scholarly journals Untersuchungen zum Futteraufnahmeverhalten ad libitum gefütterter tragender Sauen in Gruppenhaltung an Rohrautomaten

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hoy ◽  
M. Ziron ◽  
P. Leonhard ◽  
K. Oppong Sefa
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Infrared Video ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Large Groups

Abstract. Title of the paper: Investigations on feed intake behaviour of ad libitum fed group housed pregnant sows at tube feeders Investigations took place in 3 farms with group sizes of 8 to 32 sows and ad libitum feeding at tube feeders with energy reduced feed (9.3 to 9.6 MJ ME/kg) using unmolassed sugar beet chips (10 %), straw meal (25 %) resp in ration. Behavioural observations have been made with infrared video technique and time lapse video recording always during 24 hours. Individual duration of staying at trough in 24 hours and percentage of time feeding places were used by different number of sows per hour during 24 hours were analysed by QBSERVER/Video-Tape-Anatysis-System. Large individual differences in duration of staying at trough in 24 hours occurred between sows of a group with means from 1.8 to 18.0 % although all sows had free access to always available food. Behavioural investigations have shown that several sows did not come to trough over 24 hours without showing clinical signs of a disease At the same time this is a hint at the problem of disease control of ad lib fed sows especially in large groups Analysing the percentage of time feeding places were used by different number of sows a biphasic dynamics of feed intake behaviour of ad lib fed sows was found with a peak in the morning (7 to 10 a.m.) and a more distinct peak in the afternoon (3 to 7 p.m.).

Influence of parasitism on plasma concentrations of growth hormone, somatomedin-C and somatomedin-binding proteins in calves

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Elsasser ◽  
T. S. Rumsey ◽  
A. C. Hammond ◽  
R. Fayer
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Somatomedin C ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT A parasitic disease model (sarcocystosis) was used to study the effects of infection and associated plane of nutrition on GH and somatomedin-C (SM-C) patterns in plasma, and SM-C binding protein patterns in plasma from 4-month-old male Holstein calves. Calves, matched by age and rate of growth before the experiment, were divided into three treatment groups (n = 7). In the first (control), animals were uninfected and food was available ad libitum; in the second, animals were infected with Sarcocystis cruzi and food was available ad libitum. The third group consisted of uninfected animals pair-fed to the level of feed intake of the infected animals. Blood samples were obtained at various times after infection for analysis of the secretory patterns of GH (day 27 after infection, samples every 10 min for 6 h), SM-C (days 27, 35 and 58 after infection) or binding protein (day 42 after infection). Samples were analysed for GH and SM-C by radioimmunoassay. Relative molecular weights of binding proteins were assessed by elution patterns from gel permeation columns. Clinical signs of infection were manifest abruptly on day 26 after infection. Voluntary feed intakes of infected calves as a per cent of control calves were 18, 46 and 78 on days 27, 35 and 58 after infection respectively. Plasma GH concentrations were lower in infected and pair-fed than in control calves (P < 0·05). Plasma SM-C concentrations were reduced in calves with diminished feed intakes and lower still in infected calves (P < 0·05). Plasma SM-C was positively correlated with nitrogen retention across treatment groups (r = 0·81). Two classes of binding proteins differing in molecular weight were identified. The relative amounts of each binding protein in plasma were reduced during low feed intake with some differences in the endogenous saturation affected by infection. These data suggest that altered growth and metabolism in parasitized calves may arise in part from both nutritional and infection-mediated effects on the regulation of GH, SM-C and SM-C binding proteins. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 191–200

3.3 A model of the Growth and Feed Intake of Ad Libitum Fed Animals, Particularly Poultry

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Asymptotic Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Two Parameters

Whittemore and Fawcett (1976) and Whittemore (1976) showed how ideas and data from different disciplines could be brought together to simulate, using a computer program, the growth of the pig on controlled feeding. Controlled feeding, as shown in Figure 3.3.1, is one of three types of feeding system (Emmans, 1981). Parks (1970) dealt with systems of the second type, in which animals are given free access to single feed. In such a system, the composition of the diet, but not its amount, is known in advance. Parks (1970) suggested that the rate of feed intake in growing animals increased at a diminishing rate with age towards an asymptotic value; Figure 3.3.2. This function has two parameters — the asymptote and a time constant. The values of these were seen as functions of feed composition, genotype and environment. He went on to predict growth as a function of feed intake and a conversion efficiency. While a description of how ad libitum feed intake changes with age is useful, it is not as powerful as an understanding of what governs feed intake would be. While there are many theories about the mechanisms that animals use to control their feed intake at a given level, there is none that can be used to predict what this level will be. One is proposed in this paper.

The behavioural and production responses of finishing pigs to increasing workload to obtain food ad libitum from hopper feeders

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. S. Morrow ◽  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Time Spent Feeding

AbstractTwo randomized-block experiments were carried out with growing pigs housed in groups of 10 from about 36 to 92 kg live weight and offered non-pelleted diets from single-space feeders containing separate food and water dispensers both operated by the pigs. The dispensing rate of food could be adjusted and rates of 1·4, 2·7 and 5·3 g per press of the nose plate were compared in experiment 1 and 4·8, 6·9 and 9·3 g per press compared in experiment 2. As dispensing rate increased in experiment 1 there were significant increases in food intake, growth rate and backfat thickness and a significant improvement in food conversion ratio on a carcass gain basis. There was no effect on the variation in growth rate between pigs within pens nor were there treatment effects in experiment 2 on any of the above measurements. The amount of food accumulating in troughs increased with feeder setting in both experiments.Behaviour at feeders was observed in each pen for 24 h during the 5th week using time-lapse video recording. The number of visits to feeders was not significantly affected in either experiment but time spent feeding was significantly increased at the lowest setting in experiment 1. Both the number of withdrawals from feeders accompanied by aggressive encounters and the number of pigs queuing decreased up to the dispensing rate of 6·9 g per press. There were tendencies for all parameters of behaviour to continue changing up to the highest dispensing rate.

Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infusion on feed intake, digesta flow and nutrient digestion in sheep with access to feed for limited time

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
B. T. Li ◽  
E. K. Okine ◽  
R. J. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Gastric Artery ◽  
Physiological Regulator ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Digesta Passage ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) infusion into the gastric artery increases feed intake, duodenal flow and amino acid supply to the small intestine of sheep. Four sheep in exp. 1 and five sheep in exp. 2 were fistulated with rumen and duodenal cannulae. Sheep in exp. 2 also had an ileal cannula. In both experiments animals were fed a diet of alfalfa pellets ad libitum for 8 h per day in a thermoneutral environment (20 ± 2 °C) and had free access to water and mineralized salt blocks. In exp. 1, VIP was infused at 1 nmol min−1 through a gastric-artery catheter for 10 min duration each hour for 3 h each day for 4 consecutive days. In exp. 2, VIP was infused at 1.5 nmol min−1 for 10 min duration each half-hour for 3 h each day for 7 consecutive days. Control sheep were infused with saline. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infusion increased (P < 0.05) feed intake by 14.3 and 26.1% in exp. 1 and exp. 2, respectively. In exp. 2, there was a positive regression (P < 0.01) between intake and duodenal passage of dry matter (DM) (n = 5, r2 = 0.67), organic matter (OM) (n = 5, r2 = 0.68), and amino acids (AA) (n = 5, r2 = 0.85). The present results suggest that VIP may play a role as a physiological regulator of feed intake in sheep and also has potential to increase the supply of nutrients to the animal. Key words: Digesta passage, intake, sheep, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

A Hyperbaric Chamber for Observation of Cell Cultures at Pressure

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-160
Author(s):  
J. Jenssen ◽  
G. Bolstad ◽  
T. Syversen
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Chamber System ◽  
Hyperbaric Chamber ◽  
Stainless Steel Tubing ◽  
Injection Pump ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Steel Tubing

A chamber system has been constructed for the study of hydrostatic and gas pressure effects on cells in culture. The chamber is fitted with a phase contrast light microscope allowing direct observation and video recording of the cells at pressure. Cell differentiation over a period of hours to days may thus be recorded and taped from as many as 24 cell samples in the same experiment, using a time-lapse recording technique. Solutions may be introduced and removed through stainless steel tubing via an injection pump, thus providing the additional possibility of biochemical and pharmacological studies.

scholarly journals PSXI-6 Calculating energy efficiency use for Nellore bulls divergent in residual feed intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 393-394
Author(s):  
Camila D A Batalha ◽  
Fabiana L De Araújo ◽  
Renata H Branco ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
Sarah F Bonilha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Retained energy (RE) and energetic efficiency index were measured in Nellore bulls from divergent classes of residual feed intake (RFI). Thirty-four Nellore bulls (15 low RFI-LRFI and 19 high RFI-HRFI) were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 385 ± 40 kg of body weight (BW) and 520 ± 26.2 days of age. At the beginning of the experiment, five LRFI and three HRFI were slaughtered and used as base line. Individual dry matter intake was recorded daily; initial and final BW were recorded after 16 h of fasting. Eight bulls, four LRFI and four HRFI, were fed at maintenance, receiving 65 g of DM/kg0.75 BW, and 18 bulls (10 LRFI and eight HRFI) were fed ad libitum. Diet had 19:81 roughage:concentrate, 88% of DM and 15% of crude protein. Ultrasound measurements on the Longissimus muscle were performed at intervals of 28 days. When two ad libitum bulls reached 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, one maintenance bull was randomly chosen and slaughtered on the same day. After slaughter, the centesimal composition of the empty body and carcass was measured. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model, and RFI class was included as a fixed effect. Least-square means were used to compare the means, and significance was declared for P ≤ 0.05. The LRFI had greater protein retention than HRFI (248 vs. 142 g/d; P = 0.009), and same fat and energy retention (313 g/d and 4.12 Mcal/d, respectively). The energy efficiency indexes, heat production per metabolic energy intake (Mcal/Mcal) and gain-to-feed (kg/kg) ratio, did not differ between RFI classes. Though LRFI had the same energy efficiency index, they were leaner. These results indicated an association of RFI and maturity patterns. Further research is needed to estimate the net energy requirements of Nellore bulls classified according to RFI. Acknowledgments: FAPESP Processes 2017/06709-2, 2018/20080–2 and 2019/17714-2.

Time-lapse Phase-contrast Microphotography of Cell Populations as a Basis for Improvement of In Vitro Toxicity Assessment

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306
Author(s):  
Miroslav Červinka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Pertinent Data

Recent trends in the field of in vitro toxicology have centred around the validation of in vitro methods. The ultimate goal is to obtain pertinent data with the minimum of effort. In our laboratory, we have used toxicological methods based on the evaluation of cell morphology and cell proliferation. A method suitable for this purpose is time-lapse microcinematographic (or video) recording of cellular changes, which we used for many years. For practical in vitro toxicity testing, however, this method is far too complicated. Therefore, we have tried to develop a simple modification for the evaluation of cell morphology and cell proliferation, which would still allow for a basic time-dependent analysis. Comparison of detailed microcinematographic analysis with analysis according to our new proliferation assay is demonstrated with cisplatin as the toxicant. We believe that a time-dependent approach could improve the in vitro assessment of toxicity.

Insulin secretion, body composition and pig performance are altered by feeding pattern

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Newman ◽  
Jeffery A. Downing ◽  
Peter C. Thomson ◽  
Cherie L. Collins ◽  
David J. Henman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Entire Male

Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.

Use of monensin to restrict feed intake in sheep destined for live export

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
RT Norris ◽  
CL McDonald ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Relationship Maintenance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Live Export

The accuracy with which monensin could control feed intake was studied in 200 3-4-year-old Merino wethers by measuring their intake of pelleted diets containing 5 levels of monensin: 0, 33, 66, 132 or 264 mg/kg of feed. The feed was offered ad libitum for 25 days except for the highest level of monensin where treatment was ended after 12 days.Mean daily intakes (g/sheep) of diets containing monensin at 0, 33, 66, 132 or 264 mg/kg feed were 1304, 959, 793, 403 and 137 respectively. Mean daily feed intake (Y, g) was negatively and linearly related to concentration of monensin (X, mg/kg feed) Y = 1244 - 6.57X (r2=0.98; P<0.05) Similarly there was a close negative relationship between the concentration of monensin (X, mg/kg feed) and daily liveweight change (Z, g/sheep) during the trial Z = 217 - 2.61X (r2=0.99; P< 0.01) From this relationship, maintenance of liveweight would have been achieved with a diet containing monensin at about 80 mg/kg feed. Signs of toxicity including deaths occurred in sheep receiving diets containing monensin at 66, 132 and 264 mg/kg feed. It was concluded that monensin could be used to restrict feed intake but further research is necessary to determine safe levels.

scholarly journals Short-term consequences of a sudden increase in feed allowance in broiler breeder hens

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Robinson ◽  
M. W. Yu ◽  
M. E. Lupicki ◽  
R. T. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Breeder Hens ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Broiler Breeder Hens ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The immediate effects of a sudden increase in feed allowance on selected morphological and reproductive traits were investigated in broiler breeder hens at 44 wk of age. Fifty Indian River hens were individually caged at 40 wk of age. Prior to 40 wk of age the birds had been feed restricted in accordance with the breeder's recommended feeding program. Five treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) of 10 birds each were formed based on level of feeding and duration of exposure to such feeding. T1, T2 and T3 birds were feed restricted (128 g of daily feed bird−1) from 40 to 44, 40 to 45 and 40 to 46 wk of age, respectively. T4 and T5 birds were also feed restricted at the same level as the other groups to 44 wk of age and then were full fed from 44 to 45 and 44 to 46 wk of age, respectively. To facilitate study of follicular recruitment and yolk deposition, hens were fed 10 g of oil-soluble red and black dyes, daily, on alternate days, beginning at 42 wk of age. Birds were killed on day 0 (44 wk; T1), day 7 (45 wk; T2, T4), or day 14 (46 wk; T3, T5). Full-fed hens consumed approximately 100 g more feed per day than did feed-restricted hens, with marked increases in feed intake on the first day of full feeding. After 7 d of ad libitum feeding, significant increases were seen in body weight, liver weight, percent liver fat, plasma lipid concentration, ovary weight, and the incidence of a double hierarchy (simultaneous development) of large follicles. After 14 d of ad libitum feeding, significant increases were also observed in absolute fat-pad weight, individual weights of the four largest preovulatory follicles and number of large preovulatory follicles. The increased number of large follicles in the ovary was not associated with any change in egg production. It is apparent that the morphological disruptions associated with overfeeding broiler breeder hens can be identified within 7 d of full feeding, while any effects on egg production are not seen within the first 14 d of ad libitum feeding. Key words: Broiler breeder, feed intake, yolk deposition, ovarian morphology, egg production

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