated mixed responses – from patriotic flag-waving, to apathy, to outright hostility. Proponents of 26 January consequently have engaged in various public relations activities in order to promote Australia Day and to establish its credentials as the national day. From the early nineteenth century through to the present, local media outlets have had a dynamic relationship with Australia Day. Yet while they have been active proponents of Australia Day, their support was not unconditional. The emergence of various bodies with the specific aim of promoting Australia Day would alter this relationship, with the media becoming a potential adversary. As such, media relations assumed a more central function in the promotion of Australia Day. By charting the growth and development of media relations that have accompanied Australia Day celebrations, this study not only documents the evolution of media relations practice, but also reveals the extended history of public relations in Australia and its presence in everyday Australian life.

Political Violence and the Liberation Movements: 1960–1990

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thula Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
African National Congress ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
National Committee ◽  
External Feature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Armed Resistance ◽  
Liberation Movements ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
The Military

This chapter looks at the history of the armed struggles waged by South Africa’s liberation movements between 1960 and 1990. Among the organisations considered are the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), the National Committee of Liberation/Armed Resistance Movement (NCL/ARM), the Yu Chi Chan Club, and the Black Consciousness Movement, along with their military offshoots Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), Poqo, the Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA), the Azanian National Liberation Army (AZANLA) and others. The respective insurgencies are considered individually and comparatively, focusing on the tactical and strategic approaches adopted by the movements. The military methods employed by the organisations included sabotage, insurrection, guerrilla warfare and conventional conflict. The choices that they made regarding strategies and tactics were influenced by demographic, geographic, political and socio-economic considerations. But in addition to these South African factors, geopolitics also influenced the scope and intensity of armed resistance. This was because for the greater part of the period considered in the chapter, the organisations were movements-in-exile. Accordingly, their access to training, weapons, camps and infiltration routes was dependent on external goodwill. Operations within South Africa had to take cognisance of this external feature. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the process of the integration of the guerrilla armies into South Africa’s new national defence force after 1990.

scholarly journals Political Communication, Creative Use of Media and the Process of EU Integration of North Macedonia

SEEU Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Demush Bajrami ◽  
Albrie Xhemaili
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Development Communication ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

Abstract The human history relates to the history of communication, which has also been a co-driver of human development. Communication integrates the knowledge, organization and power of a society. Today, there is an increasing debate over the importance of politicians' mutual communication, communication with voters and the media, the role of public relations in politics, and communication with the civil society. Thus, political communication and the creative use of the media remain the essential component of any individual involved in politics or even of a political group. In this study, political communication in North Macedonia is presented in the context of political efforts into the integration process in European Union (EU), by observing all the stages within the process so far. From the content and the issues addressed, it is clear that policymakers face the challenges of communication (as is the case in many countries aspiring the European integration). In this paper, the premises of genuinely political communication strategy are analyzed separately, assessing them in the context of the political communication theory. It will be shown that successful communication is an important tool for convincing citizens that EU provides a better quality of life and work.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Miguel La Serna
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Armed Group ◽  
History Of

Introduces the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) and one of its leaders, Nestor Cerpa Cartolina, situating the guerrilla group within the context of the late-20th century Peruvian armed conflict. Shining Path, a deadlier Maoist armed group, dominated both the armed conflict and the historiography about it, leaving the history of the MRTA largely ignored. The book pays particular attention to symbolic warfare and the gendered dynamics within the MRTA.

Fayned News

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rose
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Baruch College ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The University

When my students ask me, “What will be the next big thing in historical studies?,” I tell them to watch out for the history of public relations. The University of Bournemouth in the UK has a fairly new center devoted to the subject, Baruch College in Manhattan has just set up a Museum of Public Relations, and I think that’s just the beginning. Yes, plenty of work has been done on the history of advertising and propaganda, but PR is different: Dan Draper and Joseph Goebbels were perfectly upfront about what they were doing, but PR is a medium that commonly and deliberately disguises its own authorship. Let me state at the outset that everyone today uses publicists, and much of their work is entirely ethical. For publishers, they write up promotional material, send out review copies, arrange author interviews, and extract blurbs from reviews of their books—this one, for instance. But the main focus of this chapter is the kind of PR that surreptitiously plants stories in various media. It works only insofar as readers don’t recognize it, and therefore distrust of the media is in large measure a function of reader recognition of PR. The standard narrative holds that public relations was invented by Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays in the early twentieth century, but the basic concept of publicity can be traced back as far as Socrates’s Phaedrus, who observed that “an orator does not need to know what is really just, but what would seem just to the multitude who are to pass judgment, and not what is really good or noble, but what will seem to be so; for they say that persuasion comes from what seems to be true, not from the truth” (260a). One of the most brilliant PR agents of the pre-newspaper era was working before Shakespeare staged his first play.

scholarly journals Creativity in Public Relations: The Case from Croatia – How to Make the History of the Insurance Company “Cool”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozo Skoko ◽  
Dejan Gluvacevic
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Communication Management ◽  
The Public ◽  
Business Goals ◽  
Communication Goals ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

The chapter deals with the role of creativity in public relations. Creativity is usually associated with marketing and design, while public relations is associated with information and communication management, respectively, as the information and educational component, but often as persuasion. However, in modern conditions in which there is a kind of inflation of content transmitted by public relations experts to the media and the public, it is very difficult to fight for media attention and public attention. Therefore, the public relations professional is forced to bring creativity to the way of communicating, presenting key messages, and achieving communication goals. For that reason, creativity is becoming an essential strategic and tactical tool for public relations professionals to shift the task to a higher level. The authors present a case study of the leading Croatian insurance company—Croatia osiguranje, which had the challenging task of using the anniversary to communicate its own identity and values, strengthen its image, and attract new clients. The project “Croatia je Hrvatska” has received a number of national and international awards and can serve as an excellent example of synergy between communication management and creativity in achieving communication and business goals.

scholarly journals From journalism to journalistic style: The “Northern Bee” of 1847

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Konkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Social Space ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Modern Sense

The article is devoted to the history of the formation of journalistic style. The text of the media in its existence is always associated with the coordinates of social space-time, which determine the time and place of its publication. Publicist texts currently operate in the communicative environment of the media and the Internet. It is customary to talk about the communicative environment of modern media. In addition to journalistic speech in the communicative environment, the media also functions with other types of utilitarian speech: advertising, public relations, and government relations. Journalistic style in its modern sense arises when journalism and utilitarianism are distinctly combined in one text. This claim requires confirmation on the basis of linguistic materials of Russian newspapers and journals of the eighteenth-twentieth centuries. The article analyzes the publications of Thaddeus Bulgarin’s newspaper “Northern Bee” — one of the most influential newspapers of the midnineteenth century. The newspaper did much to ensure that society in the twentieth century received influential printed media speech as one of the most significant achievements in the speech practice of society. Bulgarin anticipated the appearance of publications based on the speech concept of colloquialism. In the publications of “Northern Bee”, the beginning of the transition from syntagmatic prose to actualized, which only a few decades later began to appear in fiction, is well visible.

scholarly journals Mujeres en las "guerrillas" peruanas de finales del siglo XX

2011 ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Marta Romero Delgado ◽  
Concepción Fernández Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Sendero Luminoso ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Investigación Cualitativa ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Violencia Politica

<p>En las dos últimas décadas del pasado siglo se formaron y desaparecieron movimientos armados en la sociedad peruana, popularmente llamados “guerrillas”. Dichos grupos se enfrentaron al Estado provocando una fuerte oleada de violencia política. La participación femenina en todo el proceso fue muy amplia e inesperada. Tras una investigación cualitativa en la que se entrevistó a mujeres de los dos grupos armados más importantes, Partido Comunista del Perú-Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL) y Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru (MRTA), presentamos las razones sociales e identitarias que condujeron a las mujeres a su implicación en esta expresión de violencia política, así como la problemática de fractura y reconstrucción identitaria que se vieron obligadas a realizar y la evaluación de sus experiencias.</p><p>In the last two decades of the last century there have been formed and eliminated armed movements in the Peruvian society, popularly called guerrillas. Those groups confronted the State causing waves of political violence. In these groups, the women's participation was very wide and unexpected. After a qualitative research based on interviews of women from the most important armed groups (Shining Path and Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement), we present the identity and social factors that led to their involvement in this expression of political violence, as well as the problematic of identity fracture and reconstruction they needed to carry out, and the evaluation of their experiences.<br /><br /></p>

Bernays, Edward (1891–1995)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Beard
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Way ◽  
Public Relations Theory

Edward Louis Bernays retains a place in the history of modernity for synthesizing Freudian psychology, political communication (or propaganda) and the media. The fruit of that synthesis, modern public relations theory, changed the way governments relate to their citizens and the ways businesses relate to their customers.

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