scholarly journals Homeopathic drugs complementary, antidotal and inimical to Nux vomica produce stronger anti-alcoholic effect on toads than Nux.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (47) ◽  
pp. 119-120
Author(s):  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Anirban Sukul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Partial Immersion ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Complementary Effect ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Tolerance To Ethanol ◽  
Off Time ◽  
Homeopathic Drugs

Abstract Background In homeopathy some drugs are known to act as complementary, antidotal or inimical to a particular drug. Practitioners can follow this rule when they apply one drug following another. Potentized Nux vomica can reduce acute hypnotic effect of alcohol on toads. Sulphur and Sepia are reported to be complementary to Nux-vom, while Coffea cruda and Zincum met are antidotal and inimical to Nux, respectively .The four drugs have been tested on the toad model to find out their actual therapeutic relationship with Nux vom. Objective To verify the complementary effect of Sulphur and Sepia, antidotal effect of Coffea and inimical effect of Zincum in relation to Nux vom in the toad model. Methods Five batches of toads, each comprising 20 individuals, were treated by partial immersion in a drug diluted with distilled water 1:500 for 20 min. The control consisted of 90% ethanol diluted with distilled water 1:500. The drugs were Nux vom 200 CH, Sulphur 200 CH, Sepia 200 CH, Coffea 200 CH and Zincum 200 CH. Toads of each batch were separately exposed to 260mM ethanol solution and tested every 10 min to see if they had lost their righting reflex (RR). For this, each toad was laid on its dorsal surface. If it failed to turn on its ventrum in a cut-off time of 60 sec it was considered to have lost it’s RR. Four more batches of toads were pretreated with Nux vom 200 CH and subsequently treated separately by Sulphur 200 CH, Sepia 200 CH, Coffea 200 CH and Zincum 200 CH. All the toads were then exposed to 260 mM ethanol solution to record their tolerance to ethanol anesthesia in terms of time to lose RR. Results Toads treated with the five drugs took significantly longer time (P

scholarly journals Staining Interactions of Bixa Orellana (Annatto) Seed Extracts with Tissues of Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasogbon Samuel Ayobami
Keyword(s):  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Giemsa Stain ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bixa Orellana ◽  
Seed Extracts

Introduction: Bixa orellana is an ancestral multi use plant popularly known as Achiote or lipstick tree in view of its reddish – orange dye on its seeds, Central and South American populations used these seeds to color their bodies and lips, B. orellana is the only species of Bixaceae family. Aim: The aim of this study was to stain the organs such as skin, liver, kidney, brain, intestines, and bone marrow of a wistar rats with solutions of Bixa orellana (Annatto) seed extracts. Methods: The study design was experimental research, the seeds of Bixa orellana were extracted in distilled water, absolute ethanol and acetone, using maceration methods and the fractions of the extracts were determined using column chromatography while preliminary, the solutions of the extracts were used to stain tissues listed above at varying pH to establish staining interactions of the crude extracts and fractions eluted from the column chromatography. Results: The most significant staining interaction were observed in ethanol solution of bixa extract, followed by acetone and distilled water and staining were also observed at column fraction(9-26), with background yellowish appearance in all the staining solutions which was contrast to controls (haematoxylin and eosin) stained sections and no staining reaction was observed in blood smear of wistar rat. The staining interactions of great quality was observed at pH 5.0 and 7.5, despite its staining ability it was neither superior to eosin nor a substitute to giemsa stain due to the yellowish background appearance and its complete inactivity on blood smear. Conclusion: Bixa orellana dye extracts can be grouped under compound dyes or neutral dyes due to its interaction at both pH 5.0 and 7.5 and cannot be used as substitute for Giemsa stain.

scholarly journals DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-07
Author(s):  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Md. Amir Sohel ◽  
Asmita Sengupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Standard Medium ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Homeopathic Drugs

Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.

A High Precision IGBT Macro-Model for Switching Simulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 698 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Masaki Kazumi ◽  
Hitoshi Aoki ◽  
Yukiko Arai ◽  
Shunichiro Todoroki ◽  
Takuya Totsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Small Signal ◽  
Electrical Circuits ◽  
Macro Model ◽  
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Spice Model ◽  
Test Circuit ◽  
Off Time

In this research, a novel SPICE model of an Insulated-Gate-Bipolar-Transistor (IGBT), which is often used to handle high power signals in automotive electrical circuits, has been developed. The model consists of basic SPICE elements. Thus, it can be used in any SPICE-compatible simulators without any source code modification. This paper presents the results of DC, small signal AC, and transient characteristics considering the temperature dependence by using the proposed IGBT macro-model for SPICE. In addition, turn-on and -off time verifications are presented by using a switching test circuit provided by an IGBT manufacturer.

NEW COLLECTOR OF PLANAR INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR FOR BROAD APPLICATIONS

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 1231-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEI ZHANG ◽  
LINA SHI ◽  
WEN YU ◽  
CHENGFANG LI ◽  
XIAOWEI SUN
Keyword(s):  
Power Loss ◽  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Energy Band Diagram ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Band Diagram ◽  
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Operation Speed ◽  
Off Time

A new concept of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transisitor (IGBT) with a Si/Ge layer collector is proposed to meet different requirements for turn-on voltage and turn-off time. The operation principles of IGBT are discussed and the energy band diagram of Si/Ge heterojunction is employed to explain the inner dynamic mechanism of the proposed IGBT. Two-dimensional (2D) device-circuit mixed-mode simulations indicate that the tail-current, which is a major cause of the power loss and limits the operation speed of the device, is suppressed effectively by using the Si/Ge layer collector. On the other hand, turn-on voltage is increased by the use of the Si/Ge collector. Furthermore, the turn-on voltage is increasing with the increase of the areal rate of the Ge region in the whole collector, while the turn-off time is reversed. This valuable information leads to the freely tunable planar IGBT by adapting the different areal rates of the Ge region to cast to different actual situations. Detailed physical explanations are also given.

Reduction of alcohol induced sleep time in albino mice by potentized Nux vomica prepared with 90% ethanol

1999 ◽  
Vol 88 (02) ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Sukul ◽  
SP Sinhabau ◽  
NC Sukul
Keyword(s):  
Solution Structure ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Albino Mice

AbstractMale adult albino mice were administered potentized Nux vomica 30 c (Nux v). The drug was mixed with sterile distilled water at 0.05 ml/2 ml water and given at 0.05 ml/individual. Control consisted of blank ethanol solution. Ethanolic extract from the seeds of Strychnos nuxvomica L was mixed with 90% ethanol 1:100 and sonicated for 30 s at 20 KHz. This was further diluted and sonicated in 30 steps to produce Nux v 30 c. Six hours after treatment, mice were given 25% ethanol i.p. at 4 g/kg body wt. The duration of sleep time starting from the loss of righting reflex until its restoration was recorded for each mouse. The duration of sleep time with ethanol was recorded in four sessions for the same group of mice with an interval of 10 d between sessions. Treatments: session 1 with control solution, 2 with Nux v (oral), 3 with control solution and 4 with Nux v (i.p.). Nux v (oral) produced the shortest sleep time as compared to other treatments which did not differ from each other significantly with respect to sleep time.In another experiment Nux v 30 c was prepared with distilled water and pure absolute ethanol by the above process of successive dilution and sonication. These two preparations together with Nux v 30 c, prepared with 90% ethanol, were tested on mice for their effect on alcohol-induced sleep time. Only Nux v 30 c prepared with 90% ethanol was effective in reducing the sleep time in mice. It is concluded that the solution structure of ethanol/water mixture carries the specificity of the Nux v at ultra high dilution. It is further concluded that the effect is mediated through oral receptors.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium ipomoeae Causing Peanut leaf Spot in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manlin Xu ◽  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
zhiqing Guo ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most economically important crops as an important source of edible oil and protein. In August 2020, circular to oval-shaped brown leaf spots (2-6 mm in diameter) with well-defined borders surrounded by a yellow margin were observed on peanut plant leaves in Laixi City, Shandong Province, China. Symptomatic plants randomly distributed in the field, the incidence was approximately 5%. Leave samples were collected consisted of diseased tissue and the adjacent healthy tissue. The samples were dipped in a 70% (v/v) ethanol solution for 30 s and then soaked in a 0.1% (w/v) mercuric chloride solution for 60 s. The surface-sterilized tissues were then rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, dried and placed on Czapek Dox agar supplemented with 100 μg/ml of chloramphenicol. The cultures were incubated in darkness at 25 °C for 3–5 days. Fungal colonies were initially white and radial, turning to orange-brown in color, with abundant aerial mycelia. Macroconidia were abundant, 4 to 7 septate, with a dorsiventral curvature, and were 3.3–4.5 × 18.5–38.1 μm (n=100) in size; microconidia were absent; chlamydospores were produced in chains or clumps, ellipsoidal to subglobose, and thick walled. The morphological characteristics of the conidia were consistent with those of Fusarium spp. To identify the fungus, an EasyPure Genomic DNA Kit (TransGEN, Beijing, China) was used to extract the total genomic DNA from mycelia. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS rDNA) and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and EF1/EF2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998), respectively. Based on BLAST analysis, sequences of ITS (MT928727) and TEF1 (MT952337) showed 99.64% and 100% similarity to the ITS (MT939248.1), TEF1 (GQ505636.1) of F. ipomoeae isolates. Sequence analysis confirmed that the fungus isolated from the infected peanut was F. ipomoeae (Xia et al. 2019). The pathogenicity of the fungus was tested in the greenhouse. Twenty two-week-old peanut seedlings (cv. Huayu20) grown in 20-cm pots (containing autoclaved soil) were sprayed with a conidial suspension (105 ml−1) from a 15-day-old culture. Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design, and placed at 25 °C under a 12-h photoperiod with 90% humidity. Symptoms similar to those in the field were observed on leaves treated with the conidial suspension ten days after inoculation, but not on control plants. F. ipomoeae was re-isolated from symptomatic leaves but not from the control plants. Reisolation of F. ipomoeae from inoculated plants fulfilled Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. ipomoeae causing peanut leaf spot in China. Our report indicates the potential spread of this pathogen in China and a systematic survey is required to develop effective disease management strategies.

scholarly journals Nux Vomica 200 CH reduced acute hypnotic effect of alcohol in young toads

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (40) ◽  
pp. 208-208
Author(s):  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
Arniban Sukul ◽  
Nirmal Sukul
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Erect Posture ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Hypnotic Effect ◽  
Surface Failure ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Righting Reflex

Potentized Nux Vomica has been reported to produce antialcoholic effect in mice, rats and toads. The effect relates to consumption of alcohol and alcohol-induced loss of righting reflex (RR). RR’s maintain normal erect posture of an animal and are centrally controlled in the midbrain. In the present study young toads, Duttaphrynus melanostictus were first treated with Nux vomica 200 CH and then partially immersed in 209 mM ethanol solution in such a way that their head remained above the level of ethanol solution. Toadlets were removed from the ethanol solution every 10 min, tested for the loss of RR and returned to the ethanol solution. Toadlets were placed in a supine position on a dry flat surface. Failure to right within 60 sec was considered as the loss of RR. The experiment was repeated 10 times. Control toadlets were pretreated with 90% ethanol instead of Nux Vomica 200 CH. The percentages of toadlets showing loss of RR, both in the control as well as in the Nux-treated groups, were shown in graphs against the duration of exposure to ethanol solution. Differences in the percentage distribution between the control and the treatment groups losing RR were tested by χ2 test. All the experiments were conducted at room temperature. The percentage of toadlets losing RR increased with time of exposure to ethanol solution. The increase was significantly higher with the control than with the Nux-treated group. Nux Vomica 200 CH might have influenced the mid-brain of toadlets thereby countering the hypnotic effect of ethanol in the toadlets.

600 V -Class V-Groove SiC MOSFETs

2014 ◽  
Vol 778-780 ◽  
pp. 931-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Saitoh ◽  
Masaki Furumai ◽  
Toru Hiyoshi ◽  
Keiji Wada ◽  
Takeyoshi Masuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Gate Oxide ◽  
Class V ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Switching Losses ◽  
Thick Oxide Layer ◽  
Switching Characteristics ◽  
Off Time

The authors applied a thick gate oxide layer at the trench bottoms to 600 V class truncated V-groove MOSFETs of which MOS channels were formed on 4H-SiC (0-33-8) facets and validated the static and switching characteristics. The specific on-resistance and the threshold voltage were 3.6 mΩ cm2(VGS=18 V,VDS=1 V) and about 1 V (normally-off), respectively. The breakdown voltage of the MOSFET with a thick oxide layer was 1,125 V (IDS=1 μA). The switching losses during turn-on and turn-off operations were estimated to be 105.8 μJ and 82.5 μJ (300 V, 10 A) at room temperature. The switching characteristics exhibited low temperature dependence for turn-on/off time.

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